The need for hydrogen - PDF Free Download

The need for hydrogen Henrik Wenzel and Lorie Hamelin University of Southern Denmark SYMPOSIUM Water electrolysis and hydrogen as part of the future Renewable Energy System 10 May, 2012, Copenhagen

What is our guiding star - for the energy sector development? First of all, our guiding star is moving. The polar star is the only guiding star in fixed position on the sky, and unfortunately, the polar star is not the guiding star of the energy sector. There seems to be no one true north on the long term. Secondly: the energy sector is largely depending on development in other sectors. Considering optimization of energy supply, therefore, only makes sense in respect of the key dependencies with other societal sectors Thirdly, the energy sector has grown into a heavy dependency on carbon. This carbon dependency largely influences energy sector development, and maybe even more so, if the ambition is to go fossil free

Energy sector strategic development - in respect of key dependencies. Looking towards 2050 Households Industry Waste management Energy system Materials & chemicals Transport system Agriculture & forestry 1. What are the implications of the energy sector dependency on development in other sectors? 2. What are the implications of the energy and transport sector dependency on carbon? 3. Where does hydrogen come into the picture?

Agriculture & forestry new land demands towards 2020 Land demand increase 0.47 to 1.16 Gha Demand included Source of increased demand Reference 300-600 Mha Food/meat increase 4 studies reported 100-300 Mha Wood (solid fuel and timber) in Kampman et al. (2008) and E-4- Tech (2008) 56-247 Mha Biofuels: 4 scenarios. Scale: 3.9 to 11 EJ. Credit for by-product accounted for. 11 15 Mha Others products: Including rubber, cotton, chemicals 0.416 Gha Food/meat increase IPCC (2001) 0.20 to 0.70 Gha Extra land needed to fulfill increasing demands from 2000 to 2020 NOT including any bio-fuels Bindraban et al. (2009) 0.26 to 0.67 Gha 200-500 Mha Food/meat increase RFA (2008), but based on 56-166 Mha Biofuels: total requirement for land if all Kampman et al. major countries were to reach their targets (2008) and E-4- for 2020. Tech (2008) above

Agriculture & forestry new land demands towards 2020 Reference 1 2 3 4 Land demand 0.47 to 1.16 Gha 0.42 Gha 0.20 to 0.70 Gha 0.26 to 0.67 Gha 0.2 1.2 Gha new land demand from increased meat consumption mainly. Only up to 11 EJ biofuels < 2 % of world energy demand

Agriculture & forestry 13 Gha land area on Earth 5 Gha used for agriculture: 1.5 Gha used for crops (arable land and permanent crops) 3.5 Gha used for permanent meadows and pasture 8 Gha still nature 4.0 Gha is still wooded (forest) 2.5 Gha is ice, tundra & dessert 1.5 Gha natural grassland, savannah, etc. (FAOSTAT. Retrieved in 2011)

Agriculture & forestry How much new land can be cultivated? New cultivable land: Biophysical maximum 2,3 Gha more most of which is in South America and Africa (Ramancutty et al., 2002). BUT: cultivating new land can imply a 2-9 times higher release of CO 2 than energy crops can save over 30 years by substitution of fossil fuels (Righelato and Spracklen, Science 2007) meaning pay back of 60 300 years. Sustainable new land cultivation 30-40% more (Danish Ministry for Food and Agriculture, 2008)

Agriculture & forestry new land demand and supply towards 2020 0.2 1.2 Gha new land demand from increased meat consumption mainly by 2020. Only up to 11 EJ biofuels < 2 % of world energy demand Potential for new cultivable land, based on geographical modelling: 2.3 Gha (Ramankutty et al., 2002) 0.8 1.2 Gha (model from IIASA; in RFA, 2008) Half of the biophysical maximal land potential to be used by 2020????...and with only a few percent coverage of energy demand by bio-energy?

El (MW) www.energinet.dk The RE electricity system - balancing supply and demand 20000 Wind, solar & wave 18000 16000 14000 Need to integrate (store) at max production 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 Need to supplement at min. production 0 1 61 121 181 241 301 361 421 481 541 601 661 721 781 841 901 961 1021 1081 1141 1201 1261 1321 60 days Jan-Feb Classic power consumption Wind-Wave-Solar

www.energinet.dk The RE electricity system key aspects of electricity storage =100 GWh Storage capacity (as input el) Storage as methane (exist. Gas storage) Investment costs in storage Storage as hydrogen (exist. Gas storage) 0,07 /kwh (methane) Heatpump (HP) in district Heating Individual HP BEVs Seconds Seasonal-storage Minutes Hours Days Weeks Months 0.5-1 /kwh Batteries: 30-80 /kwh

The RE transport systems with respect to carbon demands Danish consensus on pre-conditions for RE transport: Electrify (shorter distance) road person transport Electrify (and increase) rail transport Remaining customers for high density fuels: Air transport Long distance road including freight Sea transport Emerging technolgy for sea transport = LNG Most socio-economic and environmentally efficient alternatives to diesel and petrol: Biogas and natural gas (Danish Energy Agency, 2012)

Priority carbon customers - in the fossil fuels free society. Trend based projections 2006 Customer Direct energy demand Primary biomass feedstock demand Land demand Food (2006 menu) 25 EJ 100 150 EJ 5 Gha Food (2030 menu more meat) 30 EJ 150 200 EJ 5.5 6 Gha Chemicals & materials (2030) 30 EJ > 60 EJ *? Jetfuels (2030) 25 EJ > 50 EJ *? Long distance road transport (2030) 20 EJ > 40 EJ *? Heat & electricity buffer (2030) 90 EJ 90 EJ? Short distance road transport (2030) 80 EJ > 160 EJ *? Heat & electricity bulk (2030) 350 EJ 350 EJ? New customers in total 600 EJ > 750 EJ *?? Biomass supply potentials Biomass residue potential (2030) Energy crop potential (area demanding) (2030) 15 100 EJ 100 400 EJ * With 50 % conversion efficiency from biomass feedstock to fuel

Key causes of carbon constraints - of the fossil free society Food & feed production meat on the menu Balancing supply and demand of electricity, storable fuels Energy dense fuels for mobility purposes Carbon feedstock for chemicals & materials => constraints on carbon => constraints on biomass => constraints on land

The Renewable Energy system desig - how do we close the carbon gap? Biomass Chemicals & materials Transport: -Long distance road - Air - Sea Industry El-buffer Heat pumps El-driven transport Electrification Det Tekniske Fakultet, Institut for Kemi-, Bio- og Miljøteknologi

The Renewable Energy system desig - how do we close the carbon gap? Biomass Where do we get the keystone? Chemicals & materials Transport: -Long distance road - Air - Sea Industry El-buffer Heat pumps Electrification El-driven transport Det Tekniske Fakultet, Institut for Kemi-, Bio- og Miljøteknologi

The Renewable Energy system desig - how do we close the carbon gap? For Denmark: Biomass Gap: 100-200 PJ out of 600-800 PJ Chemicals & materials Transport: -Long distance road - Air - Sea Industry El-buffer Heat pumps Electrification El-driven transport Det Tekniske Fakultet, Institut for Kemi-, Bio- og Miljøteknologi

The Renewable Energy system desig - how do we close the carbon gap? Biomass Import? Chemicals & materials Transport: -Long distance road - Air - Sea Industry El-buffer Heat pumps Electrification El-driven transport Det Tekniske Fakultet, Institut for Kemi-, Bio- og Miljøteknologi

The Renewable Energy system desig - how do we close the carbon gap? Biomass Danish agriculture? Chemicals & materials Transport: -Long distance road - Air - Sea Industry El-buffer Heat pumps Electrification El-driven transport Det Tekniske Fakultet, Institut for Kemi-, Bio- og Miljøteknologi

The Renewable Energy system desig - how do we close the carbon gap? Biomass Danish nature? Chemicals & materials Transport: -Long distance road - Air - Sea Industry El-buffer Heat pumps Electrification El-driven transport Det Tekniske Fakultet, Institut for Kemi-, Bio- og Miljøteknologi

The Renewable Energy system desig - how do we close the carbon gap? Biomass Hydrogenation and CCR? Chemicals & materials Transport: -Long distance road - Air - Sea Industry El-buffer Heat pumps Electrification El-driven transport Det Tekniske Fakultet, Institut for Kemi-, Bio- og Miljøteknologi

Closing the carbon gap - upgrading biomass and recycling carbon Hydrogenation to methane: biomass hydrogen methane water C 6 (H 2 O) 5 + 12 H 2 6 CH 4 + 5 H 2 O 2,8 MJ 2,9 MJ 4,8 MJ CCR to methane: carbon dioxide hydrogen methane water 6 CO 2 + 24 H 2 6 CH 4 + 12 H 2 O 0 MJ 5,8 MJ 4,8 MJ Det Tekniske Fakultet, Institut for Kemi-, Bio- og Miljøteknologi

Closing the carbon gap - the CCR vision, carbon capture and recycling Wind or solar power Biomass or CH 4 from biomass hydrogenation O 2 El Electrolysis Power plant CO 2 + H 2 Chemical synthesis El Ashes El Upgrading Fertilizer Fuels: methanol, methane, etc., Chemicals Det Tekniske Fakultet, Institut for Kemi-, Bio- og Miljøteknologi

Closing the carbon gap - five-doubling the benefit og biomass by upgrading and recyc Conversion process Inputs (PJ) Outputs (PJ) biomass hydrogen solid fuel liquid fuel road liquid fuel road and air methane Fermentation Inbicon 2G ethanol 100 50 22 Gasification and hydrogenation to methane 100 100 170 CCR to methane 100 200 100 170 Hydrogenation & CCR to methane 100 300 340 Det Tekniske Fakultet, Institut for Kemi-, Bio- og Miljøteknologi

Closing the carbon gap - letting wind power replace land use by upgrading and recycl One 6 MW off-shore wind turbine can through electrolysis and upgrading and recycling of biomass carbon by hydrogen save 5 km 2 of nature or agricultural land with a crop production equivalent to the yearly calorific intake of 10.000 people Off-shore wind turbines with a yearly production of 100 PJ can save 5000 km 2 agricultural land with a crop production equivalent to the yearly calorific intake of 10 million world average citizens Det Tekniske Fakultet, Institut for Kemi-, Bio- og Miljøteknologi

Closing the carbon gap - the RE gas vision of Energinet.dk, the Danish TSO El-transmission El at low price Electro- H2 Peak el Gas-turbine, fuelcell, CC El high price/peak load District heating lysis DH Biomass & waste Biomass- gasification DH Gas- system/ storage Catalysis Methanol DME Upgrading Biofuel District heating District heating to Methane Gas-transmission Det Tekniske Fakultet, Institut for Kemi-, Bio- og Miljøteknologi www.energinet.dk

Closing the carbon gap - the RE system design of the CEESA research program www. Electrolysis H 2 Chemical synthesis CH 3 OH or CH 4 Gasification H 2 +CO CO 2 +H 2 O CH 3 OH or CH 4 Co-electrolysis Wind power & biomass = Key supplies & key constraints www.ceesa.dk

Closing the carbon gap - the agricultural vision, the Baltic Manure EU research projec Electricity grid O 2 Storage Storage CO 2 O 2 El Electrolysis H 2 Storage CO 2 Fuel cell Manure (make it thick) H 2 Biogas production Organic residues CH 4 (+CO 2 ) CH 4 Gas grid CH 4 Transport

Closing the carbon gap - a back-of-the-envelope look at the cost of recycling bio-c Based on the following assumptions: Off-shore wind power: 10 eurocents/kwh Energy efficiency of electrolysis: 75 %, i.e. 44 kwh/kg H 2 Operation cost of hydrogen: 4.4 /kg = 1.5 /kg oil equivalent = 215 /barrel oil equivalents Total cost of hydrogen including amortized investment: 250 300 / barrel oil equivalents Total cost of methane: max 350 /barrel oil equivalents Petrol reference: 75 /barrel oil equivalent we find an extra cost of CCR fuel = 350 75 = 275 /barrel oil equivalent. At 100 PJ CCR fuel/year this would imply and extra cost of 4.2 billion /year, being equal to 2 % of Danish GDP today. Or 1% of Danish GDP in 2050? Kattegat bridge: 15 billion. Det Tekniske Fakultet, Institut for Kemi-, Bio- og Miljøteknologi

Conclusion A fully fossil free energy and transport system does not seem realistic without hydrogen The extra cost of it will be max 1% of GDP in 2050 Det Tekniske Fakultet, Institut for Kemi-, Bio- og Miljøteknologi