Study on the Couplng Development between Urbanzaton and Ecosystem-- The Comparatve Analyss Based on Guzhou, Yunnan, Hunan and Zheang Provnce Lngyun Luo 1,*,Chenggang L 1,Jue Hu 2,Bng Yang 1 and Kang Pan 1 1 Faculty of Fnance, Guzhou Unversty of Fnance and Economcs, Guyang, Chna 2 College of Textles, Donghua Unversty, Shangha, Chna Correspondng Emal: lly0089@163.com Abstract. Urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment coordnated development s the development drecton of contemporary urbanzaton. In ths paper, the couplng degree model s used to analyze the couplng degree and couplng coordnaton degree of Guzhou, Yunnan, Hunan and Zheang Provnce n 2014. The analyss results showed that, four provnces are hghly coupled n the couplng degree. Guzhou provnce s n the low degree of dsorder and the lag of urbanzaton for the couplng coordnaton degree; Yunnan provnce s also n a low degree of dsorder and urbanzaton hysteress; Zheang provnce s n a good coordnaton, whle ts urbanzaton s slghtly laggng behnd; Hunan provnce s n a low degree of mbalance, and there s a coordnated development of urbanzaton and ecosystem. In ths paper, the research results help four provnces above to better realze the coordnated development of urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment. 1 Introducton Urbanzaton refers to the hstorcal transformaton process from the prmary ndustry-based agrcultural socety to the second and thrd ndustry-orented modern urbanzaton of one country or regon durng the development of economy. Nowadays Chna s vgorously promotng the development of urbanzaton. As domestc demand s the fundamental drvng force of Chna's economc development, and urbanzaton helps n expandng the domestc demand. Therefore, urbanzaton can be a strong engne to keep the sustaned and healthy development of the economy. At present, Chna's urbanzaton rate of resdent populaton s 53.7%, and the urbanzaton rate of household regstraton populaton s only about 36%, whch s 80% lower than that of the developed countres. Guzhou Provnce as a western provnce, the urbanzaton rate s far behnd the natonal average urbanzaton value. The urbanzaton rate n western Chna s 44.8%, whle the urbanzaton rate n Guzhou s only 42%. In addton,the dstrbuton of urbanzaton s unbalanced. As a result of ths phenomenon, the urbanzaton potental of Guzhou s qute huge. So urbanzaton s regarded as the man strategy for Guzhou's development [1, 2]. From the past experence, the development of urbanzaton wll nevtably brng about the destructon of ecologcal envronment. Over the past few years, Chna has only focused on the develop of economy, whle do not pay any attenton to the protecton of the ecologcal envronment. Thus t leads to enormous envronmental polluton. In recent years, our country decded to take the road of sustanable development, whch means, when we focus on the development of economy, we should pay attenton to the protecton of the ecologcal envronment at the same tme. In ths paper, the couplng model s used to analyze the relatonshp between urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment n order to promote the coordnated development of urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment. 2 Lterature revew Domestc and foregn scholars have carred out a seres of researches on the coordnated development of urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment. By the panel regresson emprcal study, Grossman (1995)found that the relatonshp between the ecologcal envronment and the economc development was nverted U-shaped. In the early stage, because of the economc development, people gnored the protecton of the envronment. After a certan stage, people began to pay attenton to envronmental protecton and governance, and then put forward the famous envronmental Kuznets Curve [3]. Haughton G et al. (1994) consdered that the couplng relatonshp between urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment s the sum of all knds of non-lnear relatons between the elements of urbanzaton and the elements of ecologcal envronment [4]. Domestc experts and scholars also carred on a certan research on the couplng model and the urbanzaton.yan-lng Xao (2013) used couplng model to calculate the couplng degree of urbanzaton and The Authors, publshed by EDP Scences. Ths s an open access artcle dstrbuted under the terms of the Creatve Commons Attrbuton Lcense 4.0 (http://creatvecommons.org/lcenses/by/4.0/).
ecologcal envronment coordnated development n Guzhou Provnce from 2001 to 2010, and obtaned the concluson that the couplng degree of urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment coordnated development n Guzhou s ncreasng, In 2010, the couplng degree has reached 0.9545 [5]. Neng-sheng Luo et al. (2014) calculated the couplng degree of urbanzaton and envronmental coordnated development n three ctes of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xangtan. It was concluded that the couplng degree of Changsha was hgher, from 0.293 n 2001 to 0.758 n 20. However, Zhuzhou and Xangtan Cty s couplng degree s low, they destroyed the ecologcal envronment when they were developng [6]. Pe-chao Da et al. (2004) calculated the couplng degree of Xuzhou wth the model of urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment couplng. It was concluded that Xuzhou entered a state of hgh couplng from 2001 onwards, and urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment coordnated development [7]. Bo L (2015) researched coupled spatotemporal dfferences of 29 prefecture level ctes of 5 central provnces by usng a coupled model of the cty, and concluded that the level of urbanzaton and the ecologcal envronment qualty of the couplng development degree n space showed obvous local spatal autocorrelaton clusterng pattern. The overall trend shows that the n the degree of southeast s hgher than that n the northwest [8]. Based on the above lteratures, scholars at home and abroad use the coupled model to study the couplng degree of urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment n dfferent places, but there s no comparatve research between the couplng degree of Guzhou Provnce and other provnces. Ths paper selects the eastern provnce of Zheang, the central provnce of Hunan, Guzhou provnce and Yunnan Provnce located n the Yunnan Guzhou Plateau. The author collects the data of urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment, and uses the couplng degree model to calculate the couplng degree of urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment, and makes a comparatve analyss of the four provnces. 3 Indcators selecton and data sources The data of ths paper s dvded nto two systems, whch are urbanzaton system and ecologcal envronment system. Urbanzaton system ncludes populaton urbanzaton subsystem, spatal urbanzaton subsystem, Economc Urbanzaton subsystem and socal urbanzaton subsystem. Among them, the populaton urbanzaton subsystem ncludes the proporton of urban populaton, the proporton of non-agrcultural populaton and percentage of employment n the Tertary Industry. System space towns ncludng urban area (square klometers), cty populaton densty (per km2), and per capta Cty Road area (square meters). The sub-system of urbanzaton ncludes the per capta dsposable ncome of urban resdents (yuan), the proporton of added value of the tertary ndustry to GDP and the per capta revenue (yuan). The socal urbanzaton sub-system ncludes the total retal sales per capta (ten thousand yuan), the number of buses owned by ten thousand people (vehcles), the proporton of the number of Internet users, and the proporton of college students. Ecologcal envronment system ncludes ecologcal envronment level subsystem, ecologcal envronment pressure subsystem and ecologcal envronment protecton subsystem. Among them, the ecologcal envronment subsystem ncludes water supply per capta (ton/person), cty gas penetraton rate, per capta green area (m2/person), bult-up area green coverage. The pressure of ecologcal envronment subsystem ncludng ndustral wastewater emssons per capta (ton/person), per capta amount of ndustral sold wastes (ton/person). The ecologcal envronment protecton subsystem ncludes nvestment n per capta ndustral polluton control (yuan), nvestment n per capta wastewater treatment proect (yuan), and nvestment n per capta polluton control proect (yuan). The data used n ths paper are taken from the Natonal Bureau of statstcs, as well as the statstcal yearbook of the provnces n 2015. 4 Emprcal analyss 4.1 Orgnal data standardzaton The orgnal data has postve and negatve dfferences. For example, ecologcal envronment, the ndex of the ecologcal envronment of pressure subsystems for the reverse ndex, the hgher the ndex s ndcate that the worse the envronment s. The postve ndcator s n accordance wth the formula: X ( x xmax ) ( xmax xmn ). Inverse ndex s accordng to the formula: X ( xmax x) ( xmax xmn ). The raw data are processed accordng to the formula. x max s the maxmum value of the data n the ndex. x mn s the mnmum value of the data. Urbanzaton ndcators X s defned as X (=1,2,3...13). Ecologcal envronment ndcators X s defned as X (=1,2,3....). 4.2 Coeffcent of varaton and weght of each ndex In ths paper, we use the coeffcent of varaton method to determne the ndex weght. Varaton coeffcent method can be better to reflect the possesson of weght among all the ndcators, the formula s as follows: V / X (1) V / X 2
The weghts of each ndex are obtaned from the subsystem of urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment, and the formula s as follows: Note: s for the urbanzaton of 13 subsystems V value. 13 V V (2) 1 V V (3) 0 Note: s for the ecologcal envronment of the subsystem V value. s the weght of each ndcator of the urbanzaton subsystem, and s the weght of each ndex of the eco-envronment subsystem. 4.3 Couplng Calculate the score of the urbanzaton system usng the followng formula. 13 F= X, 13 1 (4) 1 s every ndex n the urbanzaton subsystem. X s the data n the process of Urbanzaton. Calculaton of ecologcal envronment subsystem score usng the followng formula. G X 1 (5) 1 s the weght of each ndex n the eco-envronment subsystem. X s the value of the ecologcal ndex after treatment. Calculate the urbanzaton subsystem score F and the eco-envronment subsystem score G of the four provnces, substtute the couplng degree formula and couple the two systems. Couple the two systems and calculate the couplng degree. Couplng degree formula: F G) C=2 (6) F G F value, G value and the couplng degree of the four provncal captals are shown n Table 1. Table 1. Couplng degree. 1 1 Guzhou Yunnan Zheang Hunan F 0.1928235 0.1277376 0.802272 0.322798 G 0.2763830 0.2646786 0.8504 0.33653 couplng degree 0.9840148 0.9371344 0.999576 0.999783 From Table 1, we can see the couplng degree above four provnces are relatvely hgh, whch are belong to the hghly couplng state. The couplng of Zheang and Hunan are close to 1. The couplng degree of Guzhou and Yunnan are slghtly behnd, whch are hgher than 0.9. The data ndcate that the couplng degree between the two systems of the four provnces are n hgh state, and the urbanzaton subsystem and the ecologcal envronment subsystem are n the mutual nfluence. 4.4 Couplng coordnaton degree Couplng degree can only explan the nteracton between the two systems, and the level of urbanzaton and the coordnated development of the ecologcal envronment can not be explaned. So the couplng coordnaton degree model s ntroduced to explan ths queston. Formula of Couplng Coordnaton Degree s as the followng: D C T, T F G (7) In the formula, and are the contrbuton coeffcent for the two systems n the development of the cty. Here we thnk that the urbanzaton subsystem and ecologcal envronment subsystem of urban development s equally mportant. We set value = =0.5. D s the couplng coordnaton degree. C s thecouplng degree. The couplng coordnaton degree s shown n Table 2 3
Table 2. Couplng coordnaton degree. Guzhou Yunnan Zheang Hunan Couplng coordnaton degree 0.480472 0.428805 0.908841 0.574102 The couplng coordnaton degree level and the dvson standard can be seen n Table 3 Table 3. The couplng coordnaton degree level and the dvson standard. D Degree of coordnaton F G F G 0.8 D 1 Good coordnaton The ecologcal envronment lag Urbanzaton lag 0.6 D 0.8 Moderate coordnaton The ecologcal envronment lag Urbanzaton lag 0.4 D 0.6 Low coordnaton The ecologcal envronment lag Urbanzaton lag 0.2 D 0.4 Moderate dsorder The ecologcal envronment lag Urbanzaton lag 0 D 0.2 Severe dsorder The ecologcal envronment lag Urbanzaton lag From Table 3 we can fnd out that Guzhou provnce s n a level of low mbalance and urbanzaton hysteress. The governments of Guzhou provnce care both the development of economy and the envronmental protecton, but the coordnaton degree between the two systems s not hgh. The F value of urbanzaton subsystem s 0.1928, whch s much less than that of Zheang (0.8023), and 0.3228 of Hunan Provnce. Therefore, there s stll room for the mprovement of the urbanzaton of Guzhou provnce. The Urbanzaton subsystem and ecologcal envronment subsystem has a large gap n Guzhou provnce, whch means Guzhou provnce not only focused on the development of urbanzaton but also pad attenton to the protecton of the ecologcal envronment, and the government takes the road of sustanable development. Yunnan provnce s n the level of low coordnaton and urbanzaton hysteress, and the urbanzaton level n Yunnan s much lower than the ecologcal envronment subsystem. Ths can be due to ts man ndustry (toursm ndustry). Yunnan Provnce has pad great attenton to the protecton of the envronment, and because the development of toursm ndustry s qute good, the vllages have some functons of ctes and towns, thus lmtng the urbanzaton of Yunnan Provnce to a certan extent. Zheang Provnce, as the eastern economc strong provnce of Chna, s n the level of hgh coordnaton and Zheang's urbanzaton ndex s far ahead of the other two western provnces and Hunan Provnce. And because the economy s well developed, the nvestment n ecologcal envronment s also ncreased, therefore the ecologcal envronment subsystem value n Zheang provnce s also n hgh level. Urbanzaton drves the development of economy, whle economc development s also promotng the constructon of ecologcal envronment. Hunan s n the level of low mbalance, and ts urbanzaton s almost keep pace wth the ecologcal envronment. As a provnce wth a certan economc base n central Chna, Hunan Provnce has developed rapdly and has a relatvely hgh urbanzaton system. Hunan Provnce also nvest a certan amount for the protecton of ecologcal envronment. But there are multple economc ndcators are relatvely left behnd, and ts per capta nvestment funds n envronmental protecton s less than that of the two western provnces, so there are a lot of room for the mprovement of urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment protecton nvestment n Hunan provnce. 5 Conclusons and recommendatons In ths paper, the couplng degree model s used to analyze the couplng development of urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment n Guzhou Provnce, Yunnan Provnce, Hunan Provnce and Zheang provnce. The results of the comparatve analyss show that the couplng degree of Guzhou provnce s hghly coupled, whch s as hgh as 0.9840. Among these four provnces, the couplng degree of Guzhou provnce occupes the thrd poston, whch s only 0.4805, and the gap between Hunan provnce and Zheang provnce s not very large. The ndex of urbanzaton subsystems lower than the ndex of ecosystem n Guzhou provnce. The couplng degree and couplng coordnaton degree of Zheang provnce are both hgh, and they are hghly coupled and n good coordnaton. The couplng degree of Hunan provnce s hghly coupled, and the couplng coordnaton degree s n the level of low coordnaton. The couplng degree of Yunnan provnce s hghly coupled, and the couplng coordnaton degree s nthe level of low coordnaton. Accordng to the research results of ths paper, here we present the followng polcy recommendatons: Frstly, Guzhou provncal government should vgorously promote urbanzaton and strengthen the constructon of ecologcal envronment. Under the trend of the natonal vgorously promotng urbanzaton, Guzhou provnce should grasp the opportunty to promote urbanzaton and enoy the benefts of economc development. At the same tme, the 4
government should strengthen the constructon of ecologcal envronment, promote the constructon of urban green space, ncrease the nvestment of envronmental protecton, and vgorously promote the toursm ndustry and the development of large data ndustry, n order to promote the harmonous development of urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment. Secondly, the toursm ndustry of Yunnan provnce helps the development of small towns and rural economy. In the future, Yunnan provnce should contnue to put ecologcal envronment protecton as the frst prorty, and contnue to promote the constructon of tourst attractons around the urbanzaton. Zheang provnce should vgorously develop green economy, complete economc transformaton, and further promote the development of urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment. As a populaton outflow provnce, Hunan provnce should formulate polces to promote the older generaton of mgrant workers to settle n towns and enoy the welfare of socal development. In the constructon of ecologcal balance, Hunan provnce s a developed provnce n the steel makng ndustry and chemcal ndustry. In the past, the ecologcal envronment of Hunan provnce has been polluted serously. Therefore, Hunan provnce should pay attenton to the experence, and push on the coordnated development of ecologcal balance and urbanzaton. References 1. People's Publshng House. Natonal new urbanzaton plannng, People's Publshng House, (2014). 2. Z.G. Sun, The people's government of Guzhou provnce n 2016, "the government work report". Guzhou daly, (2016). 3. G.M. Grossman, A.B. Krueger, Economc growth and the envronment. Q J. Econ, 0(2):353 377, (1995). 4. G. Haughton, C. Hunter, Sustanable ctes, London: Jessca Kngsley Publshers Ltd, (1994). 5. Y.L. Xao, Study on the couplng development model of urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment n Guzhou. Guyang: Guzhou Unversty of Fnance and economcs, (2013). 6. N.S. Luo, J.J. L, Fu, F.Z. Luo, The couplng relatonshp between urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment - A case study of Changsha, Zhuzhou, Xangtan cty group. Hunan forum, 27, (2014). 7. P.C. Da, Z.P. Shen, Y.L. Zhao et al, Changes n couplng relatonshp between urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment: a case of Xuzhou Cty, Journal of Jangsu Normal Unversty (Natural Scence Edton), 32, (2014). 8. B. L, J.X. Zhang, The regonal dfferences and temporal and spatal evoluton on urbanzaton and ecologcal envronment n the central plans economc regon, Regonal Research and Development, 34, (2015). 5