THE CATALYST GROUP RESOURCES INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN CO 2 CAPTURE AND CONVERSION PROCESSES A techno-economic investigation commissioned by the members of the Carbon Dioxide Capture & Conversion (CO2CC) Program Client Private December 2016 Gwynedd Office Park P.O. Box 680 Spring House, PA 19477 Phone: 215-628-4447 Fax: 215-628-2267 E-mail: tcgr@catalystgrp.com Web Site: www.catalystgrp.com
The Carbon Dioxide Capture & Conversion (CO 2 CC) Program The CO 2 CC Program is a membership-directed consortium whose members are involved in the development, monitoring and utilization of the state-of-the-art in technological progress and commercial implementation of carbon dioxide capture/clean-up and conversion. By the direction of the member companies (through balloting and other interactive means), the program delivers a range of timely and insightful information and analyses which are accessible exclusively to members and protected by confidentiality agreements. The objective is to document technically and commercially viable options for CO 2 capture/clean-up as well as its conversion into useful products which meaningfully address the challenges posed by CO 2 life-cycle and overall sustainability issues. Members receive three in-depth CO 2 CC Techno-economic Reports which are written by leading scientists and experienced industry professionals in areas selected by the membership (via ballot); weekly CO 2 CC Communiqués (delivered via e-mail) which provide the latest updates on technical breakthroughs, commercial events and exclusive development opportunities; and attendance at the CO 2 CC Program Annual Meeting. The Carbon Dioxide Capture & Conversion (CO 2 CC) Program is available on a membership basis from The Catalyst Group Resources (TCGR). For further details, please contact John J. Murphy at John.J.Murphy@catalystgrp.com or +1.215.628.4447 (x1121). P.O. Box 680 Spring House, PA 19477 U.S.A ph: +1.215.628.4447 Gwynedd Office Park P.O. Box 680 Spring House, PA 19477 Phone: 215-628-4447 Fax: 215-628-2267 E-mail: tcgr@catalystgrp.com Web Site: www.catalystgrp.com
CONTENTS CONTENTS... xv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... xxi 1. INTRODUCTION... 1 1.1 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE OF THE REPORT... 1 1.2 STATIONARY SOURCES OF CO 2... 3 1.2.1 Brief Review... 3 1.2.2 Limiting the Scope of Sources for this Study... 4 1.3 CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES... 5 1.3.1 Post-Combustion Capture... 5 1.3.1.1 Post-Combustion Solvents... 6 1.3.1.2 Alternative Solvents... 7 1.3.1.3 Adsorption... 9 1.3.1.4 Membranes... 11 1.3.1.5 Other Technologies... 14 1.3.2 Pre-Combustion Capture... 15 1.3.2.1 IGCC... 15 1.3.2.2 Natural Gas Reforming for Power Generation... 17 1.3.2.3 Reforming for Industrial Fuel... 18 1.3.3 Oxy-firing... 19 1.3.3.1 Power Sector... 19 1.3.3.2 Industrial example the FCC... 20 1.3.3.3 Industrial Heater and Boilers... 21 1.3.3.4 Chemical Looping Combustion... 21 1.3.4 Limiting the Scope of Capture Technologies Analyzed for this Study... 23 1.4 RENEWABLE ENERGY OPTIONS... 24 1.4.1 Solar Photovoltaic Power... 25 1.4.2 Solar Thermal Power... 27 1.4.3 Wind Power... 30 1.4.4 Biomass Combustion... 33 xv
1.4.5 Electricity Storage... 35 1.4.6 Pumped Hydroelectric... 37 1.4.7 Compressed Air Energy Storage... 38 1.4.8 Vanadium Redox Flow Battery... 39 1.4.9 Sodium Sulfur Battery... 39 1.4.10 Lithium Ion Battery... 40 1.5 CO 2 CONVERSION OPTIONS... 41 1.5.1 Brief Review... 41 1.5.2 Limiting the Scope of Conversion Technologies for this Study... 47 1.6 AUTHORS & CONTRIBUTORS... 48 1.7 REFERENCES... 48 2. CAPTURE SCENARIOS... 57 2.1 COAL POWER PLANT WITH POST-COMBUSTION CO 2 CAPTURE... 58 2.2 COAL IGCC POWER PLANT WITH CO 2 CAPTURE... 61 2.3 OXY-FIRED COAL POWER PLANT... 63 2.4 NATURAL GAS COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT WITH POST- COMBUSTION CO 2 CAPTURE... 66 2.5 INDUSTRIAL FIRED HEATERS AND BOILERS... 69 2.6 SUMMARY COMPARISON OF CCS CASES... 72 2.7 REFERENCES... 73 3. CO 2 CONVERSION SCENARIOS... 75 3.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF CO 2 TO FUEL MOLECULES AS AN ENERGY STORAGE STRATEGY... 75 3.2 ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER TO H 2 FOR CONVERSION OF CO 2 TO METHANOL... 75 3.3 REFERENCES... 76 4. RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION WITH CO 2 CAPTURE AND CONVERSION... 77 4.1 RENEWABLE HEAT AND POWER WITH BACKUP FOR CONTINUOUS CO 2 CAPTURE OPERATION... 77 4.2 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC WITH ENERGY STORAGE... 80 4.3 SOLAR THERMAL WITH ENERGY STORAGE TO DRIVE CO 2 CAPTURE... 81 4.4 WIND POWER WITH ENERGY STORAGE... 82 4.5 BIOENERGY WITH ENERGY STORAGE... 83 4.6 ENERGY STORAGE VIA ELECTROCHEMICAL CONVERSION... 84 xvi
4.6.1 Electrolytic Hydrogen... 84 4.6.2 Conversion of CO 2 to Methanol Using Electrolytic Hydrogen... 87 4.7 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS REGARDING RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION WITH CCS... 91 4.8 REFERENCES... 92 5. CONCLUSIONS... 93 6. INDEX... 95 FIGURES Figure 1.1.1 Basic CO 2 Capture Options... 2 Figure 1.3.1.1.1 Cansolv CO 2 Capture Process Typical Flow Diagram... 6 Figure 1.3.1.4.1 MTR s Membrane CO 2 Capture Concept... 14 Figure 1.3.2.1.1 IGCC Power Plant (No CO 2 Capture)... 16 Figure 1.3.3.4.1 Chemical Looping Combustion... 22 Figure 1.4.1.1 Installed Capacity Trends of Utility-Scale Solar PV... 26 Figure 1.4.1.2 Solar PV cost Reductions... 26 Figure 1.4.2.1 Solar Thermal Power Capacity and Cost Trends... 29 Figure 1.4.3.1 Wind Power Installed Capacity and Projections... 30 Figure 1.4.3.2 Wind power Project Costs... 31 Figure 1.4.3.3 Wind Power Project PPA Price Trends... 31 Figure 1.4.4.1 Bioenergy Capital Costs... 35 Figure 1.4.5.1 Energy Storage Technology Map... 36 Figure 1.4.6.1 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage System... 37 Figure 1.4.7.1 First-generation Compressed Air Energy Storage System... 38 Figure 1.4.8.1 Vanadium Flow Battery... 39 Figure 1.4.9.1 Sodium-Sulfur Battery... 40 Figure 1.4.10.1 Lithium-ion Battery... 41 Figure 1.5.1.1 Capital Cost of Water Electrolyzers... 45 Figure 1.5.1.2 DNV Electrochemical Conversion of CO 2 to Formic Acid... 46 Figure 2.1 Capital Cost Level Definitions and their Elements... 58 Figure 2.1.1 DOE Case B12B Block Flow Diagram Supercritical Unit with CO 2 Capture... 59 Figure 2.2.1 Block Flow Diagram for IGCC with Capture... 62 Figure 2.3.1 DOE Current Technology Oxycombustion Block Flow Diagram... 66 xvii
Figure 2.4.1 DOE NGCC with CO 2 Capture Block Flow Diagram... 67 Figure 2.5.1 CO 2 Sources in an Oil Refinery An example of Industrial Sources... 70 Figure 2.5.2 Block Flow Diagram H 2 Fuel Production with CO 2 Capture... 70 Figure 4.6.1.1 Electrolytic Hydrogen Storage... 85 Figure 4.6.2.1 Conversion of CO2 to Methanol Using Electrolytic Hydrogen... 87 Table ES-1 Table ES-2 Table ES-3 TABLES Energy Storage Technology Costs... xxvi Summary Performance and Cost of CCS Cases... xxvii Renewable Energy Integration with CO 2 Capture... xxviii Table 1.2.1.1 2015 Global Primary Energy Sources... 3 Table 1.2.1.2 Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector... 3 Table 1.2.1.3 Range of Composition for Industrial Streams Containing CO 2... 4 Table 1.3.1 Technology Readiness Level (TRL)... 5 Table 1.3.1.3.1 Molecular Kinetic Diameter of Various Molecules... 10 Table 1.3.1.4.1 Permeability of Pure Gases... 13 Table 1.3.2.1.1 Capital Costs of Coal-Fired Power Plants (no CO 2 Capture)... 17 Table 1.4.5.1 Electric Grid Energy Storage Services... 36 Table 1.4.10.1 Energy Storage Technology Costs... 41 Table 1.5.1.1 Comparison of Commercial Hydrolysis Systems... 43 Table 2.1.1 Supercritical PC Plant Performance and Cost Summary... 60 Table 2.2.1 IGCC Plant Performance and Cost Summary... 63 Table 2.3.1 Oxycombustion Plant Performance and Cost Summary... 65 Table 2.4.1 NGCC Plant Performance and Cost Summary... 68 Table 2.5.1 Industrial Large Scale Pre-combustion Plant Performance and Cost Summary... 71 Table 2.6.1 Summary Performance and Cost of CCS Cases... 72 Table 3.2.1 CO 2 -Based Methanol Plant Performance and Cost Summary... 76 Table 4.1.1 Renewable Energy Generation Levelized Costs and Capacity Factors... 79 Table 4.1.2 Renewable Energy Generation Overnight CAPEX and OPEX Values... 79 Table 4.2.1 Table 4.4.1 Solar PV Integration with Various Energy Storage and CCS Technologies... 81 Wind Power Integration with Various Energy Storage and CCS Technologies... 83 xviii
Table 4.5.1 Table 4.6.1.1 Biomass Power Integration with Various Energy Storage and CCS Technologies... 84 Hydrogen Production and Storage Integrated with Selected Renewable Energy Sources and CCS Operations... 86 Table 4.6.1.2 Summary of Hydrogen Storage Cases... 87 Table 4.6.2.1 CO 2 Conversion to Methanol Integrated with Various Renewable Energy Sources and CCS Operations... 88 Table 4.6.2.2 Summary of Methanol Storage Cases... 89 Table 4.6.2.3 Incremental CO 2 Emissions from Stored Methanol Power... 90 Table 4.6.2.4 World Scale Renewable Methanol Case... 91 Table 4.7.1 Summary of Select Energy Storage Technologies for Wind Powered NGCC Plant... 92 xix