POTENCY AND CHALLENGES OF NUCLEAR COGENERATION FOR INDONESIA EXPERIMENTAL POWER REACTOR DESIGN ERLAN DEWITA NATIONAL NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY OF INDONESIA (BATAN) 21 23 November 2016
Background
The Republic of Indonesia consists of five large islands and 13,677 smaller islands. The five main islands are Sumatra, Java, Borneo, of which the 72% belonging to Indonesia is known as Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Irian Jaya (West Irian), the western portion of the island of New Guinea. The most densely populated islands, Java/Madura (132,107 sq. km); Kalimantan (539,460 IAEA sq TECHNICAL km); MEETING Sulawesi ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC (189,216 ASPECTS OF NUCLEAR sq COGENERATION ( km km); and Irian Jaya (421,981 sq
Total Area: 1,919,440 sq km (Land Area: 1,826,440 km 2 ; Water Area: 93,000 km 2 ). Population : 237,424,363
Energy Situation in Indonesia
Demand for electricity increases with increasing population and industry. Presidential Decree No. 79 of 2014 (National Energy Policy due to energy mix) indicates that target in 2025 is coal consumption increase to 33% and other new energy and renewable energy, particularly biomass, nuclear, hydropower, solar power, and wind power increase becomes more than 5%; Due to increased use of coal, its affect on the environment is emission gases pollution, CO 2, SOx and NOx from coal burning process.
PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN INDONESIA asrisetocontinuesconsumptionenergyindonesia s energy production growth slows down, particularly of oil. Indonesia senergy consumption increased by 3.1% in 2014, having more than doubled over the last 16 years. Indonesia scoal production reached 458 million tonnes, its highest ever. Output grew by 8.9 million tonnes in 2014, the smallest increase since 2000. This was still the fifth largest increase in the world in 2014.
Energy Consumption by Sector 1,033.24 Industry : 274.90 Million BOE Household : 373.79 Million BOE Commercial : 38.19 Million BOE Transportation : 329.41 Million BOE Other Sector : 16.95 Million BOE Non Energy : 106.63 Million BOE
According to MEMR, Indonesia s total primary energy supply in 2014 was about 1.61 billion barrels of oil equivalent (BOE). The majority of Indonesia s primary energy supply comes from fossil fuels: oil (46.08%), coal (30.90%), and gas (18.26%). The share of other renewable energy resources in the energy mix was below 5%, mostly through hydropower (3.21%), geothermal power (1.15%), and biofuel (0.40%). It is also important to note that the use of traditional biomass is prevalent for basic cooking and thermal purposes among millions of rural households in Indonesia. According to MEMR data, Indonesia s final commercial energy consumption in 2013 was 1.12 billion BOE. This figure has increased by nearly 40% since 2001. Share of final energy consumption is divided into industry (42.12%), households (11.56%), transportation (38.80%), commercial use (4.25%), and other sectors (3.26%).10
Share of final energy consumption is divided into industry (42.12%), households (11.56%), transportation (38.80%), commercial use (4.25%), and other sectors (3.26%).
Available oil resource in Indonesia is 1,132.96 MTOE and it spreads all over region of Indonesia. The biggest oil reserve is in Sumatera Island (Central Sumatera) with almost 49.4%, followed by East Java with 13.2%, South Sumatera 11.2% and Kalimantan island 8.6% from total available oil resource. Natural gas resource in Indonesia is also abundant, with total reserve about 157.14 TSCF. The biggest natural gas reserve placed in Natuna Island with 32.7%, followed by Sumatera Island 21.3% and Papua with 9.68%. The rest of natural gas reserves were consists in Kalimantan, Java, Maluku and Sulawesi Island. Beside oil and natural gas, Indonesia also has coal as fossil energy resource. Total coal resource based on latest status (December 2011) were 104,943.59 million tonnes, which is equivalent IAEA TECHNICAL MEETING ON with THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC 73,145.68 ASPECTS OF NUCLEAR MTOE. COGENERATION Almost all Indonesia coal resource was residing in Sumatera and Kalimantan Island
As a result of falling oil production and limited refining capacity, Indonesia imports about 43% of all oil products. Gasoline (47%) and diesel (47%) account for the majority of refined products sold.
Construction of the experimental power reactor was still in progress. Objective is beside as demo reactor for electricity production, it will be also research reactor for nuclear heat application and research for development of NPP nuclear fuel In order to fulfill electricity needs and as effort to reduce environmental impact as a result of increasing coal consumption, and it is also for preliminary study, it is needed introduction to utilizing nuclear heat for cogeneration purpose, namely for electricity production and coal liquefaction.
Final Energy Consumption by Sector Energy Consumption by Sector 1,033.24 Industry : 274.90 Million BOE Household : 373.79 Million BOE Commercial : 38.19 Million BOE Transportation : 329.41 Million BOE Other Sector : 16.95 Million BOE Non Energy : 106.63 Million BOE Source : Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia Handbook of Energy & Economic Stastitic of Indonesia 2016
Currently, Indonesia has been unable to rely more on conventional energy sources alone. Reserves of oil, gas, and coal is predicted to run out in a fairly short time, not more than 50 years. The energy crisis that has ever happened on a global scale in the 70s could be repeated again and even greater impact on countries like Indonesia.
A 10 MWe experimental nuclear power reactor is planned to be built at Serpong, near Jakarta. Conceptual design has Indonesia sand been completed by Consortium of Nukem consultant.
INDONESIA EXPERIMENTAL POWER REACTOR (RDE) HTGR type reactor Power: 10 MWth Objective: Objective of Indonesia EPR is besides as demo reactor for electricity production, it will be also research reactor for development of NPP nuclear fuel and cogeneration. Advantages of Nuclear Cogeneration: Cogeneration can reduce the consumption of fossil fuels Cogeneration can help minimize CO 2 emissions
Objectives to construct Indonesia Experimental Power Reactor (RDE) : I-EPR to be operated by BATAN commences from 2021/2022; To demonstrate the safe operation of small scale NPP To demonstrate a small power NPP safely, and for the development of cogeneration, it will be developed for heat application laboratory such as desalination, hydrogen production, liquefaction/gasification of coal or other installations requiring heat processes; To improve the ability to master technology of NPPs for deployment of larger power NPPs in the future; To develop R&D for NPPs and its supporting facilities as well as providing human resources; To enhance public acceptance and trust on NPP operation; Commercialization of I-IPR will be developed in areas rich of natural resources but deficit of electricity and low fossil fuel reserves.
LISTRIK, 3-4 MWe RDE will produce electricity, will be used to supply most of the facilities in BATAN and a small part for public facilities (street lighting) APLIKASI PANAS PROSES RDE will be used to research the application of heat to a maximum temperature of 520 oc (laboratory of coal liquefaction, pulp industry, desalination) RDE R&D U/TEKNOLOGI REAKTOR R & D HTGR technology development, including design and construction.
CHALLENGES Regulation Licensing Funding Guarantees of government Radioactive Waste management; Human resources : Lack of competent staff Commercialization Public Acceptances ; 50% by using public opinion quisioner
In the design objectives, RDE is designed to produce steam, with a temperature 530 C. The Steam will be used to generate electricity and also be used for cogeneration systems. Cogeneration system is a unit that utilizes steam generated by a steam generator, for various research purposes by the BATAN in the development of new and renewable energy.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR POWER National nuclear energy programme is also a powerful driver for the country s socio-economic development. Namely, the positive effects of implementing an NPP construction project include the following: Job creation: Nuclear power plant construction project creates up to 10,000 jobs at the construction side. It includes not only worker positions, but also many high-level jobs. Besides, NPP construction ensures new jobs in many other enterprises, starting from construction and engineering companies ending with various services providers: transport, catering, etc. In total, about 70 000 jobs can be created as a result. Economy growth: NPP vendors nowadays offer maximisation of local content in NPP construction projects. The result of the localization study was that by the end of first step (first two NPP units) overall localization rate in Indonesia was expected to be 25%. For the second step (second two NPP units), the local participation is about 40%. Giving that the capital costs of NPP construction projects amounts to several billion USD, many companies (and even industries) of Indonesia will enjoy significant production and revenue growth. Federal and regional benefits: Government, in turn, will receive taxes paid by Indonesian enterprises involved in an NPP construction project. Local infrastructure will benefit significantly, with new roads, grids, and many other facilities build alongside the NPP.
Scientific development: Nuclear energy is a high-tech industry, which resembles a country s development level. Indonesia has already established several nuclear institutions and has many distinguished experts in the sphere of nuclear technologies. Nuclear energy programme will give a boost to R&D activities in the implementation of nuclear technologies in many other areas: agriculture, medicine, ecology, etc. Education development: Education in nuclear physics and nuclear energy is prestigious and highly appreciated worldwide, thus a national NPP project will create opportunities for thousands Indonesian young people to become high level professionals. Middle-skill education will also take advantage of a nuclear energy project, since it demands a lot of human recourses in various spheres.
CONCLUSION: The efforts has to conducted continually, by : 1. Socialization and promotion to public and government 2. Public Education 3. Training for NPP staff to improve the knowledge
APPROVAL OF SITE EVALUATION PROGRAMME HAS OBTAINED : 25 FEB 2015 RDE SITE EVALUATION : 2014 2015 (2016) SUBMIT FOR SITE LICENSING : 27 OKTOBER 2015, SITE LICENSE DOCUMENT WAS DICLARED COMPLETE: 5 NOV 2015 SITE PERMIT DOCUMENT REVIEW BY BAPETEN (INDONESIA REGULATORY BODY): STILL IN PROCESS
Indonesia's nuclear plans have met with criticism from Greenpeace, other groups and individuals. In June 2007 nearly 4,000 protesters rallied in Central Java, calling on the government to abandon plans to build a nuclear power plant in their area. Specific concerns included the dangers posed by nuclear waste and the location of the country on the Pacific Ring of Fire, with geological activity (such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions) hazardous to nuclear reactors. [2