Interntionl Journl of Agriculture nd Crop Sciences. Avilble online t www.ijgcs.com IJACS/2012/4-6/336-341. ISSN 2227-670X 2012 IJACS Journl Determintion of Lef Color Chrt nd vlue for Trom vriety in different N usge Allhyr Fllh Fculty member, Rice Reserch Institute, Amol, Irn Corresponding uthor Emil:.fllh@reo.ir ABSTRACT: In order to determine lef color chrt () nd vlue for locl Trom vriety, design on rndom complete Block s fctoril were crried out in deputy of rice reserch institute of Irn in 2006-2007. Bsed on soil test experiment, soil hd cly lom (CL) PH=7-7.5 nd orgnic mtter one percentge. The mount of ure fertilizer (30, 60, 90 kg/h) with split of ure s fctoril were done two, three nd four times. The others tretment were the sme nd bsed on technicl recommendtion of institute. The mesurement of nd vlue were done tking 10 mtured leves with the intervl of 10 dys. The verge of 10 numbers ws used for nlysis. At the hrvesting time, dry of strw, pnicle nd totl dry were clculted with hrvesting of 4 hills. The yield is obtined with hrvesting of 5m 2 nd djusted with 14% humidity nd chnged to hectre. The comprison mens showed the effect of ure fertilizer nd split ws significnt on nd vlues. According to men comprison, it cn be concluded the criticl of for locl Trom ws 3. The criticl vlue of ws 32-34. Therefore, if the nd vlues were lower thn of criticl vlues, it is recommend to use 30 kg ure/h for Trom vriety in 2 times. Since ure fertilizer nd split hs incresed biomss, pnicle dry nd filled per pnicle; s result, yield ws incresed. Key words: Rice,,, yield nd yield components. INTRODUCTION Nitrogen is the most importnt limiting nutrient fctor in the world rice cultivting re nd the vilbility of other mcro-nutrient re dependent to mount of nitrogen in the soil (Mrschnr,1995). The optimum N mngement is one of the biggest chllenges for frmers; however, correct mngement of nitrogen gives more benefit to frmers thn other nutrient element. With perfect progrm, the mngement system of nitrogen cn be effective to chieve the bove objectives. Since 1990, the emphsis ws on usge of nitrogen fertilizer when needed by the rice plnt. In this cse, incresing yield by usge of nitrogen cuses the decresing run-off nd incresing nitrogen recovery by rice crops (Bursh, 2007). The frmers use lmost most of the N fertilizer before or two weeks fter trnsplnting which is more thn wht the young seedling needs(furuy, 1987). This sitution cn led to the incresing vegettive growth nd some pest nd disese in rice field. The recent progress in nitrogen mngement for rice cultivtion includes chnge in mount of nitrogen usge nd its brodcsting ccording to crop requirement (Johnkutty, nd Plnippn, 1996). The lef color chrt nd -vlue cn be used for the determintion of mount nd time of nitrogen usge in rice field (Blsubrmnin, et l., 2000). With the help of these devices we cn be ble to know the ctul requirement of nitrogen in rice field. Objective of pper to determine of N requirement of Irnin locl vriety ccording to nd devices in north of Irn. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to determintion of lef color chrt () nd vlue for locl Trom vriety design on rndom complete Block s fctoril were crried out in deputy of rice reserch institute of Irn in 2006-2007. Bse on soil test experiment, soil hd cly lom (CL) PH=7-7.5 nd orgnic mtter one percentge. The mount of ure fertilizer (30, 60, 90 kg/h) with split of ure s fctoril were done two, three nd four times. Plot size ws 3* 4 m nd with 3 replictes. The others tretment were sme nd bse on technicl recommendtion of institute. The
mesurement of nd vlue were done with tke of 10 mtured leves. The verge of 10 numbers ws used to nlysis. At hrvesting time, dry of strw, pnicle nd totl dry were clculted with hrvesting of 4 hills. The yield obtined with hrvesting of 5m 2 nd djusted with 14% humidity nd chnged to hectre. The dt were nlyzed with SAS progrm nd mens comprison with MSTATC progrm by the Duncn s methods. RESULTS Tble of combined nlysis of vrince (1) showed tht the effect of yer on nd differs between 5 nd 1 percent probbility in different levels. The effect of N fertilizer on nd except in the first step showed significnt difference in 5% probbility. In the menwhile the split effect of N fertilizer on in the second nd third step on the 1% probbility becme significnt but in the first nd fourth step mkes no significnt. The split effect of N fertilizer on in the third nd fourth step (42 nd 52 dys fter trnsplnting) showed significnt difference on 1% probbility. The interction effect of N fertilizer nd its split mkes no significnt or but in fourth step on 5% probbility is been significnt. Becuse of the effect of yer, the mutul effect on the mount of fertilizer usge nd its split method mde significnt on some steps of mesurement (Tble1). Tble 1. Combined nlysis of vrince of rte of lef color chrt reding nd vlue for locl Trom vriety t different dys fter trnsplnting. S.O.V df M.S 20DAT 31DAT 42DAT 53DAT Yer(Y) 1 39.59 * 2.23 * 34.36 ** 1.158 ** 97.09 ** 2.04 ** 249.09 ns 2.35 * Rep *Yer 4 1.108 0.052 0.39 0.001 0.71 0.117 0.46 0.067 Ure(N) 2 3.75 ns 0.042 ns 12.24 ** 0.139 ** 10.87 ** 0.35 ** 18.35 ** 1.21 ** Time (T) 2 3.42 ns 0.042 ns 1.83 ns 0.058 ** 9.64 ** 0.244 ** 3.47 ** 0.102 ns N*T 4 0.47 ns 0.044 ns 0.68 ns 0.139 ns 0.49 ns 0.109 ns 7.52 ** 0.042 ns N*Y 2 8.17 * 0.011 ns 3.82 ns 0.085 ** 7.52 ** 0.22 ** 8.34 * 0.357 ** T*Y 2 1.38 ns 0.053 ns 0.76 ns 0.008 ** 0.49 ns 0.207 ns 13.72 ** 0.035 ns T*N*Y 4 0.9 ns 0.033 ns 0.81 ns 0.001 ns 2.57 ns 0.046 ns 4.08 * 0.38 ns Error 32 1.58 0.022 1.89 0.02 1.22 0.036 2.05 0.039 C.V. 3.34 3.4 3.66 0.95 3.47 6.33 4.1 6.87 ns= Not significnt t 5% probbility,* Significnt t 5% probbility,** Significnt t 1% probbility. DAT=dys fter trnsplnting The men comprison of the mount of fertilizer on the digrm lef color chrt () nd vlue t 20 dys fter trnsplnting shows no difference between the tretments nd in other growth steps of rice, the effect of 30 kg/h fertilizer usge per hectre, nd ws lower thn when using 60 nd 90 kg/h fertilizer per hectre. This difference becme significnt on 5% probbility (Tble 2). Then it could be sid tht using 60 or 90 kg/h ure fertilizer for locl Trom with the =3 nd vlue= 32-34 would be suitble. Becuse we used the first ure fertilizer 25 dys fter trnsplnting nd the second one 50 dys fter trnsplnting, so if the mount of be lower thn 3 which ws seen 20 nd 42 dys fter trnsplnting, using 30 kg/h ure fertilizer per hectre will compenste this shortcoming. Tble 2. Effect of mount of ure fertilizer on nd vlue on locl Trom vriety t different dys fter trnsplnting Chrcters Ure /Kg.h -1 20DAT 31DAT 42DAT 53DAT 30 36.2 2.35 36.8 b 3.08 b 30.97 b 2.8 b 33.7 b 3.0 c 60 36.8 2.45 37.5 b 3.2 32.2 3.1 35.3 3.3 b 90 37.1 2.38 38.5 3.26 32.4 3.1 35.5 3.6 For ech prmeter, mens followed by different letter (within column) re significntly different t 0.05 probbility level ccording to DMRT Compring the men of ure fertilizer split on nd showed tht (Tble3) in the first step (20 dys fter trnsplnting) hs no difference but the mount of in 31 dys fter trnsplnting showed difference s result cn be sid tht for reching equl to 3 using once or twice ure fertilizer would suffice. At lest mount of or chlorophyll meter in this tretment differs between 32 until 34. According to the effect of mount
of ure fertilizer nd its split it cn be sid tht criticl vlue of lef color chrt digrm is 3 nd vlue 32-34 for optimum fertilizer usge for locl Trom. Mening tht if the frmer mesures the lef color chrt 20 dys fter trnsplnting which be lower thn 3, 30 kg/h ure fertilizer would be recommended or the vlue be lower thn 32-34 the sme mount of ure fertilizer (30kg/h) is recommended. Tble 3. Effect of ure fertilizer split on reding of nd vlue on locl Trom vriety t different dys fter trnsplnting. Chrcters 20DAT 31DAT 42DAT 53DAT 1 Ure split /Kg.h -1 36.94 2.38 37.8 3.2 b 32.2 2 37.0 2.45 37.7 3.2 32.3 3.1 35.4 3.4 3 36.2 2.35 37.2 3.1 b 31.0 b 2.9 b 34.7 3.3 b For ech prmeter, mens followed by different letter (within column) re significntly different t 0.05 probbility level ccording to DMRT Totl dry Tble 4 showed tht the effect of yer on the production of dry mtter of locl Trom is significnt. The effect of the mount of ure fertilizer on the production of dry mtter ( ) in 1% probbility is significnt. The interctive effect of ure fertilizer nd its split on the mount of dry mtter production in 1% probbility becme significnt. The other mutul effect becme significnt in 5% probbility (Tble4). Tble 4. Combined nlysis of vrince of dry mtter production, pnicle number, plnt height of locl Trom. S.O.V df M.S Pnicle No. hill Plnt height Strw dry Pnicle dry Totl dry Yer(Y) 1 1.58 ns 0.047 ns 46.85 ns 52.61 ns 0.167 ns Rep *Yer 4 0.73 26.15 63.78 28.32 124.07 Ure(N) 2 122.5 ** 209.54 ** 675.27 ** 2493.49 ** 5724.54 ** Time (T) 2 0.035 ns 159.25 ** 142.26 ns 68.28 ns 129.07 ns N*T 4 5.02 * 103.08 ** 849.68 ** 833.22 ** 3231.86 ** N*Y 2 1.47 ns 27.01 ns 123.33 ns 40.25 ns 204.2 ns T*Y 2 0.077 ns 27.33 ns 49.96 ** 12.09 ns 13.46 ns T*N*Y 4 1.487 ns 14.56 ns 64.69 ns 13.33 ns 134.92 ns Error 32 1.38 24.27 112.62 120.50 378.89 C.V. 8.03 3.62 7.59 6.71 6.42 ns= Not significnt t 5% probbility,* Significnt t 5% probbility,** Significnt t 1% probbility. DAT=dys fter trnsplnting With ure fertilizer usge the mount of dry mtter hs incresed. The most mount of dry mtter gve hnd in 90 kg/h ure fertilizer usge (Tble5). However the ure fertilizer spilt decreses the plnt high of Trom vriety which becme significnt but in this experience the mount of totl dry mtter with the incresing process becme meningless by nitrogen split while ure split cused increse in pnicle dry nd this difference ccording to Dncn method becme significnt in 5% probbility (Tble 6). So it could be sid tht ure fertilizer split not only cuses the short high of Trom but lso increses the pnicle dry. Tble 5. Effect of mount of ure fertilizer on dry mtter production, pnicle number, plnt height of locl Trom. Chrcters Pnicle No. Plnt height Strw dry Pnicle dry Totl dry hill (cm) gr per 4 hills gr per 4 hills gr per 4 hills Ure /Kg.h -1 30 13.8 b 132.0 b 132.74 b 149.77 b 282.52 b 60 18.1 137.2 142.3 169.97 312.59 90 18.5 138.6 144.2 170.34 314.16 For ech prmeter, mens followed by different letter (within column) re significntly different t 0.05 probbility level ccording to DMRT. 3.1 34.5 3.2 b
Tble 6. Effect of ure fertilizer split on dry mtter production, pnicle number, plnt height of locl Trom vriety. Pnicle No. hill Strw dry gr per 4 hills Totl dry gr per 4 hills Chrcters split of Ure Kg.h -1 1 2 3 Plnt height (cm) Pnicle dry gr per 4 hills 16.8 138.7 140.3 161.2 b 301.1 16.8 136.6 142.3 163.9 b 306.2 16.8 132.8 b 136.7 170.1 306.0 For ech prmeter, mens followed by different letter (within column) re significntly different t 0.05 probbility level ccording to DMRT Yield nd Yield Component The combined nlysis of vrince (Tble7) showed tht the effect of yer on yield nd yield components is not significnt. The effect of ure fertilizer is significnt in 1% probbility on yield, however, for ll the yield components except1000- were not significnt. The effect of ure fertilizer on the number of filled nd empty hs sttisticl difference in 1% probbility. The interction effect of ure fertilizer is not significnt in the yield but becme significnt for the totl number of filled nd empty s in 1% probbility. The other interctive effects becme significnt in 5% probbility (Tble7). Tble 7. Combined nlysis of vrince of yield nd yield components of locl Trom veriety. S.O.V df M.S Yield Pnicle length Filled Empty Totl spikelets 1000 Grin Yer(Y) 1 450638.7 ns 1.23 ns 15.57 ns 0.00001 ns 15.36 ns 2.71 ** Rep *Yer 4 552881.4 0.4 50.25 5.15 73.28 0.002 Ure(N) 2 1194178.18** 4.26 ** 47.17 ns 1.01 ns 61.63 ns 1.68 ** Time (T) 2 353100.56 ** 1.27 * 237.22 ** 66.61 ** 52.39 ns 0.53 ns N*T 4 35184.59 ns 0.153 ns 213.74 ** 9.89 ns 228.09 ** 1.3 * N*Y 2 44595.83 ns 0.986 ns 58.67 ns 0.039 ns 57.1 ns 0.022 ns T*Y 2 74799.96 ns 0.296 ns 6.65 ns 0.509 ns 3.46 ns 0.0002 ns T*N*Y 4 70418.964 ns 0.329 ns 9.28 ns 0.315 ns 11.77 ns 0.004 ns Error 32 51230.94 0.387 27.99 8.08 5.33 0.36 C.V. 5.4 2.5 4.67 25.3 4.3 2.5 ns= Not significnt t 5% probbility,* Significnt t 5% probbility,** Significnt t 1% probbility. DAT=dys fter trnsplnting The comprison of ure fertilizer on yield nd yield components (Tble8) shows tht yield increses by fertilizer incresing. In between yield components, pnicle length nd its number showed significnt increse, the totl number of spikelets in pnicle incresed by fertilizer incresing but hs no significnt difference. The effect of ure fertilizer split on yield nd the yield components (Tble9) shows tht the most yield gve hnd with twice fertilizer usge. Becuse locl Trom is needed low N fertilizer it is good to use two times with 20-25 dys distnce fter trnsplnting. The number of empty s per pnicle decreses with three times fertilizer usge nd shows significnt difference with once or twice usge, so, two times fertilizer usge is recommended becuse three times fertilizer usge decreses the yield which significnt. So locl Trom is n Irnin romtic rice nd its ure fertilizer needs is low, therefore, needs two times ure fertilizer of 30 kg per hectre nd sme mount of ure fertilizer is used in trnsplnting time. Chrcters Ureo Kg.h -1 30 60 90 Tble 8. Effect of ure fertilizer on yield nd yield components of locl Trom vriety. Yield Kg.h-1 Pnicle length cm) Filled Emty Totl spikelets 1000 Grin (gr) 3876 b 4279.5 4355.8 24.1 b 24.8 25.1 111.4 114.1 114.4 10.9 11.4 11.4 122.4 125.4 125.7 23.6 b 24.2 23.9 b
Tble 9.Eeffect of ure fertilizer split on yield nd yield components of locl Trom vriety. For ech prmeter, mens followed by different letter (within column) re significntly different t 0.05 probbility level ccording to DMRT Chrcters split of Ureo Kg.h -1 Yield Kg.h-1 Pnicle length (cm) Filled Empty Totl spikelets 1000 Grin (gr) 1 2 3 4250 4252 4009 b 24.4 b 24.9 24.7 110.1b 112.5b 117.2 13 11.6 9.2 b 123.1 124.1 126.4 b 23.8 23.9 24.2 DISCUSSION The results of this reserch showed tht the effect of different mount of nitrogen ws significntly been on growth prmeters nd hs incresed them. Ure s n N fertilizer hs bout 46% N nd it hd highest nitrogen concentrtion mount of N fertilizers (Mrschnr, 1995). Ure is ctive substrte in which to ctives of proteolizse enzyme of leves ws incresed photosynthesis nd improves mss fllow of nitrogen mtter from leves to s (Mtsuo et l., 1995). In quntity, is more mount of nitrogen needed in vegettive thn reproductive growth stges (De Dett nd Buresh, 1989). Rice crop is bsorbing bout 90% of N before heding stge (Dobermnn nd White, 1999). Nitrogen is ffected on cytokinins synthesis nd improves cell division; s result, it is incresing of plnt height, tiller number nd lef re of rice crop (Abdulrhmn nd Hi, 2000). Split of nitrogen hs incresed pnicle dry, number of spikelets in pnicle nd 1000-. Using of nitrogen t stem elongtion stge is incresing of lef re nd cpcity of photosynthesis. The decresing of strw dry is cused by trnsfer of ssimiltes from stems nd leves to spikelets nd incresed pnicle dry (Kitgw et l., 1987). With incresing of nitrogen using, nd vlue incresed nd we concluded tht it is suitble tools to determine top dressing of nitrogen fertilizer. Lef color is relted to chlorophyll content of leves. Woo, et l.,(2003) re report tht there is positive correltion between nitrogen content nd number of nd specific dry weigh. Peng, et l., ( 1993) found there is positive correltion between N content nd specific lef weigh with vlue. The criticl for locl Trom vriety is 3 nd nd vlue 32-34 s well. Pen et l., 1996 conducted field experiment on rice (IR72) nd determined the criticl vlue of 35 in the IRRI frm. Our results showed tht t low nitrogen level chlorophyll meter ws below criticl vlue. At high level of nitrogen, chlorophyll meter vlue ws more thn 35. The criticl level my differ, depending on mount of nitrogen fertilizer, plnt growth stge. The split of nitrogen were incresed totl dry, pnicle dry nd number of filled per pnicle, s result, yield ws incresed. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Finncil support by the rice reserch institute of Irn-Deputy of Mzndrn (Amol) highly pprecited. REFERENCE Blsubrmnin V, Morles AC, Cruz RT, Thiygrjn TM, Ngrjn R, Bbu M, Abdulrhmn S, Hi, LH. 2000. Adpttion of the chlorophyll meter () technology for rel- time N mngement in rice: A review. Institute Rice Reserch. Notes, 25(1): 4-8. Buresh J. 2007. Rice tody. http.//www. IRRI. Org. Dobermnn, A, White, PF.1999. Strtegies for nutrient mngement in irrigted nd rinfed lowlnd rice systems. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 53:1-18 De Dett SK, Buresh RJ. 1989. Integrted nitrogen mngement in irrigted rice. Advnces in Soil Sci. 10: 143-169. Furuy S. 1987. Growth dignosis of rice plnts by mens of lef color. Jpnese Agriculturl Reserch Qurterly 20: 147-153. Johnkutty I, Plnippn SP.1996. Use of chorophyllmeter for nitrogen mngement in lowlnd rice. Fertilizer Reserch 45, 21-24. Kitgw Y, okyn K., Hirokw T. 1987. Determintion of lef colour in rice plnt with chlorophyll meter. Bull. Toyn Agris. Res. Center 1, 1-7. Mrschner H. 1995. Minerl nutrition of higher plnts.second Edition.Acdmic Press.p899 Mtsuo T, Kumzw K, Ishii R, Hirt H. 1995. Science of the Rice Volume (2): Physiology. Edit by food nd Agiculture pollicy Reserch center. p :1244. Peng S, Grci FV, Lz RS, Cssmn KG.1993. Adjustment for specific lef improves chlorophyll meters estimtion of rice lef nitrogen concentrtion. Agron. J. 85: 987-990. Peng S, Grci FV, Lz RS Snico AL, Vispers RM KG.1996. Incresed N-use efficiency using chlorophyll meter on high-yielding irrigted rice. Field Crops Res. 47: 243-252.
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