Life at the Nanoscale
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Life at the Life at the Nanoscale Nanoscale
Published by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. Penthouse Level, Suntec Tower 3 8 Temasek Boulevard Singapore 038988 Email: editorial@panstanford.com Web: www.panstanford.com British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Life at the Nanoscale: Atomic Force Microscopy of Live Cells Copyright 2011 by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 978-981-4267-96-0 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-981-4267-97-7 (ebook) Printed in Singapore
Contents Preface Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Observing the Nanoscale Organization of Model Biological Membranes by Atomic Force Microscopy Pierre-Emmanuel Milhiet and Christian Le Grimellec High-Resolution Atomic Force Microscopy of Native Membranes Nikolay Buzhynskyy, Lu-Ning Liu, Ignacio Casuso and Simon Scheuring Microbial Cell Imaging Using Atomic Force Microscopy Mitchel J. Doktycz, Claretta J. Sullivan, Ninell Pollas Mortensen and David P. Allison Resolving the High-Resolution Architecture, Assembly and Functional Repertoire of Bacterial Systems by in vitro Atomic Force Microscopy Alexander J. Malkin Understanding Cell Secretion and Membrane Fusion Processes on the Nanoscale Using the Atomic Force Microscope Bhanu P. Jena Nanophysiology of Cells, Channels and Nuclear Pores Hermann Schillers, Hans Oberleithner and Victor Shahin Topography and Recognition Imaging of Cells Lilia Chtcheglova, Linda Wildling and Peter Hinterdorfer High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy for Dynamic Biological Imaging Takayuki Uchihashi and Toshio Ando Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy of Biological Membranes Thomas S. van Zanten and Maria F. Garcia-Parajo Chapter 10 Quantifying Cell Adhesion Using Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy Anna Taubenberger, Jens Friedrichs and Daniel J. Müller vii 1 21 45 71 99 117 145 163 185 209
vi Contents Chapter 11 Probing Cellular Adhesion at the Single-Molecule Level Félix Rico, Xiaohui Zhang and Vincent T. Moy Chapter 12 Mapping Membrane Proteins on Living Cells Using the Atomic Force Microscope Atsushi Ikai and Rehana Afrin Chapter 13 Probing Bacterial Adhesion Using Force Spectroscopy Terri A. Camesano Chapter 14 Force Spectroscopy of Mineral Microbe Bonds Brian H. Lower and Steven K. Lower Chapter 15 Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy of Microbial Cell Envelope Proteins Claire Verbelen, Vincent Dupres, David Alsteens, Guillaume Andre and Yves F. Dufrêne Chapter 16 Probing the Nanomechanical Properties of Viruses, Cells and Cellular Structures Sandor Kasas and Giovanni Dietler Chapter 17 Label-Free Monitoring of Cell Signalling Processes Through AFM-Based Force Measurements Charles M. Cuerrier, Elie Simard, Charles-Antoine Lamontagne, Julie Boucher, Yannick Miron and Michel Grandbois Chapter 18 Investigating Mammalian Cell Nanomechanics with Simultaneous Optical and Atomic Force Microscopy Yaron R. Silberberg, Louise Guolla and Andrew E. Pelling Chapter 19 The Role of Atomic Force Microscopy in Advancing Diatom Research into the Nanotechnology Era Michael J. Higgins and Richard Wetherbee Chapter 20 Atomic Force Microscopy for Medicine Shivani Sharma and James K. Gimzewski 225 263 285 301 317 335 353 375 405 421 Index 437
Preface At the crossroads of life sciences and nanotechnology, the nanoscale analysis of living cells by atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an exciting, rapidly evolving research ield. With its ability to observe and force probe cells and biological membranes to molecular resolution and under physiological conditions, AFM offers a wealth of new opportunities in biology and medicine. What is the nanoscale organization of biological membranes? How do cell surfaces remodel during cell growth or incubation with drugs? What is the spatial distribution of cell surface receptors? What are the forces driving cell adhesion processes? What are the adhesive and mechanical properties of cells and of their individual constituents, and how are they related to function? These are some of the pertinent questions that can now be addressed by AFM, thereby contributing to improving our understanding of the structure function relationships of cell membranes and cell walls. This book provides an overview of the use of AFM and related techniques for cell analysis, going from the basic principles to the applications. The different chapters, all written by leading experts in their ield, cover methodologies for preparing and analyzing membranes and cells of all kinds, discuss the principles of advanced AFM modalities, including high-resolution imaging, high-speed imaging, recognition imaging, single-molecule and single-cell force spectroscopy, mechanical measurements, and highlights recent applications in a variety of ields, including cell biology, microbiology, biophysics, structural biology, physiology and medicine. The irst section of the book covers recent progress in imaging cells and membranes using AFM and related scanning probes. In chapter 1, Milhiet and Le Grimellec explore the nanoscale organization of supported lipid bilayers, with an emphasis on lipid microdomains and membrane proteins. The contribution by the Scheuring team (chapter 2) demonstrates the power of high-resolution AFM imaging for resolving the supramolecular architecture of native membranes. Doktycz et al. (chapter 3) review the use of AFM for microbial cell imaging, focusing on sample preparation and imaging conditions, and providing various examples of applications in microbiology. In chapter 4, Malkin describes the unique capabilities of AFM for probing the architecture, assembly and dynamics of bacterial surfaces. Jena (chapter 5) shows how AFM can help us understand cell secretion and membrane fusion processes
viii Preface on the nanoscale. Schillers et al. (chapter 6) survey the emerging ield of nanophysiology, showing how AFM provides new insights into the dynamics of proteins in plasma membranes, into the membrane mechanodynamics of vascular endothelial cells and into the structural and physical properties of the nuclear envelope. The last three contributions of the section deal with advanced imaging modalities. Chtcheglova et al. (chapter 7) irst describe the basics of a recent AFM imaging mode named simultaneous topography and recognition imaging and its application for mapping cell surface receptors. Uchihashi and Ando (chapter 8) next demonstrate how high-speed AFM imaging is revolutionizing our perception of dynamic biological processes and discuss the potential of the method for observing cell membranes. In the last contribution, van Zanten and Garcia-Parajo (chapter 9) focus on the use of near- ield scanning optical microscopy for resolving the clustering of membrane receptors. In the second section of the book, AFM-based force spectroscopy is used to quantify cellular interactions over scales ranging from whole cells to single molecules. Müller and colleagues (chapter 10) irst present an overview of the use of single-cell force spectroscopy for quantifying cell adhesion forces. Rico et al. (chapter 11) then survey single-molecule force spectroscopy methods and theories for understanding the binding strength of cell adhesion molecules. In chapter 12, Ikai and Afrin describe advances in the detection and mapping of membrane proteins. Moving into the microbial world, Camesano (chapter 13) explains how to measure bacterial polymer elasticity and bacterial interactions with an AFM, while Lower and Lower (chapter 14) explore the forces and bonds at the interface between microorganisms and minerals. Finally, the Dufrêne team (chapter 15) discusses recent progress in measuring the adhesive and mechanical properties of microbial cell envelope proteins. The last section of the volume focuses on AFM-based mechanical measurements. In chapter 16, Kasas and Dietler provide a short introduction to elasticity and indentation measurements and highlight relevant publications exploring the nanomechanical properties of biological systems, including viruses and cells. Grandbois and colleagues (chapter 17) combine AFM-based force measurements with luorescence imaging for the label-free monitoring of cell signalling processes. In chapter 18, Pelling et al. use AFM as a tool to deliver localized nanomechanical forces to living mammalian cells, while optically imaging biological responses at the single cell level. In the algae context, Higgins and Wetherbee (chapter 19) explain the role that
Preface ix AFM has played in advancing our understanding of the morphogenesis and mechanical properties of diatoms. Finally, Sharma and Gimzewski (chapter 20) highlight the potential of AFM techniques in medicine, particularly in cancer diagnostics. I hope that the book will interest students and researchers from various horizons, whether they are newcomers or well trained in the ield. The volume should help them to evaluate the advantages and limitations of AFM techniques in their speci ic ield and to de ine appropriate procedures and controls that will lead them to successful experiments. I am particularly grateful to all authors for their outstanding contributions, and to people at Pan Stanford Publishing for their invaluable help in publishing the book. Yves Dufrêne