Carbon- Nega+ve Energy Systems 1Energy and Resources Group 2Goldman School of Public Policy Dan Sanchez1, 3 & Dan Kammen1,2, 3 3Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory University of California, Berkeley EBI Conference, The Future of Biofuels - April 1, 2015
Mo+va+on: The Need for Nega+ve Emissions Op+ons Fuss et al. (2014) 2
The Scale of Carbon- Nega+ve Emissions is Large Kato and Yamagata (2014) 3
Indirect Land Use Assessments for Corn- based Ethanol Plevin and Kammen (2012) 4
The Carbon- Nega+ve Pathway 5
Deployment BECCS at U+lity Scale How might we deploy BECCS in the energy system? RealisJcally, what are the energy and carbon implicajons of BECCS? Design What are the benefits of scale in BECCS? How to we opjmize energy producjon vs. carbon capture? What other pracjcal design limitajons might we face? Commercializa+on How do we overcome high upfront costs? What are research needs for BECCS systems? What is the system s technological readiness? What can we learn through deployment? 6
Example BECCS Pathways Air Air Separation Unit O 2 Coal Gasification Steam 2 Water-Gas Shift (WGS) CO 2 Recycle 3 Sulfur Removal Acid Gas Removal (AGR) Options to decrease carbon intensity of products 1 - Increase ratio of biomass / coal inputs 2 - Increase shift of syngas in WGS reactor 3 - Recycle CO 2 from sulfur removal to AGR Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Electricity H 2 O CO + H 2 O->CO 2 +H 2 N 2 Biomass 1 Bypass CO 2 (for compression and sequestration) Coal Gasfication Water-Gas Shift (WGS) 2 CO Fuels 2 Recycle (Gasoline, Diesel) Sulfur Removal Options to decrease carbon intensity of products 1 - Increase ratio of biomass / coal inputs 2 - Recycle CO2 from sulfur removal to AGR 3 - Autothermal reforming + shift prior to electricity production Air Separation Unit Steam O 2 Biomass Gasification CO + H 2 O->CO 2 +H 2 Bypass Tar Cracking and Filtering CO 2 (for compression on and sequestration) Acid Gas Removal (AGR) Recycle Fischer- Tropsch Synthesis Autothermal Reformer 1 3 Fischer- Tropsch Refining Water-Gas Shift Combined Cycle Power Island CO 2 Removal Electricity 7
Mul+ple Compe+ng Pathways for Bioenergy Rhodes and Keith (2005) 8
SWITCH: A Planning Tool for Low- Carbon Power Systems hsp://rael.berkeley.edu/switch 9
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Parameter SWITCH-WECC Base Case defaults 2050 that Base will be varied Case for sensi+vity Description scenarios Carbon cap 100% of 1990 emissions levels in 2020 Linear decrease to 90% below 1990 emissions levels in 2050 - DecarbonizaJon of electricity easier than for other sectors 140% WECC Emissions Percentage Relative to 1990 Levels 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% Business As Usual 80% Reduction 90% Reduction (Base Case) 120% Reduction 140% Reduction -60% 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Average Generation in 2020 Average Generation (GW) in 2020 in WECC! 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0-25 Base Case (No New Nuclear) Small Balancing Areas Limited Hydro Demand Response Technical Potential Demand Response Aggressive Sunshot Solar Low Gas Price 12GW Distributed PV No CCS 10% Carbon Cap / No CCS 10% Carbon Cap -20% Carbon Cap / BioCCS / New Nuclear 10% Carbon Cap / New Nuclear New Nuclear 12GW Distributed PV / New Nuclear High Gas Price / New Nuclear Wind" Solar" Biopower_CCS" Biopower" Gas_CCS" Gas" Coal_CCS" Coal" Geothermal" Nuclear" Hydro" Storage"
Average Generation in 2050 Average Generation (GW) in 2050 in WECC! 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0-25 Base Case (No New Nuclear) Small Balancing Areas Limited Hydro Demand Response Technical PotenJal Demand Response Aggressive Sunshot Solar Low Gas Price 12GW Distributed PV No CCS 10% Carbon Cap / No CCS 10% Carbon Cap - 20% Carbon Cap / BioCCS / New Nuclear 10% Carbon Cap / New Nuclear New Nuclear 12GW Distributed PV / New Nuclear High Gas Price / New Nuclear Wind" Solar" Biopower_CCS" Biopower" Gas_CCS" Gas" Coal_CCS" Coal" Geothermal" Nuclear" Hydro" Storage"
Base Scenario Dispatch in 2030: Two Representa+ve Days/Month Days per Month Base Case GW# 200$ 150$ 100$ 50$ 0$ Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec!50$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ Hour#of#Day#(PST)# 200$ 150$ Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Aggressive DR GW# 100$ 50$ 0$!50$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ Hour#of#Day#(PST)# Nuclear$ Geothermal$ Biopower$ Coal$ Coal$CCS$ Gas$(baseload)$ Gas$CCS$ Gas$(intermediate)$ Hydro$(non!pumped)$ Gas$(peaker)$ Storage$(discharging)$ Solar$ Wind$ Storage$(charging)$ StaIc$System$Load$ Flexible$System$Load$
Base Scenario Dispatch in 2050: Two RepresentaJve Days per Month Base Case GW# 300$ 250$ 200$ 150$ 100$ 50$ 0$ Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec!50$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ Hour#of#Day#(PST)# 300$ 250$ Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Solar + DR GW# 200$ 150$ 100$ 50$ 0$!50$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 1$ 9$ 17$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ 0$ 8$ 16$ 3$ 11$19$ Hour#of#Day#(PST)# Nuclear$ Geothermal$ Biopower$ Coal$ Coal$CCS$ Gas$(baseload)$ Gas$CCS$ Gas$(intermediate)$ Hydro$(non!pumped)$ Gas$(peaker)$ Storage$(discharging)$ Solar$ Wind$ Storage$(charging)$ StaIc$System$Load$ Flexible$System$Load$
Tes+ng BECCS Deployment in the WECC Use high- resolujon power sector planning model SWITCH (haps:// rael.berkeley.edu/switch) High temporal and spajal detail Constrain to sustainable biomass supply, with conceptual rajng of biomass Understand co- evolujon of BECCS with other low- carbon supply opjons Mileva et al. (2013) 17
(Coal +) Biomass IGCC- CCS Air Air Separation Unit O 2 Coal Gasification Steam 2 Water-Gas Shift (WGS) CO 2 Recycle 3 Sulfur Removal Acid Gas Removal (AGR) Options to decrease carbon intensity of products 1 - Increase ratio of biomass / coal inputs 2 - Increase shift of syngas in WGS reactor 3 - Recycle CO 2 from sulfur removal to AGR Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Electricity H 2 O CO + H 2 O->CO 2 +H 2 N 2 Biomass 1 Bypass CO 2 (for compression and sequestration) Sanchez and Kammen, In preparation 18
Biomass Supply Curve for WECC Sanchez et al., Nature Climate Change (2015) 19
Sanchez et al. (2015) 20
Sanchez et al. (2015) 21
Generation / Demand Scenario: 2050 meeting 45% Carbon Negative Scenario 22 Sanchez et al. (2015) 22
Conclusions about Deployment BECCS, combined with aggressive renewable deployment and fossil- fuel emission reducjons, can enable a carbon- negajve power system in western North America by 2050 with up to 145% emissions reducjon from 1990 levels. In most scenarios, the offsets produced by BECCS are found to be more valuable to the power system than the electricity it provides. This suggests a different climate change mijgajon pathway than others have proposed NegaJve emissions from BECCS can offset CO 2 emissions from fossil- fuel energy across the economy. The amount of biomass resource available limits the level of fossil- fuel CO 2 emissions that can sjll sajsfy carbon emissions caps. 23
Appendix 24
CommercializaJon Goals: Lay forward commercializajon pathway for carbon- negajve energy Build on prior analyses: Techno- economic analysis Process simulajon Technology and commercial readiness Market research R&D needs Framing: Thermochemical conversion of hydrocarbons to electricity, fuels, or polygenerajon
(Coal +) Biomass Fischer- Tropsch CCS (PolygeneraJon) Coal Gasfication Water-Gas Shift (WGS) 2 CO Fuels 2 Recycle (Gasoline, Diesel) Sulfur Removal Options to decrease carbon intensity of products 1 - Increase ratio of biomass / coal inputs 2 - Recycle CO2 from sulfur removal to AGR 3 - Autothermal reforming + shift prior to electricity production Air Separation Unit Steam O 2 Biomass Gasification CO + H 2 O->CO 2 +H 2 Bypass Tar Cracking and Filtering CO 2 (for compression on and sequestration) Acid Gas Removal (AGR) Recycle Fischer- Tropsch Synthesis Autothermal Reformer 1 3 Fischer- Tropsch Refining Water-Gas Shift Combined Cycle Power Island CO 2 Removal Electricity Sanchez and Kammen 26
Coal + Biomass + CCS: >80% CI reduction from baseline Greater conversion efficiencies (per unit biomass) in coconversion systems Liu et al., 2011 27
Combined Cycle Electricity production: 9 CO 2 compression: 9 Acid Gas Removal: 9 (natural gas sweetening) Large-scale coal gasification: 9 (China, entrained flow) Fischer-Tropsch conversion: 8-9 (Sasol) Water-gas shift: 8-9 (Hydrogen production / steam methane reforming) Air separation units: 8-9 (cryogenic) Hydrogen gas turbine: 7-8 Long-term CO 2 storage: 6 Large-scale Biomass gasification: 4-5 28
FragmentaJon of Funding / R&D Policy DOE s Office of Fossil Energy Focus on Natural gas CCS demonstrajons, and carbon capture, storage and ujlizajon, clean coal (turbines, gasificajon, solid- oxide fuel cells, hydrogen producjon, and coal to liquids) Liale focus on biomass integrajon; no focus on standalone biomass gasificajon DOE s Biomass Energy Technologies Office Focus on feedstock producjon / logisjcs, biochemical and thermochemical conversion processes, algal biotechnology, and demonstrajon / deployment of biorefineries No focus on upstream fossil energy integrajon, or CCS Further integrajon opportunijes exist for NaJonal Science FoundaJon, technology developers (e.g. Siemens, GE), or energy firms 29
Conclusions about CommercializaJon Co- ujlizajon of coal and biomass, with CCS, holds several advantages (cost, efficiency, scale) Design choices enables flexibility in reaching different CO2 emissions goals Advanced conversion systems can benefit from joint technology development and deployment Process engineering, learning, and business models ExisJng R&D policy and development efforts do not recognize these synergies This technology enables a transijon from the most- pollujng technologies to carbon- negajvity 30
Important terms Thermochemical conversion: using heat and catalysis to make products Biochemical conversion: use of bacteria, microorganisms and enzymes to breakdown biomass into gaseous or liquid fuels Gasifica+on: converts organic or fossil fuel based carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide (controlled O 2 /steam) Water- gas shi^: reacjon of carbon monoxide and water vapor to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen Fischer- Tropsch: collecjon of chemical reacjons that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons (iron or cobalt catalysis) Acid gas removal: removes H2S, CO2 and organic sulfurs (such as mercaptan and COS) in the raw feed gas Oxycombus+on: power producjon via combusjon in pure oxygen 31