PART ONE: THE CHALLENGE FOR TRANSPORT

Transcription

1 iii CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS... ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... 1 PART ONE: THE CHALLENGE FOR TRANSPORT I. MEETING THE NEEDS OF TRADE A. Economic growth in the world B. Economic growth in the ESCAP region C. Intraregional and interregional trends in merchandise trade II. MEETING THE NEED FOR PERSONAL MOBILITY A. World and regional population growth and distribution B. Trends in urbanization C. Demographic change III. MEETING THE NEEDS OF THE ENVIRONMENT A. Greenhouse gas emissions due to transport B. Local air pollution due to transport C. Initiatives to reduce air pollution and GHG emissions from transport IV. MEETING THE NEEDS OF THE POOR A. Transport and poverty reduction B. Rural poverty and transport C. Urban poverty and transport D. Infrastructure and inclusive development PART TWO: DEVELOPMENTS IN INFRASTRUCTURE V. CHANGING DELIVERY MECHANISMS A. Private sector financing of transport infrastructure B. Developing institutions to facilitate private sector investment VI. ROADS AND ROAD TRANSPORT A. Introduction B. Asian Highway project C. Growth and development of the region s road infrastructure D. Growth in road vehicle fleets and motorization trends in the region E. Selected road and highway investment projects VII. RAILWAY TRANSPORT A. Railway traffic trends B. Rail systems growth C. Network development VIII. SHIPPING A. Registered fleet capacities B. Vessels by country of domicile... 91

2 iv Review of Developments in Transport in Asia and the Pacific 2005 C. Shipbuilding D. Trends in container slot capacity and ship size E. Trends in bulk shipping fleet capacities F. Trends in the average age of merchant fleets G. Productivity trends in the world merchant shipping fleet H. Supply-side developments in world container shipping IX. PORTS A. Trends in container port throughput B. Selected port infrastructure projects X. AIR TRANSPORT A. Air traffic growth trends and forecasts B. Investment in air transport infrastructure and aircraft fleets C. Institutional developments in air transport D. Technological developments affecting air transport XI. URBAN TRANSPORT A. Introduction B. Growing motorization C. Public transport initiatives D. Para-transit E. Non-motorized transport F. Case Studies: transportation in Beijing, Colombo and Kuala Lumpur PART THREE: GLOBALIZATION, REGIONALISM AND INTERMODAL SYSTEMS 133 XII. GLOBALIZATION, TRADE AGREEMENTS AND TRANSPORT A. Background B. WTO, GATS and Asian Trade Agreements C. Spreading the benefits of globalization through transport infrastructure development 141 XIII. REGIONAL COOPERATION AGREEMENTS A. General trends B. Examples of regional cooperation agreements XIV. COLLOCATION OF PRODUCTION TRANSPORT FACILITIES A. Recent international developments B. Logistics centres and distriparks in the ESCAP region C. Free Trade Zones XV. INTERMODAL SYSTEMS A. What is an Intermodal System B. General benefits associated with intermodal systems C. Intermodal infrastructure in the ESCAP region D. Constraints to the development of intermodal systems ANNEX: STATISTICAL NOTES A. Aggregation B. Growth rates

3 v LIST OF TABLES I.1 Annual GDP growth rates for the world and selected regions and countries, I.2 Annual GDP growth rates for selected ESCAP countries and subregions, I.3 Exports of merchandise (f.o.b.) at current prices, I.4 Direction of exports for selected countries and subregions, II.1 Estimates of population , and population growth : world and ESCAP region II.2 Population indicators in the Asia-Pacific region II.3 Estimates of urban population, level of urbanization and rate of growth of the urban population in selected economies of the ESCAP region, II.4 Actual and expected population and growth rate of urban agglomerations with more than 10 million inhabitants in 2005, II.5 Selected dominant urban agglomerations and their proportion of the national population, II.6 Age demographic and gender ratio of the population aged 65+ in the ESCAP region, V.1 Transport sector project investments in ESCAP countries with private sector participation, V.2 Sample of PPP projects in ESCAP countries, VI.1 Classification and design standards of the Asian Highway network VI.2 Length and quality of the Asian Highway network VI.3 Selected road and highway investment projects in the ESCAP region VII.1 Trends in railway freight tonnage in the ESCAP region, VII.2 Trends in railway freight traffic task in the ESCAP region, VII.3 Change in railway employee numbers in the ESCAP region, VII.4 Selected railway infrastructure development projects in the ESCAP region VII.5 Breaks-of-gauge in the Trans-Asian Railway network VII.6 Missing links in the Trans-Asian Railway network VIII.1 Capacity of merchant fleets registered in the ESCAP region, VIII.2 Registered domiciled vessels for major shipowning economies, VIII.3 World shipbuilding production total ships on order as at June VIII.4 Movements in the average age of the world fleet VIII.5 Developments in Major Alliances IX.1 Port container traffic, IX.2 Selected port infrastructure projects in the ESCAP region X.1 Annual average growth in air passenger traffic, by region, estimate for X.2 Annual average growth in air freight traffic, by region, estimate for XI.1 Selected Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) projects in the ESCAP region XII.1 Principal RTAs involving ESCAP countries

4 vi Review of Developments in Transport in Asia and the Pacific 2005 LIST OF TABLES (continued) XIII.1 XIII.2 Substantive content of current regional cooperation in infrastructure, facilities and services Matrix of subregional and regional agreements/organizations with a transport or communications component, versus its member countries in Asia XIV.1 Selected distriparks and logistics centres in the ESCAP region XIV.2 Selected Free Trade Zones in the ESCAP region XV.1 Parkes Facility, Australia XV.2 North Port, Malaysia XV.3 Intermodal transport and logistics in China in the 1990s LIST OF FIGURES I.1 ESCAP exports as a share of world exports, II.1 Population shares of various ESCAP subregions, 2004 and II.2 Life expectancy and fertility rate in Asia, Oceania and the World, III.1 Average annual pollution concentrations by city, III.2 Ambient versus roadside air quality III.3 Air quality data from 2000 to 2003 compared with III.4 Efforts to reduce sulphur levels IV.1 Progress towards reducing by half the number of people living on less than US$ 1 per day, in selected ESCAP countries V.1 Investment in transport projects with private sector participation in the world s developing countries, V.2 Investments in transport infrastructure projects with private sector participation, by region, VI.1 Asian Highway Route Map VI.2 Road network growth in selected countries of the ESCAP region, VI.3 Proportion of paved road in selected countries in the ESCAP region VI.4 Average annual growth in road vehicle fleets in selected countries and zones of the ESCAP region, VI.5 Vehicle density in selected countries of the ESCAP region VI.6 Motorization rates in selected countries of the ESCAP region, VII.1 Trend in average freight haul distances in the ESCAP region, VII.2 Trend in railway route length in the ESCAP region, VII.3 Trend in the proportion of railway routes electrified in a selection of countries in the ESCAP region, VII.4 Trend in the size of locomotive fleets in selected countries in the ESCAP region, VII.5 Trend in the size of wagon fleets in a selection of countries in the ESCAP region,

5 vii LIST OF FIGURES (continued) VIII.1 Largest container ships in service, VIII.2 Developments in container vessel numbers and average size, VIII.3 Various indices for the productivity of the world merchant fleet, X.1 Scheduled traffic of commercial air carriers, by region, in 1994, 1999 and X.2 Growth in air passenger traffic, by region, X.3 Regional share of global international scheduled air passenger traffic in X.4 Air freight and mail traffic of commercial air carriers, by region, in 1994, 1999 and X.5 Growth in air freight and mail traffic, by region, X.6 Regional share of global international air freight and mail traffic in XII.1 Intra-ASEAN trade in priority sectors XIII.1 Number of members versus their date of establishment for intergovernmental agreements, organizations and programmes addressing subregional or regional cooperation in Asia and the Pacific XV.1 Common types of intermodal surface transport movements in Asia