The Bazilian ethanol industy Jean Piee Ometto (IGBP/CST_INPE) Developing Scenaios fo Assessing Bioenegy Policies in Agicultual- Economic Models Kiel, Gemany 09/10 Febuay, 2009
CEPEA/USP 2007 Bazilian GDP was R$ 2,558,822 (~ 1.3 tillion US$)
BRAZILIAN ENERGY MATRIX vegetal coal and othe biomass 13,0% Sugacane 13,8% Othes enewables 2,9% Renewable souces 44.5 % Hido powe 14,8% Uanium 1,2% Mineal Coal 6,3% Natual gas 9,4% Gilbeto Ribeio de Cavalho - PETROBRAS % 100 80 60 40 20 14 86 Oil and bypoducts 38,7% 45 55 Renewable No Renewable Fonte: MME, BEN 2006 0 Wold Bazil
Bazil Ethanol fom suga cane Pó Álcool (Pogama Nacional do Álcool ) 1975 esponse to oil cisis of the ealy 70 s Seveal cops wee tested (including cassava), howeve the low intenational pices of suga at that time and the infa stuctue in place led authoities to choose suga cane as the main cop fo this pogam 1978: Fist ca 100% ethanol
Bazilian plants Bazil has 357 plants (suga, ethanol and some electic enegy using bagasse Untill 2010 will be installed moe 88 mills: 19 in 2007/08; 36 in 2008/09; 33 in 2009/10 The total investment foseen fo the peiod 2009 2012 (~13 billions US$) was ecently evisited to ~ 9 US$ billions
Bazil Ethanol Southen egion 6% (~29,8 Mton) of suga cane = 330 Kha wee not havest in 2008; SP 10 new mills that should stat poducing in 2008 ae not opeational; The secto faced low suga pice in the intenational maket; lowe demand on ethanol expotation and high level of shot tem investment; (Ag. Estado, 29/12/2008)
Biofuels Cetification The Babel of Cetifications National Standads Ethanol & Biodiesel Seveal cetification initiatives ae unde discussion now How to attend to all cetification discussions? EU Diectives Euopean Union Biofuels Cetification Meó Consulting Team Geman Govenment Sustainable Poduction of Biomass Came Commission Dutch Govenment RTFO Renewable Tanspot Fuel Obligation UK Govenment RTSB Round Table on Sustainable Biofuels Switzeland National Cetifications SEKAB, GREENERGY Sweden, United Kingdom W. Amaal
Baalcool Mill Baa do Buges, MT has 30,000 ha of sugacane, capacity of 14,000 t/day of sugacane. The fist in Bazil to poduce: suga, ethanol, enegy and biodiesel Bioediesel Plant
Electic and Mechanical Enegy geneation Thee is a need of 28Kwh to pocess 1 ton of suga cane; 2006 the co geneation in Bazil accounted fo 8.357 MWh (~2% of the National electicity poduction); 55% fo industial pocessing in the industy 2025 the electical geneation can account to 38.4 GW (consideing pat used fo ethanol poduction) o 74.7 GW (if all bagasse is used fo enegy poduction)
Ethanol fom Suga Cane Co poducts/wastes geneated duing cane based ethanol poduction in Bazil: Filte cake: 12 kg/t suga cane Vinasse: 10 15 lites pe lite of ethanol Bagasse: ~300 kg/t suga cane; bunt to supply enegy to suga mills and bioethanol plants Tash: 4Mha ae cuently buned befoe havesting; pogessive convesion to mechanical havest Luc M. Maene (IFA)
Sugacane aeas and industies in Bazil 88% of the Bazilian National poduction
2003 2008 Souce: CANASAT http://www.ds.inpe.b/mapds/fame.jsp
Bazil: land use 2006 Aable land: 67 million ha County aea: 851 million ha Agicultual aea: 264 million ha Souce: EMBRAPA and FAOSTAT
Spatial distibution of cattle anching activities in Bazil (1990 and 2003) Coutesy of Ildo Saue, 2007
2003 Souce: CANASAT http://www.ds.inpe.b/mapds/fame.jsp
2008 Souce: CANASAT http://www.ds.inpe.b/mapds/fame.jsp
IBGE, 2008
GLOBAL VIEW Fossil fuel enegy balance Macedo et al. (2008) Enegy balance: 9-10
Envionmental and social issues
Soil Acidification Eosion Impoveishment Acidification Ozone Visibility Atm Suga cane buning Respiatoy diseases Matinelli & Filoso, 2008 Ecological Applications 18(4): 885-898 Suga cane havesting Eosion Impoveishment Tendinitis Camps Exhaustion Death Health Effects Suga cane cultivation Hanta vius Spotted feve Suga cane industial pocess Siltation Contaminants (e.g. heavy metals, Pesticides) High BOD Low OD High DIC High DOC High DIN, DON Soil Loss of ipaian veg. Changes in biodivesity Wate Landsc.
20% bae soils 80% good cove
Soil Acidification Eosion Impoveishment Acidification Ozone Visibility Atm Suga cane buning Respiatoy diseases Matinelli & Filoso, 2008 Ecological Applications 18(4): 885-898 Suga cane havesting Eosion Impoveishment Tendinitis Camps Exhaustion Death Health Effects Suga cane cultivation Hanta vius Spotted feve Suga cane industial pocess Siltation Contaminants (e.g. heavy metals, Pesticides) High BOD Low OD High DIC High DOC High DIN, DON Soil Loss of ipaian veg. Changes in biodivesity Wate Landsc.
Soil Acidification Eosion Impoveishment Acidification Ozone Visibility Atm Suga cane buning Respiatoy diseases Matinelli & Filoso, 2008 Ecological Applications 18(4): 885-898 Suga cane havesting Eosion Impoveishment Tendinitis Camps Exhaustion Death Health Effects Suga cane cultivation Hanta vius Spotted feve Suga cane industial pocess Siltation Contaminants (e.g. heavy metals, Pesticides) High BOD Low OD High DIC High DOC High DIN, DON Soil Loss of ipaian veg. Changes in biodivesity Wate Landsc.
70% of the suga cane cultivated aea is buned evey yea. 2008: 4.5 million ha
Soil Acidification Eosion Impoveishment Acidification Ozone Visibility Atm Suga cane buning Respiatoy diseases Matinelli & Filoso, 2008 Ecological Applications 18(4): 885-898 Suga cane havesting Eosion Impoveishment Tendinitis Camps Exhaustion Death Health Effects Suga cane cultivation Hanta vius Spotted feve Suga cane industial pocess Siltation Contaminants (e.g. heavy metals, Pesticides) High BOD Low OD High DIC High DOC High DIN, DON Soil Loss of ipaian veg. Changes in biodivesity Wate Landsc.
10 12 hous cutting and caying suga cane stalks Constant inhaling of dust and smoke Highe ai tempeatue and high ai humidity Lack of clean wate, estooms and food stoage and lodging facilities Paid by the weight of suga cane cut pe day Consideing 6 tons pe day 70,000 machete movements 4.5 km tanspoting 15 kg of stalks at the time fo a distance of 3 metes Deaths by exausthion (20 only in the State of São Paulo)
30% of the suga cane cultivated aea has mechanized havesting. Social poblem: unemployment but can we call suga cane cutting of a descent job?
Soil Acidification Eosion Impoveishment Acidification Ozone Visibility Atm Suga cane buning Respiatoy diseases Matinelli & Filoso, 2008 Ecological Applications 18(4): 885-898 Suga cane havesting Eosion Impoveishment Tendinitis Camps Exhaustion Death Health Effects Suga cane cultivation Hanta vius Spotted feve Suga cane industial pocess Siltation Contaminants (e.g. heavy metals, Pesticides) High BOD Low OD High DIC High DOC High DIN, DON Soil Loss of ipaian veg. Changes in biodivesity Wate Landsc.
Industial effluents fom the suga cane/ethanol industy Suga cane washing (2.58 m 3 of wate/ton): 0.18 a 0.50 kgbod/m 3 of effluent Effluent fom the industy (1 m 3 of wate/ton): 1.50 kgbod/m 3 of effluent Vinasse (10 13L of vinasse pe L of ethanol): 17 20 kgbod/m 3 of vinasse
Photos: Segio Antonio Veonez de Souza
The State of São Paulo 200,000 km 2
The State of São Paulo 200,000 km 2 Suga/ethanol mill locations
Final Remaks The Bazilian expeience with bioenegy can bing inteesting lessons to the Wold; Bioenegy will pobably not have the impotance fossil fuels have today; A moe efficient use of enegy and, moe impotantly, changes in pattens of consumption ae the key solution fo the vaious enegy and envionmental poblems facing the Eath; ESSP Bioenegy Wokshop, Bazil, 2008
Thank you
Aeial photogaph (17/9/2008) one day afte suga cane buning was pohibited due to the low ai humidity Piacicaba/SP /Bazil
Wate use in the suga-ethanol industy Aveage of 35 mills in 1990: Demand 5.6 m33/ton of suga cane Use 1.8 m33/ton of suga cane Effluent 3.8 m33/ton of suga cane Aveage of 40 mills in 2004 Demand 1.8 m33/ton of suga cane Use 0.6 m33/ton of suga cane Effluent 3.8 m33/t of suga cane Souce: Elia Neto (2008) at www.apta.sp.gov.b/cana State of São Paulo 2008: 163 mills Total tons of suga cane cashed: 325 million tons Demand: 325 million tons x 1.8 m33/ton of suga cane = 535 million m33 of wate Consideing a human consume of 0.15m33/day, 535 million m33, would supply a city of almost 15 million people (37% of the State of São Paulo population) Consideing a havesting peiod of 240 days would yield 26 m33/s, which equivalent to 20% of the industial wate use of the State of São Paulo