Precision Management of Nutrients, Water, & Seeds: A Holistic Approach

Transcription

1 Pecision Management of Nutients, Wate, & Seeds: A Holistic Appoach To identify and demonstate the most poductive, efficient, pofitable and sustainable vaiable ate-wate, -nutient and seed management stategies fo pecision cop management Raj Khosla Coloado State Univesity Info Ag 2014 St. Louis, MO Holistic cop management appoach Active emote-sensing (mico-management) Management Zones A sub-egion of a field that expesses a homogeneous combination of yield limiting factos Management zones (maco-management) R. Khosla, Coloado State Univesity 1

2 Management Zones Management Zones 1. Bae soil imagey Soil oganic matte Moistue content and Othe stable soil popeties (bulk density, textue, compaction, etc) Management Zones Management Zones 2. Field topogaphy 3. Fame s expeience Elevation map Gain yields ae coelated with topogaphy R. Khosla, Coloado State Univesity 2

3 Management Zones 3. Fame s expeience Pevious management Familiaity with field Intuition Obsevations Histoy of land use Tillage Pests and weeds Management Zones The thee data layes Aeial Imagey Topogaphy Fame s expeience ae stacked as GIS layes to delineate the zone Taits such as dak colo, lowlying topogaphy, and histoic high yields wee designated as a zone of potentially high poductivity o high zone High Poductivity (Zone 1) Medium Poductivity (Zone 2) Low Poductivity (Zone 3) Gain yield (Mg ha -1 ) Mean gain yield acoss MZs Gain yield (Mg ha -1 ) Low Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High Management zones Management zones Management zones Gain yield (Mg ha -1 ) Pecision Nutient Management Acoss Soil Zones has shown to enhance: (i) oveall gain yield of the field, (ii) nutient use efficiency, (iii) net $ etuns to fames and (iv) educes oveall nutient losses fom the field. What s the poblem? Oveall findings R. Khosla, Coloado State Univesity 3

4 Cop Based Management N Rate (kg ha -1 ) = (135.3 x (NDVI Ref. / NDVI Taget ) 2 ) (134.8 x (NDVI Ref. / NDVI Taget )) + 1 N Rate (kg ha -1 ) = Cop (135.3 popeties x (NDVI Ref. + Soil / NDVI Popeties Taget ) 2 ) (134.8 x (NDVI Ref. / NDVI Taget )) + 1 NDVI 0.41 ~96 lb/a Medium NDVI 0.41 ~92 lb/a NDVI 0.41 ~96 lb/a High NDVI 0.41 ~144 lb/a NDVI 0.41 ~96 lb/a Low NDVI 0.41 ~37 lb/a Cop Sensing + Soil Sensing Make bette and most efficient nutient management decisions Holistic cop management appoach Fetilize Cop sensing MZ Wate Pecision wate management R. Khosla, Coloado State Univesity 4

5 Vaiability in soil wate holding capacity at the field scale Sand vaies fom 36 % to 78% (moe than double) Clay vaies fom 10 to 28 % (almost tiple) Souce: chaacteistics/electical conductivity mapping Is thee spatial vaiability? A Sand: 39% B 5% System dating to 1905 Silt: 55% 75% Clay: 6% 20% R. Khosla, Coloado State Univesity 5

6 Cop esponds to dought stess Quantifying the spatial vaiability of soil moistue content How much of the field is epesented by the aveage? Is thee a spatial patten? How stong is the tempoal vaiability? Mach June Adapted fom Tom Tout s pesentation, USDA-ARS How much of the field is epesented by the aveage? Stess days (wate logged) Pecision iigation based on FC and MAD 25% 50% 75% Capacitance No stess Stess days (dought) 0 FC: Field Capacity, MAD: Max Allowable Depletion :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12: :42: :12:00 Date R. Khosla, Coloado State Univesity 6

7 Field 3100 at Agicultue Reseach, Development and Education Cente of Coloado State Univesity Souce: Timothy Gish, Hydolab, ARS-USDA Soil moistue in space (Data at 42 deep) Pobe eadings (in/ft) June July Aug. Sept R. Khosla, Coloado State Univesity 7

8 What ae the next steps? Stability ove Time May June July Aug. 1. Delineation of wate management zones 12 dates Coelation Coefficient = (0 to 1.0) 0=diffeent, 1.0 = 100% match Time inteval (weeks) Tempoal vaiability May June July Aug. Tempoal vaiability May June July Aug Time inteval (weeks) Time inteval (weeks) R. Khosla, Coloado State Univesity 8

9 Aveage coelation () Site 1 At At 156 cm At At 4518 cm At At 7530 cm At At cm At At cm Time inteval (weeks) EM38 at m (ms/m) [ARDEC_Apil18th2012_vetical_point].[CV_1_0M] [ARDEC_Apil18th2012_vetical_point].[CV_0_5M] 27,5 0-13,4-39,3 39,3 13,4-41,2 14,5 41,2 14,5-42,7 15,4 42,7 15,4-44,3 16,4 44,3 16,4-46,6 17,4 46,6 17,4-50,3 18,9 50,3 18,9-73,1 40,4 Effect of VRI on yield R. Khosla, Coloado State Univesity 9

10 Effect of VRI on yield Yield (Bu/ac) a a ab b Stong evidence of spatial and tempoal vaiability in pecision levelled field. Identify suogate data layes to delineate wate management zones 40% 60% 80% 100% Pecentage of full iigation Holistic cop management appoach Vaiable ate seeding Fetilize Cop sensing MZ Wate Pecision wate management Long-tem (> 7 yeas) yield histoy Doege et al Yield maps ae cheap VRS based on Yield map VR Planting Seeds Moe pofitable when high vaiability Lowenbeg-DeBoe 1998 High Low R. Khosla, Coloado State Univesity 10

11 Vaiable ate seeding Vaiable ate seeding Bette use of available esouces Seveal factos can explain yield o Inta-cop competition fo: K NO - 2 O 3 NO 3 - Reduced cop-to-cop competition Nutients Soil moistue content NO - 3 K 2 O NO - 3 K 2 O K 2 O P K 2 O 2 O 5 NO - 3 NO - 3 K 2 O K 2 O K 2 O P NO - 2 O 5 3 K 2 O NO 3 - NO 3 - NO 3 - K 2 O Sunlight o Cop competition to weeds o Inte-ow moistue influencing disease occuence o Gemination ate o Inteplay of all factos Zn P Cu N K B Cl Mo K Mg P Ca S Mn N Fe Vaiable ate seeding Unifom seed ate Yield map Vaiable ate seeding Yield map Example of easons that could explain antagonist effect: Cust fomation educing gemination ate Limited wate holding capacity Vaiable seed ate Inceased Inceased Fine textue Low oganic matte content Deceased Maintaining High salinity population o coupling highe population with Inceasing highe population iigation could have been a bette option Deceased R. Khosla, Coloado State Univesity 11

12 Vaiable ate seeding Infomation fom the soil is impotant Vaiable ate seeding Lowe yield Medium yield Highe yield Topogaphy Electic conductivity Soil suvey Yield (histoic) Yield (bu/ac) Plant population (plants/ac) Holistic cop management appoach Fetilize Cop sensing MZ Wate Pecision wate management Thank you VR Planting Seeds R. Khosla, Coloado State Univesity 12