Overview of Agricultural Innovation System (AIS) in ASEAN

As of 8 October 2015 Overview of Agricultural Innovation System (AIS) in ASEAN OECD-ASEAN Regional Conference on Agricultural Policies to Promote Food Security and Agro-Forestry Productivity Seoul, South Korea 12-13 October 2015

Outline of Presentation 1. About SEARCA 2. Analytical Framework on AIS 3. Governance of Innovation Systems 4. Investing in Innovation 5. Facilitating Knowledge Flows 6. Strengthening Cross-Country Supply of Agricultural Innovation 7. The Survey

About SEARCA Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) - oldest among 21 regional centers of excellence of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO), a treaty organization that promotes regional cooperation in education, science, and culture. Mandate Build capacities for agricultural and rural development

MAJOR FUNCTIONS To promote, undertake, and coordinate research related to the needs and problems in agriculture of the region To provide high quality graduate education and training in agriculture to member countries To disseminate the findings of agricultural research and experimentation SEARCA S TENTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (FY2014/2015 FY2018/2019) Inclusive and Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development

Elements of a dynamic working AIS Market triggers Policy and regulatory environment 1 New capacity for innovation Platform technology triggers Social triggers Environmental triggers Research organisations Support Organisations Routines and working practices Markets and consumers Enterprises Go between organisations Innovations of social, economic and environmental significance Source: Hall 2012 as cited by OECD (2013)

ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK Agricultural Innovation System (AIS) 1. Governance of innovation systems 2. Investing in innovation Public R&D Private R&D 3. Facilitating knowledge flows 4. Strengthening cross-country supply of agricultural innovation Source: OECD (2015)

1. Governance of innovation systems Who are the main AIS actors? Their roles? Are there bridging organizations? How are innovation priorities established and communicated? Are farmers and other stakeholders in agri-food system participate in the innovation priority setting? How is performance of agricultural innovation system measured and evaluated? Source: OECD (2015)

Policies Guiding Agriculture Development Country Strategies, Plans and Regulations Brunei Long-Term Development Plan, Wawasan 2035 or National Vision 2035 Cambodia Rectangular Strategy for Growth, Employment, Equity and Efficiency; National Strategic Development Plan; Agriculture Sector Strategic Development Plan Strategy for Agriculture and Water Indonesia Food Security Law No, 18/2012 outlining food sovereignty and food resilience as the basis of Indonesia s food security. Lao PDR Agriculture Development Strategy Malaysia Economic Transformation Program (ETP) with goal to achieve high-income status by 2020. Myanmar Framework for Economic and Social Reforms (FESR); National Comprehensive Development Plan (2011-31) Philippines Agriculture and Forestry Modernization Act of 1997; Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016; National Science and Technology Plan (NSTD) 2002 2020 Singapore Strategic Economic Plan (agriculture is not part of major initiatives) Thailand 11th National Economic and Social Development Plan; National Research Policy and Strategy Plan (2012 2016) Vietnam Socio-Economic Development Strategy (SEDS) 2011-2020 From Various Sources

Agricultural policy costs as Goods market efficiency indicators (GCI) Country 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 Brunei 33/142 (4.3) 24/144 (4.5) 7/148 (4.7) No data No data Cambodia Indonesia 23/142 (4.4) 41/142 (4.2) 27/144 (4.4) 40/144 (4.2) Lao PDR No data No data Malaysia 4/142 (5.2) 4/144 (5.1) Myanmar No data No data Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam 89/142 (3.6) 3/142 (5.2) 108/142 (3.4) 29/142 (4.4) 76/144 (3.8) 3/144 (5.2) 116/144 (3.3) 31/144 (4.4) 57/148 (4.0) 31/148 (4.3) 36/148 (4.2) 2/148 (5.0) 69/148 (3.9) 80/148 (3.8) 5/148 (4.9) 121/148 (3.2) 47/148 (4.1) 75/144 (3.8) 36/144 (4.1) 22/144 (4.3) 2/144 (5.2) 46/144 (4.0) 86/144 (3.7) 7/144 (4.8) 124/144 (3.1) 56/144 (3.9) Source: Global Competitiveness Reports, World Economic Forum, 2011-2012, 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2014-2015, 2015-2016 71/140 (3.7) 52/140 (4.0) 26/140 (4.4) 3/140 (5.1) 68/140 (3.8) 94/140 (3.5) 6/140 (5.0) 115/140 (3.2) 50/140 (4.0)

Quality of scientific research institutions Brunei Country 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 85/142 (3.3) 82/144 (3.4) 81/148 (3.5) No data No data Cambodia 88/142 (3.3) 68/144 (3.6) 101/148 (3.2) 118/144 (2.9) 122/140 (2.8) Indonesia 55/142 (3.9) 56/144 (3.9) 46/148 (4.1) 41/144 (4.3) 41/140 (4.3) Lao PDR No data No data 74/148 (3.6) 86/144 (3.5) 103/140 (3.2) Malaysia 24/142 (4.9) 28/144 (4.9) 27/148 (4.9) 20/144 (5.2) 20/140 (5.3) Myanmar No data No data 143/148 (2.2) 136/144 (2.3) 133/140 (2.4) Philippines 106/142 (3.0) 102/144 (3.2) 91/148 (3.4) 75/144 (3.6) 69/140 (3.7) Singapore 12/142 (5.5) 12/144 (5.6) 11/148 (5.6) 11/144 (5.6) 12/140 (5.6) Thailand 59/142 (3.9) 60/144 (3.7) 60/148 (3.8) 61/144 (3.9) 53/140 (4.0) Vietnam 74/142 (3.5) 87/144 (3.4) 89/148 (3.4) 96/144 (3.3) 95/140 (3.3) Source: Global Competitiveness Reports, World Economic Forum, 2011-2012, 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2014-2015, 2015-2016

1. Governance of innovation systems Information Gaps Main actors and respective roles in the AIS How priority setting is done and communicated How performance is measured and evaluated

2. Investing in innovation What are the trends in public expenditures on agricultural R&D? What is the share of institutional versus project- or programme-based funding? What is the share of basic versus more applied R&D? What are the priority areas for public research? How are public funding decisions made? Does this consider R&D initiatives overseas? What is the importance of R&D on transferable technologies? What are the sources of funding? What kind of funding allocation mechanisms? What is the share of public support to agricultural R&D funding PPPs? Source: OECD (2015)

Public expenditures on agricultural R&D in the ASEAN Country Total agricultural R&D spending (million constant 2011 PPP dollars) Total agricultural R&D spending as a share of AgGDP (%) Brunei - - Cambodia (2010) 22.4 0.2 Indonesia (2008 (Flaherty et al, 2013) 379 0.1 Lao (2004) 24.2 0.4 Malaysia (2010) 592.3 1.0 Myanmar (2002) (Flaherty et al, 2013) 6.0 0.06 Philippines (2008) (Flaherty, 2013) 133 0.33 Singapore - - Thailand (Meerod et al., 2011) 171 0.3 Viet Nam (2010) 136 0.18 Source: Unless otherwise indicated, data came from Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators

Agri R&D Spending Allocation by Cost Category (share of total, %) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Salaries Operating and program costs Capital investments 10 0 Cambodia (2010) Lao (2004) Malaysia (2010) Myanmar (2004) Philippines (2002) Viet Nam (2010) Source: Unless otherwise indicated, data came from Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators

Agricultural R&D intensity ratios in Southeast Asia, 1996 2008 (Public Agricultural R&D Spending as a Share of AgGDP, %) 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1996 2002 2008 Cambodia Indonesia Lao Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Viet Nam Source: Flaherty et al, 2013

Agri R&D funding by source (Share of total, %) Country Brunei (De la Peña and Taruno, 2012) (For all S&T) Donors and dev t banks Gov t - 91.1 Private Less than 1 Sales of goods/ services Others - 8.8 Cambodia (2010) 44.4 51.0-4.6 - Indonesia (2007) (Prasvita, 2014) - 81 19 - - Lao (2004) (Stads and Manivong, 2006) 94 5-1 - Malaysia (2010; MARDI only) - 100 - - - Myanmar (2003) (Stads and Kam, 2007) - 100 minimal - - Philippines (2002) (Stads et al, 2007) - 82.1 17.9 - - Singapore - - - - - Thailand (Meerod et al., 2011) - 70 30 - - Viet Nam (2010; VAAS only) 9.3 66.6 7.4 9.9 6.8 Source: Unless otherwise indicated, data came from Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators

Agricultural Researchers Country Total agricultural Researchers, total, Researchers, total, researchers BSc MSc Brunei - - - - Cambodia (2010) 284.4 167.0 100.6 16.8 Indonesia (2012) (Sukara & Aiman, 2012) Researchers, total, PhD 3,527 302 2,114 1,111 Lao (2010) 227.2 107.1 105.3 14.7 Malaysia (2010) 1609.4 614.7 593.9 400.9 Myanmar (2003) (Stads and Kam, 2007) 619 495.2 111.42 12.38 Philippines (2002) (Stads et al (2007) 3,937.0 2,204.7 1,181.1 551.2 Singapore - - - - Thailand (2008) (Poapongsakorn, 2011) 4920 1,180.8 2,607.6 1,131.6 Viet Nam (2003) (Stads and Hai, 2006) 2,951 1,888.64 649.22 413.14 Source: Unless otherwise indicated, data came from Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators

Publications and Citations of ASEAN Countries and top research institutions in food, agriculture and biotechnology Source: UNU IIST, 2011

Rules Governing Intellectual Property Rights Country Joined WIPO Joined WTO- TRIPs Latest Versions of IPR Laws Patent Copyright Trademarks Plant Variety Protection Brunei 1994 1995 2011 1999 2000 - Cambodia 1995 2004 2003 2003 2002 - Indonesia 1979 1995 2001 2014 2001 2000 Lao 1995 2013 2011 2011 2011 - Malaysia 1989 1995 2006 2006 2002 2004 Myanmar 2001 1995 1946 1911 1889 - Philippines 1980 1995 1998 2013 1998 2002 Singapore 1990 1995 2014 2012 2005 2014 Thailand 1989 1995 1999 2015 2000 1999 Viet Nam 1976 2007 2009 2009 2009 2004 Source: WIPO Website

2. Investing in innovation Information Gaps Updated info on agriculture R&D priorities? Updated figures on agricultural R&D funding; public vs. private; basic vs. applied R&D How public agricultural R&D is financed? Gov t incentives to private agriculture R&D?

3. Facilitating knowledge flows What is the capacity of agricultural education in terms of expenditure and number of students at different level of education? What is the capacity of extension services; characteristics of public and private service providers, expenditure, number of extension officer, farmer s access to extension service? Is the extension program based on client demand? Source: OECD (2015)

University-industry collaboration in R&D Country 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 Brunei 51/142 (3.8) 50/144 (3.9) 65/148 (3.6) No data No data Cambodia 88/142 (3.3) 71/144 (3.5) 105/148 (3.2) 115/144 (3.0) 114/140 (3.0) Indonesia 41/142 (4.1) 40/144 (4.2) 30/148 (4.5) 30/144 (4.5) 30/140 (4.5) Lao PDR No data No data 83/148 (3.4) 76/144 (3.5) 76/140 (3.5) Malaysia 21/142 (4.9) 18/144 (5.0) 16/148 (5.0) 12/144 (5.3) 12/140 (5.3) Myanmar No data No data 147/148 (2.1) 138/144 (2.2) 137/140 (2.2) Philippines 83/142 (3.4) 79/144 (3.5) 69/148 (3.6) 55/144 (3.8) 55/140 (3.8) Singapore 6/142 (5.5) 5/144 (5.6) 4/148 (5.6) 5/144 (5.6) 5/140 (5.6) Thailand 39/142 (4.2) 46/144 (4.0) 51/148 (3.9) 46/144 (4.0) 45/140 (4.0) Vietnam 82/142 (3.4) 97/144 (3.2) 87/148 (3.3) 92/144 (3.3) Source: Global Competitiveness Reports, World Economic Forum, 2011-2012, 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2014-2015, 2015-2016 92/140 (3.3)

Availability of scientists and engineers Country 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 Brunei 108/142 (3.4) 95/144 (3.6) 86/148 (3.8) No data available No data available Cambodia 116/142 (3.3) 109/144 (3.5) 110/148 (3.4) 123/144 (3.2) 127/140 (3.1) Indonesia 45/142 (4.4) 51/144 (4.3) 40/148 (4.5) 31/144 (4.6) 34/140 (4.6) Lao PDR No data available No data available 135/148 (3.0) 127/144 (3.1) 129/140 (3.0) Malaysia 22/142 (4.9) 20/144 (4.9) 19/148 (4.9) 9/144 (5.2) 5/140 (5.4) Myanmar No data available No data available 129/148 (3.1) 131/144 (3.0) 122/140 (3.2) Philippines 97/142 (3.7) 91/144 (3.7) 87/148 (3.8) 71/144 (4.0) 67/140 (4.0) Singapore 12/142 (5.3) 13/144 (5.1) 14/148 (5.0) 16/144 (4.9) 11/140 (5.1) Thailand 49/142 (4.3) 57/144 (4.3) 56/148 (4.4) 54/144 (4.3) 47/140 (4.3) Vietnam 66/142 (4.1) 70/144 (4.0) 88/148 (3.8) 87/144 (3.8) Source: Global Competitiveness Reports, World Economic Forum, 2011-2012, 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2014-2015, 2015-2016 75/140 (3.9)

Expenditures at different level of education Country Public Expenditure as % of GDP per Capita (Year) Primary Secondary Tertiary Brunei 5.2 (2010) 8.1 (2013) 58.4 (2013) Cambodia 6.9 (2010) 6.1 (2001) 27.8 (2010) Indonesia 11.9 (2012) 10.7 (2012) 24.2 (2012) Lao 2.8 (2010) 13.2 (2010) 86.0 (2002) Malaysia 17.1 (2011) 19.9 (2011) 60.9 (2011) Myanmar 2.7 (2003) 2.9 (2003) 11.8 (2011) Philippines 9.0 (2008) 9.1 (2008) 86.0 (2002) Singapore 11.2 (2010) 17.0 (2010) 23.4 (2013) Thailand 38.3 (2012) 37.4 (2012) 19.5 (2012) Viet Nam 25.3 (2010) - 39.8 (2010) Source: UN data

Capacity of Extension Workers Country Total Extension Workers Brunei - Cambodia 1,244: 1,120 field level; 66 specialists; 58 senior management (2011) Indonesia 53,944: 27,922 regular staff; 24,551 3-yr contracts (2011) Lao 962: 241 in agriculture, 205 in forestry, 216 in fishery, and 300 in rural development (2009) Malaysia 1,355 (High School Diploma 852; Agriculture Diploma 155; BSc 317; MSc 30; PhD 1) (2010) Myanmar 10,947; 5,631 staff in agriculture (2009 Word Bank Survey) Philippines 32,328 (25,000 in LGU; 3,390 in DA; 2,111 in NGOs; 1,250 in SCUs; and 577 in private companies (Sharma 2006) ATI -303 (High School Diploma 10; Agriculture Diploma 15; BSc 134; MSc 118; PhD 26) (2011) Singapore - Thailand 18,881 (16,986 in agriculture ; 795 forestry and 1,100 fishery (2010) Viet Nam 34,747 (4 workers per 10,000 farmers) Sources: World Extension Survey 2011 and GFRAS Website

3. Facilitating knowledge flows Information Gaps Capacity of agricultural education; funding and student size at education different levels Main actors and respective roles in extension service Funding of extension service Farmers access and costs

4. Cross country supply of agricultural innovation What are the mechanisms for crosscountry cooperation in the region (network, consortia, platforms, etc.)? What policy and efforts exist on exchange of staff, domestically or internationally? Source: OECD (2015)

Memberships to network, consortia, and platforms (partial) Country ITPGRFA APAARI EXPERTS ALFABET ASTNET SEA-EU- NET GMSARN CANSEA ASFN ATWGARD Brunei Y Y Y Cambodia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Indonesia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Lao Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Malaysia Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Myanmar Y Y Y Y Y Philippines Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Singapore Y Y Y Y Thailand Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Viet Nam Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y ITPGRFA (International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture; requires use of Standard MTA) APAARI (Asia-Pacific Agricultural Research Institutes) EXPERTS (Exchange by Promoting Quality Education, Research, and Training in South and SE Asia) ALFABET (Asia: Life Sciences, Food, Agriculture, Biology, Economics, Technology) ASTNET (ASEAN Science and Technology Network) ASEAN-EU-NET (ASEAN-European Union Cooperation in Science, Technology and Innovation GMSARN (Greater Mekong Subregion Research Network) CANSEA (Conservation Agriculture Network in Southeast Asia) ASFN (ASEAN Social Forestry Network) ATWGARD (ASEAN Technical Working Group on Agricultural Research and Development)

4. Cross country supply of agricultural innovation Information Gaps Policies and efforts on exchange of staff, domestically or internationally Policies and efforts on exchange of technologies and genetic materials

References and Data Sources Websites and Publications of ADB, ASTI, GFRAS, IFPRI, OECD, SEARCA, UN, WB, WIPO Including Country Reports and Analyses prepared Key References Beintema and Stads. 2008. Agricultural R&D Capacity and Investments in the Asia Pacific Region. De la Peña and Taruno. 2012. Study on the State of S&T Development in ASEAN. Degelsegger et al. 2014.Spotlight on: Stimulating innovation in Southeast Asia. Flaherty et al. 2013. Benchmarking Agricultural Research Indicators Across Asia Pacific. OECD. 2015. Analysing Policies To Improve Agricultural Productivity Growth, Sustainably Draft Framework. OECD (2013), Agricultural Innovation Systems: A Framework for Analysing the Role of the Government. OECD. 2013. Innovation in Southeast Asia. OECD (2012), Improving Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems: OECD Conference Proceedings. World Bank. 2012. Agricultural Innovation Systems: An Investment Sourcebook. World Economic Forum. 2011-2016. Global Competitiveness Reports

Preliminary Findings Each ASEAN member has a unique AIS - expertise focus, priorities and outlook of actors, institutions, and governance vary; so do character, culture, values, outputs and performance. The challenge is how make its unique AIS robust and fecund. With certain adjustments, traits and strategies of successful AIS within the ASEAN region as well as from all over the world could possibly be adopted and implemented.

Overview of Agricultural Innovation System in ASEAN Project Timelines Dissemination and Retrieval of Survey Questionnaires on national AIS (Oct 12) Follow up with Key Informants (Oct 14-Nov 30) Submission of draft report (Dec 15) Submission of final report on (mid-april 2016) Final report presentation at the OECD-ASEAN Conference (last half of 2016)

Overview of Agricultural Innovation System in ASEAN Thank you www.searca.org