Decommissioning and Energy Transition in Germany KEPIC Week /09/ PDF Free Download

Decommissioning and Energy Transition in Germany KEPIC Week 2017 06/09/2017 Presented by Helmut Huger TÜ V SÜ D Germany Head of division Radiation Protection, Waste Management & Decommissioning 8/30/20

TÜV SÜD at a glance 150+ YEARS OF QUALITY, SAFETY & SUSTAINABILITY 1,000 LOCATIONS WORLDWIDE 2.3 BILLION IN ANNUAL REVENUE 24,000 EMPLOYEES 43% OF REVENUE OUTSIDE GERMANY 574,000 CERTIFICATES 100% INDEPENDENT & IMPARTIAL 1-STOP SOLUTIONS PROVIDER Note: Figures have been rounded off. Slide 2

TÜV SÜD nuclear presence worldwide Quality Assurance Business Unit Nuclear Energy Approx. 900 Experts (BUNE) H.-M. Kursawe Business Support TÜ V SÜ D Industrie Service Energy and Systems TÜ V SÜ D Energietechnik Nuclear Technologies TÜ V SÜ D KOCEN SERVICES 400 experts MUNICH, GERMANY S. Kirchner 200 experts FILDERSTADT, GERMANY H.-M. Kursawe 90 experts GLOUCESTER, UK K.Hildred 360 experts SUNGNAM, KOREA S. S. Cha Dounreay Sellafield Warrington Gloucester Harwell Winfrith Mannheim Filderstadt Munich Headquarter Seoul Daejeon Kori Busan Slide 3

The Nuclear Power Plant Life Cycle Licensing for nuclear power plants (NPP) Design and construction of NPPs Nuclear power plant operation Nuclear decommissioning Additional nuclear services provided by TÜV SÜD: Safety Assessment of Nuclear Installations Radiation Protection Nuclear Waste Management Slide 4

Decommissioning and energy transition in Germany 1 2011: Germany before and after Fukushima 2 Phasing out in Germany: New challenges 2017: Status of the Phasing out project Germany before Fukushima Slide 5

Germany Situation before Fukushima (2010/2011) - TÜV SÜD Projects on decommissioning NPP and nuclear facilities (examples) - NPP Kahl, operation 1960-1985, 15 MW(el), completely dismantled ( greenfield ) - NPP Großwelzheim, operation: 1969 1971, 25 MW(el), greenfield - NPP Niederaichbach, operation: 1972 1974,100 MW(el), greenfield - NPP Gundremmingen (KRB A), operation: 1966 1977, BWR, 250 MW(el), shutdown in 1977, licence for decommissioning May 1983, dismantling in progress - Multi-purpose Research Reactor Karlsruhe, operation: 1965 1984, PWR, 57 MW(el), decommissioning started 1987 - Research-reactor Neuherberg, operation 1972 1982, TRIGA Mark III, 1 MW(th), decommissioning started 1983, safe enclosure since 1984 - Compact sodium-cooled nuclear reactor facility, operation: 1971 1991, prototype fast breeder reactor, 20 MW(el), shutdown in Aug 1991, decommissioning and dismantling since August 1993 - Research reactor Karlsruhe 2, operation: 1961 1981,natural uranium fuel and heavy water moderated, 44 MW(th), shutdown in December 1981, safe enclosure since November 1996 - NPP Obrigheim, operation: 1968 2005, PWR, 357 MW(el), shutdown in May 2005, decommissioning and dismantling since August 2008 Slide 6

The role of the independent expert in Germany Application / Reporting Licensing, monitoring Nuclear supervision concept in Germany Independent from operator and manufacturer Slide 7

Germany Situation before Fukushima (2010/2011) 28th October 2010: - New law for lifetime extention (increase of the produced amount of energy => 8 to 14 years of additional lifetime) of NPP after a long political discussion - New law for a new nuclear fuel tax - New energy concept (way into the aera of renewable energies) => All 17 German commercial NPP can produce larger amounts of energy Nuclear power plant Type Nominal output (Gross) MW GKN-1 Neckar PWR 840 GKN-2 Neckar PWR 1.395 KBR Brokdorf PWR 1.440 KKB Brunsbüttel BWR 806 KKE Emsland PWR 1.400 KKG Grafenrheinfeld PWR 1.345 KKI-1 Isar BWR 912 KKI-2 Isar PWR 1.475 KKK Krümmel BWR 1.316 KKP-1 Philippsburg BWR 926 KKP-2 Philippsburg PWR 1.458 KKU Unterweser PWR 1.410 KRB B Gundremmingen BWR 1.344 KRB C Gundremmingen BWR 1.344 KWB A Biblis PWR 1.225 KWB B Biblis PWR 1.300 KWG Grohnde PWR 1.430 Slide 8 TÜ V SÜ D (main) consultant

Power grid and renewables in 2010-1991 Electricity Feeding Act - guaranteed prices for renewables (2000: up to 8,23ct/kWh, depending on the type of renewables) - 2000 / 2004 / 2009: Renewable Energy Act: - Priority feed in of renewables - The existing European grid has to be improved for the growing decentralized generation of renewable energy Slide 9

Public opinion after Fukushima Increasing public resistance against nuclear energy Political decision to phase out NPP Slide 11

Decommissioning and energy transition in Germany 2011: Germany before and after Fukushima Phasing out in Germany: New challenges 2017: Status of the Phasing out project Political decisions Slide 12

Political decisions in Germany after Fukushima 14th March 2011: - 3 month moratorium on 8 NPP - 2 commissions started their work for a safe energy supply - Reactor Safety Commission (RSK) - Ethic commission: 17 members from the realms of politics, business, civil society and the churches 30th June 2011: - The Reactor Safety Commission found no weaknesses in the NPP. Therefore only the results of the Ethic Commission had influence on the New Atomic Energy Act : Phase out of the NPP Slide 13

Actual and future decommissioning projects of NPP in Germany * Together with Time schedule for decommissioning of nuclear power plants (NPP) in Germany Biblis A Biblis B Brunsbüttel * * No NPP operation in Germany anymore Isar I -17.6 GWe Krümmel Neckarwestheim I Grohnde Neckarwestheim II Phillippsburg 1 Brokdorf Emsland Unterweser Grafenrheinfeld Gundremmingen B Phillippsburg 2 Gundremmingen C Isar II 2011 2015 2017 2019 2021 2022 2023 30.3 GWe 12.7 GWe 0 GWe Slide 14

2017: Status of German commercial NPP Nuclear power plant Type Nominal output (Gross) MW In operation GKN-1 Neckar PWR 840 NO GKN-2 Neckar PWR 1.395 YES (until 2022) KBR Brokdorf PWR 1.440 YES (until 2021) KKB Brunsbüttel BWR 806 NO KKE Emsland PWR 1.400 YES (until 2022) KKG Grafenrheinfeld PWR 1.345 NO (since 2015) KKI-1 Isar BWR 912 NO KKI-2 Isar PWR 1.475 YES (until 2022) KKK Krümmel BWR 1.316 NO KKP-1 Philippsburg BWR 926 NO KKP-2 Philippsburg PWR 1.458 YES (until 2019) KKU Unterweser PWR 1.410 NO KRB B Gundremmingen BWR 1.344 YES (until 2017) KRB C Gundremmingen BWR 1.344 YES (until 2021) KWB A Biblis PWR 1.225 NO KWB B Biblis PWR 1.300 NO KWG Grohnde PWR 1.430 YES (until 2021) Slide 15

Decommissioning and energy transition in Germany 2011: Germany before and after Fukushima Phasing out in Germany: New challenges 2017: Status of the Phasing out project Challenges in the phase out Slide 16

Challenges in 2011 for NPP Start from a scratch no preparation time for post operational phase and decommissioning Safe enclosure? or immediate decommissioning? Licensing procedures Many licensing procedures at the same time Lack of experience Large experience with decommissioning of research reactors little experience with decommissioning of commercial reactors (only NPP Stade, NPP Obrigheim) Insufficient infrastructure Of waste management and storage for decomm. of all reactors. Are there suficent cask available? Is the organisation structure ready for decomm.? Clearance Releasing material into environment acceptance in the public? Parts of the public are against nuclear energy Slide 17

Post Operational Phase and Decommissioning First steps Decommissioning a NPP is a cost- and time-consuming project Therefore it is important to consider as soon as possible first steps Important points to be considered to ensure the safety of the NPP, to be prepared for the post-operational phase to be prepared for the initiation of the licensing procedure. A NPP in the Post-operational or decommissioning phase produces no income Efficient implementation of the first steps offers the possibility to reduce costs Slide 18

Post-operational phase and decommissioning First steps Which systems are no longer needed? => Classification of NPP systems: Important / Needed for operation during decommissioning / no longer needed Which systems are needed with spent fuel in the NPP? => Protection of these systems Which old / new systems are needed for decommissioning => Update of specifications Which rules and regulations should be considered? => Operational experience from other projects Which training is needed? => Different training courses Which organisation form is helpful for decommissioning? => Efficient organisation structure Slide 19

Post-operational phase and decommissioning First steps Work during the post-operational phase => Shutdown of systems no longer needed => FSD and other decontamination Radiological characterisation => Important data for decommissioning and waste management Reduction of inventory => Waste from operation during post-operational phase => Waste from decommissioning during decommissioning phase => Full system decontamination and other decontamination steps => Spent fuel management, Full system decontamination Defueling => Which cask? => Handling of spent fuel => Handling of problematic spent fuel Slide 20

activity Measures in the post-operational phase Suggestion of ESK guidelines to decommissioning of nuclear plants Inventory inflammable (yes/no)? toxic (yes/no)? Water Law relevant relevant (yes/no)? Set up of nuclear fuel freedom Reduction of radioactive inventory Implementation of an inventory taking Decommissioning of no longer needed installations Radiological characterisation of the entire plant Slide 21

Germany final repositories ERAM (Morsleben) Asse II Konrad Gorleben Former potash & salt mine Storage: 1971-1991 &1994-1998 37.000 m 3 LLW/MLW Closed for new waste Former potash & salt mine Storage: 1965-1978 47.000 m 3 LLW/MLW Closed for new waste, plans to recover waste Former iron ore mine Planned completion: 2022 ~300.000 m 3 LLW/MLW License, but not in operation yet Salt dome Possible repository for HLW Protest of residents Stopped Source: Deutsches Atomforum e. V., GNS Slide 22

Decommissioning and energy transition in Germany 2011: Germany before and after Fukushima Phasing out in Germany: New challenges 2017: Status of the Phasing out project Licensing process Decommissioning NPP Slide 23

Decommissioning - Finalized licensing procedures NPP final shut down application draft license statement of BMUB granting of license Isar 1 06.08.2011 04.05.2012 14.06.2016 23.12.2016 17.01.2017 Neckarwestheim I 06.08.2011 24.04.2013 16.06.2016 19.10.2016 03.02.2017 Biblis A 06.08.2011 06.08.2012 10.08.2016 22.09.2016 30.03.2017 Biblis B 06.08.2011 06.08.2012 25.11.2016 23.12.2016 30.03.2017 Philippsburg 1 06.08.2011 24.04.2013 28.02.2014 02.12.2016 03.04.2017 07.04.2017 BMUB Slide 24

Decommissioning - Status of licensing procedures - The licensing process for some of the next NPP has started: KKP2, GKNII, BMUB Slide 25

Decommissioning and energy transition in Germany 2011: Germany before and after Fukushima Phasing out in Germany: New challenges 2017: Status of the Phasing out project Waste management Slide 26

Newbuilt waste management and storage facilities Neckarwestheim: Philippsburg: SAL-N / -P (Interim storage of low- and medium level waste SIG-N / -P (Social and Infrastructurbuilding) RBZ-N / -P (Waste treatment and conditioning plant) Slide 27

Transportation of several Castor casks in 2017 TÜV SÜD is engaged in the defuelling of KWO in 2017 - Check of the boundary conditions - Loading of the Castor casks - Radiological measurement EnBW Slide 28

Commission on review of the financing of the phasing out of nuclear energy (KFK) 14.10.2015 Start of the commission 19 members from the realms of politics, business, civil society and the churches Review on the financing of the costs for decommissioning, waste management and final storage Results Costs for decommissioning and waste treatment are payed by the owners of NPP Costs for final storage is paid by the state, but about 24 billions are paid by the owner in 2017 to the state Slide 29

BMUB Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety New organisational structure - waste management Supervision BfE Federal Office for the Safety of Nuclear Waste Management Regulates site selection Licenses disposal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Licenses storage - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Licenses transport and storage of nuclear fuel Licensing Supervision BGE (2016) Federal Company for Disposal Site selection and operation Private status, publically-owned BGZ (2017) Federal Company for Interim Storage Private status, publically-owned Supervision BfS Federal Office for Radiation Protection Gives scientific advice Länder Authorities Supervision License nuclear installations License handling of radioactive substances Licensing Supervision Operators etc. Slide 30

The search after a final repository Many years of political discussions and massive protests of parts of the public against Gorleben: - Political decision to stop Gorleben - Restart of the search for a site of a final repository - White map with no prefered sites - Clear and transparent public process - Involvement of a large variety of the public, not only technicians or politicians. Slide 31

Public committee regarding final repository for HLW 33 (34) members in this commission, - 2 chairs, - 16 members from the politics, - 8 members from the science - 8 members from the civil society (in each case 2 members from environmental associations, religious groups, economy and labor unions). Only the 8 members from the science and the 8 members from the civil society have the power to vote in this committee. Slide 32

Public committee regarding final repository for HLW The committee had to prepare proposals: - to assess and decide whether other possibilities for the proper disposal of this waste exist - for decision-making (general safety requirements for the storage) - for criteria for possible error correction - for requirements for participation and information to the public, measures to ensure transparency - to assess international experience The commission started in 2013, the final report was presented in 2016. The results of this final report are considered in the revision of the site selection law (Standortauswahlgesetz). The next step will be the evaluation of possible sites. These steps will also be accompanied by a new public committee. Slide 33

Final repository next steps Process steps white map of Germany Procedures, criteria, assessments 1 2 3 4 5 Expulsion of areas meeting certain minimum requirements Selection of sub-areas with particularly favorable geological conditions Identification and selection of sub-areas for underground exploration Establishment of the sites for the underground exploration Site decision Repository site For licensing procedure Geoscientific exclusion criteria Geoscientific balance Planning-scientific exclusion / consideration, Socioeconomic potential analysis, Willingness to participate in the surface exploration, Geoscientific and mining aspects, 1. Vote of the location region(s) surface exploration, orientated safety assessment, participation in underground exploration / disposal, 2nd vote of the location region (s), establishment of test criteria underground investigation, application of the test criteria, proof of safety, comparison of the explored sites, 3. Vote of the location region (s) When required, jump back Slide 34

Public participation final repository Federal Office for Disposal Safety Responsible for Public Relation Information platform Council of the regions Regional conference National Monitoring Committee Participation Officer Affected people (interim storage, sites, site regions, final repository) Public Slide 35

Decommissioning and energy transition in Germany 2011: Germany before and after Fukushima Phasing out in Germany: New challenges 2017: Status of the Phasing out project Energy transision Slide 36

New grid connections needed Insufficient grid connections New grid connections needed because of Decentralised production Different sorts of renewables (wind in the north of Germany, solar in the south of Germany) Enhanced need for controlling the grid Amount of re-dispatching was increasing, but should now be stable Slide 37

Costs of electrical energy Average monthly costs for a household in Euro 3.500 kwh / year 49,90 11,87 38,03 40,66 15,14 46,99 18,32 25,52 28,67 52,39 20,36 32,03 56,76 22,20 20,21 14,35 63,15 24,88 17,21 69,09 28,20 73,59 75,51 32,96 33,79 84,13 85,00 83,70 83,99 85,28 41,69 44,13 43,48 45,29 46,86 17,09 17,27 17,91 19,37 19,34 19,66 20,45 21,88 21,06 23,80 23,36 23,80 23,07 21,53 20,56 18,25 16,54 Changes compared to 1998 +71 % + 295 % + 1 % 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Power supply, operation, Grid charges (until 2005) Government shares:taxes, duties, levies Power supply, operation (since 2006) Grid charges (since 2006) bdew Slide 38

Costs of electrical energy 54,9% 25,7% 19,4% Government shares: Taxes, duties, levies Power supply and operation Grid charges Average costs of electrical energy for private people 2017:29,23 ct/kwh 2010: 23,89 ct/kwh 2000: 13,94ct/kWh bdew Slide 39

Conclusion The energy transition and the phase-out of NPP in Germany is on its way. During the last 6 years Germany has managed many challenges, but there are still many points to handle. The energy costs can hopefully be stabilized, but the costs for building up renewables are very high. The situation in South Korea can be compared with the situation in Germany after Fukushima. But the starting point seems to be different in some points. Slide 40

Decommissioning and Energy Transition in Germany KEPIC Week /09/2017