Regional Expert Group Meeting on Policy Options for Sustainable Transport Development 27-29 November 2013, Incheon Sustainable Transport Development: Global Mandates & Regional Overview of Transport Development Madan B. Regmi, DEng Transport Division UNESCAP, Bangkok 1
United Nations Mandates Global Rio+20, focus on three pillars of sustainability Economic Social Environmental Millennium Development Goals, 8 Kyoto Protocol new protocol by 2015 Regional Regional Action Programme for Transport Development, 2012-2016 (Ministerial Conference on Transport, 2012) Sustainable transport development (10 Thematic Areas) Forum of Asian Ministers of Transport, Nov. 2013 Sustainable Development Goals (beyond 2015) 2
Rio+20 Outcome Document (Transport) Transport and mobility are key to Sustainable Development Efficient movement of goods and people Energy efficient multimodal transport system Clean fuels and vehicles Integrated approach to planning Affordable and sustainable transport Sustainable transit transport- need of landlocked and transit countries Capacity development 3
Post 2015 Development Agenda Sustainable Development Goals Open Working Group Inclusion of Transport in SDG: Sustainable transport that enables universal access to safe, clean, and affordable mobility Increase access to mass transportation Reduce urban air pollution Increase efficiency of vehicle fleet Reduce road fatalities SDG agreed by Sept. 2015
Growth of railways, road and vehicles 14% Growth Rate 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% China Iran Japan Kazakhstan ROK Pakistan Russian Federation Turkey Rail Lines (1990 2010) Road (1990 2010) Vehicles (1993 2008) 5
Pattern of Investment in Transport Avaition 0.3% Rail 10% ADB's Transport Investment (2007-12) Urban 9% Water 4% Others 1% World Bank's Investment in Transport (2007-12) Avaition 0.3% Urban 13% Water 3% Others 1% Road 76% Rail 17% Road 65.2% (ESCAP, 2013) Railway and water transport are more environmental friendly than roads Majority of investment is in roads Rail and Urban transport investment increasing Limited investment aviation, inland water transport and coastal shipping
Regional Transport Networks & Intermodal Integration Roads Railways Integration of Highway, Railways, Inland waterways Shipping, port and logistics networks Facilitate and promote modal shift Infrastructure and services Intermodal Logistics Electrified Railways: Japan-61%, China-46%, RF-51%, India-30%, Malaysia-20%, Austarlia-8%
Energy consumption Energy Consumption, Transport (ESCAP Countries) World-236.2 mil TOE ESCAP-64.8 mil TOE (27.4% of world) Road- 81% Thousand tons of oil equivalent 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Other Rail Aviation Road Avaition-13% Rail- 4% Others- 2%
Transport emissions by modes, ESCAP Million tons of CO2 CO2 emission: By Mode of Transport, ESCAP Aviation Road Rail Others 20 15 10 5 Avaition 13% Transport CO2 Emissions, 2010 Rail 3% Others 1% Road 83% 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Impacts of disasters and climate events Frequent disasters, extreme climate events, sea level rise- Thailand Flood, East Japan Earthquake Damage to transport infrastructure and affect services Potential impacts Bridges, coastal roads and rails, pavement, drainage, Planning, Design, Construction, Operation & Maintenance
Growing pattern of urban development Half of world s people live in town and cities 90% of world s urban expansion in developing countries Unsustainable pattern of growth of big and megacities Cities account for more that 2/3 of energy use and GHG emissions Car centered developments Lack of affordable public transport Cost of congestion- 2-5% of GDP Air pollution- health cost 2-4% of GDP Vicious cycle: more new cars- more new road more congestion 11
What are possible Policy Options? Integrated transport planning Improvement of public transportation Modal shift to energy efficient modes Travel demand management Congestion management Compact city planning Use of technology High speed rails: feasible alternative to air travel, 500 miles Resilient Infrastructure Social inclusion Extend reach of transport to vulnerable groups Provide affordable public transport 12
Some policies being implemented in countries (country reports) Sri Lanka- banning of two stroke three wheelers, fare subsides to school children, increasing use of hybrid vehicles, emission assessment Nepal: Kathmandu mass transit, sustainable urban transport project, fuel standards Viet Nam- Hanoi- BRT and MRT, MRT-Ho Chi Minh City Tajikistan: Fare subsidies in Dushanbe, improvement of infrastructure, NMT in Dushanbe- extending to other 3 cities Georgia: Tram link by 2016, test of electric vehicles in Tbilisi, fare subsidies Indonesia: ERP, BRT, MRT, fare subsidies Thailand: BRT, MRT, NMT, free public bus, alternate fuels, fuel standards Bhutan: NMT, improve fuel efficiency, fuel standards, improving public transport- high capacity buses 13
Concluding remarks Various policy options available Need to evaluate policies Combination of policies essential to move towards sustainable transport systems Many successful examples in Asia 14
regmi.unescap@un.org 15