Standard Guidelines for the Design, Installation, Maintenance, and Operation of Urban Subsurface Drainage, Table of Contents Standard Guidelines for the Design of Urban Subsurface Drainage Foreword...ix Acknowledgements...x 1.0 SCOPE...1 2.0 DEFINITIONS...1 2.1 General...1 2.2 Terms...1 3.0 SITE ANALYSIS...2 3.1 General...2 3.2 Basic Requirements...2 3.2.1 General...2 3.2.2 Topography...2 3.2.3 Geography...2 3.2.4 Water Table...2 3.2.5 Geology...3 3.2.6 Water Source...3 3.2.7 Soil Information...3 3.2.7.1 General...3 3.2.7.2 Soil Classification...3 3.2.7.3 Strata and Layers...3 3.2.7.4 Permeability and Drainability...3 3.2.7.5 Soil-Water Chemistry...4 3.2.7.6 Temperature...4 3.2.7.7 Vegetation...4 3.2.8 Environmental Factors...4 3.2.8.1 General...4 3.2.8.2 Water Quality...4 3.2.8.3 Flooding...4 3.2.8.4 Wetlands...4 3.2.8.5 Principal or Primary Aquifers...4 3.2.8.6 Hydrology...5 3.2.9 Physical Constraints...5 4.0 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION...5 4.1 General...5 4.2 Collection System Types...5 4.2.1 Pipes...5 4.2.2 Geocomposites...5 4.2.3 Geomembranes...5
4.2.4 Geotextiles...5 4.2.5 Aggregates...5 4.2.6 Wick Drains...5 4.3 Conveyance and Outlet...5 4.4 Applications...5 4.4.1 Foundation Drains...5 4.4.2 Roads, Railroads, and Airports...6 4.4.2.1 Longitudinal Drainage System...6 4.4.2.2 Transverse Drainage System...7 4.4.2.3 Base Drainage System...7 4.4.3 Parking and Other Paved Areas...8 4.4.3.1 Pervious Facilities...8 4.4.3.2 Impervious Facilities...9 4.4.4 Recreational and Turf Areas...9 4.4.5 Landscaped Areas...10 4.5 Appurtenances...10 4.5.1 Pumping Stations...10 4.5.2 Vaults...10 4.5.3 Manholes...10 4.5.4 Cleanouts...10 5.0 DRAIN ENVELOPES...10 5.1 General...10 5.2 Determination of Need...10 5.3 Design of Envelopes...12 5.3.1 Pipe Holes, Slots, and Joints...12 5.3.2 Multiple Filters Envelopes...12 5.3.3 Bedding Envelopes...12 5.3.4 Hydraulic Envelopes...13 5.4 Envelope Materials...13 5.4.1 Natural Materials...13 5.4.1.3 Slags...13 5.4.2 Artificial Materials...13 6.0 HYDRAULICS AND HYDROLOGY...13 6.1 General Information...13 6.2 Water Sources...13 6.2.1 Subsurface Water Sources...13 6.2.2 Surface Water Sources...14 6.3 Establishing the Need for Subsurface Drainage...14 6.3.1 General...14 6.3.2 Removal Criteria for Different Environments and Climates...14 6.3.3 Special Requirements for Paved Surfaces...14 6.4 Basic Subsurface Drainage Theory...14 6.4.1 Controlled Water Table Elevation...14 6.4.2 Drainable Versus Nondrainable Groundwater...15 6.4.3 Drainage Formulas and Recommended Practices...15 6.4.3.1 Steady State...15 6.4.3.2 Transient State...16 6.5 Subsurface Drain Applications...16 6.5.1 Soil Consolidation Using Wick Drains...16 6.5.2 Groundwater Removal with Relief Drains...17 6.5.3 Seepage Control with Interceptor Drains...17 6.5.4 Water Control of Pavement Structural Sections...18
6.6 Inflow-Outflow Continuity...18 6.6.1 Flow Continuity for Maximum Performance...18 6.7 Inflow to Collectors...18 6.7.1 Relief Drains...18 6.7.2 Wick Drains and Chimney Drains...19 6.7.3 Interceptor Drains...20 6.7.4 Perimeter Drains and Edge Drains...20 6.8 Hydraulics of Subsurface Drains...20 6.8.1 Outflow of Collected Water...20 6.8.2 Fundamental Hydraulic Theory for Drains...20 6.8.3 Manning Equation...22 6.8.4 Hydraulics of Geocomposite Drains...22 6.8.5 Hydraulics of Geotextiles...22 6.8.6 Hydraulics of Aggregate Drains...22 6.8.7 Hydraulics of Consolidation Drains...23 7.0 STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS...23 7.1 Loading...23 7.1.1 General...23 7.1.2 Dead Loads...23 7.1.3 Live Loads...23 7.1.4 Construction Loads...23 7.2 Embedment...24 7.3 Pipe Design...24 7.3.1 Corrugated Metal Pipe...24 7.3.2 Thermoplastic Pipe...24 7.3.3 Precast Concrete Pipe...24 7.3.4 Clay Pipe...25 7.4 Other Systems...25 8.0 MATERIALS...25 8.1 Pipe...25 8.1.1 Concrete Pipe...25 8.1.2 Thermoplastic Pipe...27 8.1.2.1 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Pipe...27 8.1.2.2 Polyethylene (PE) Pipe...27 8.1.2.3 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe...27 8.1.3 Metal Pipe...28 8.1.4 Vitrified Clay Pipe (VCP)...29 8.2 Other Materials and Products...29 9.0 CODES AND PERMITS...29 9.1 General...29 9.2 Codes...29 9.3 Permits...29 10.0 REFERENCES...29 10.1 Reference Documents...29 10.2 General References...30 INDEX...61 Standard Guidelines for the Installation of Urban Subsurface Drainage Foreword...35 Acknowledgements...36
1.0 SCOPE...37 2.0 DEFINITIONS...37 2.1 General...37 2.2 Terms...37 3.0 CONTRACT DOCUMENTS...37 3.1 General...37 3.2 Plans...37 3.3 Specifications...37 3.4 Other...38 4.0 SITE INVESTIGATION...38 4.1 General...38 4.2 Surface Features...38 4.3 Subsurface Features...38 4.3.1 Utilities...38 4.3.2 Geologic Conditions...38 5.0 INSTALLATION...38 5.1 General...38 5.2 Safety...38 5.3 Soil Erosion and Sediment Control...38 5.4 Site Preparation...38 5.5 Materials Receiving, Handling, and Storage...39 5.6 Line and Grade...39 5.7 Excavation...39 5.7.1 Excavation Limits...39 5.7.2 Handling of Excavated Material...39 5.7.3 Sheathing and Shoring...40 5.7.4 Dewatering...40 5.8 Foundation Preparation...40 5.9 Placement of Drainage Materials...40 5.9.1 Pipe...40 5.9.2 Geocomposite Drainage Materials...40 5.9.3 Other Drainage Materials...40 5.10 Backfill...40 5.11 Site Restoration...40 6.0 INSPECTION...41 6.1 General...41 6.2 Inspection of Materials...41 6.2.1 Prefabricated and/or Premanufactured Components...41 6.2.2 Bedding, Backfill, and Envelope Materials...41 6.2.3 Storage of Materials...41 6.3 Inspection of Equipment...41 6.4 Inspection of Construction...41 6.4.1 General...42 6.4.2 Construction Layout...42 6.4.3 Excavation and Dewatering...42 6.4.4 Installation...42 6.4.5 Backfilling...42 6.4.6 Televising...42 6.4.7 Testing...42 6.4.8 Safety...42
6.4.9 Suitability and/or Conformance...42 6.5 Acceptance of Construction...43 6.6 Recording Observations...43 6.7 Record Drawings...43 Appendix A Recommended Use of Trench Boxes...45 1.0 INTRODUCTION...45 2.0 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS...45 3.0 SUBTRENCH CONSTRUCTION...45 4.0 REGULAR TRENCH CONSTRUCTION...45 5.0 SUMMARY...46 7.0 REFERENCES...46 7.1 Reference Document...46 7.2 General References...47 INDEX...61 Standard Guidelines for the Operation and Maintenance of Urban Subsurface Drainage Foreword...50 Acknowledgements...51 1.0 SCOPE...53 2.0 DEFINITIONS...53 2.1 General...53 2.2 Terms...53 3.0 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PLAN...53 3.1 General...53 3.2 Scope...54 3.3 Responsibilities...54 3.4 Design Criteria...54 3.5 Normal Operating Procedures...54 3.6 Abnormal Operating Procedures...54 3.6.1 General...54 3.6.2 Line Blockage...54 3.6.3 Other System Components...54 3.7 Maintenance Procedures...54 3.7.1 General...54 3.7.2 Corrective Maintenance...54 3.7.3 Preventive Maintenance...55 3.7.4 Checklists...55 3.7.5 Annual System Inspection...55 3.8 Safety...55 3.8.1 General...55 3.8.2 Mechanical...55 3.8.3 Electrical...55 3.8.4 Underground Procedures...55 3.8.5 Other Safety Considerations...55 4.0 WATER QUALITY...55
4.1 General...55 4.2 Environmental Indicators...56 4.3 Water Quality Standards...56 5.0 PERIODIC INSPECTION...56 5.1 General...56 5.2 Underground Safety...56 5.3 Inspection...56 6.0 MAINTENANCE...57 6.1 General...57 6.2 Cleaning...57 6.3 Mechanical and Electrical...57 6.4 Repair...57 6.5 Rehabilitation...58 7.0 REFERENCES...58 7.1 Reference Documents...58 7.2 General References...59 INDEX...61