Introduction to energy statistics

Introduction to energy statistics

Outline Basic concepts in energy statistics: - Different types of energy - Energy producers and consumers Measurement of stocks and flows: - Measurement units - Measuring capacity - Production, trade, stock changes, supply - Transformation, losses, consumption Elements of an energy balance

Different types of energy Fuel and energy are not the same! Fuel = materials used to produce energy - Fossil fuels - Nuclear fuel - Others (biofuels and waste) Energy (useful energy): - Heat - Power (electricity, motion)

Different types of energy Primary energy (commodities): Fuel and energy extracted or captured directly from natural resources. (sources, raw materials) Primary can be transformed into: Secondary energy (commodities): Fuel and energy produced from primary energy commodities, including heat and electricity.

Different types of energy Broad classification of energy commodities

Different types of energy Different types of primary renewable energy

Different types of energy Three end uses of energy (consumption): - Electricity - Heat (but only some types of heat) - Direct use (for heat and motion) The same end-use of a fuel can be recorded differently in energy statistics: - Electricity consumption: 30 GJ wood is burned for electricity that I use to heat my home (10 GJ) - Heat consumption: 30 GJ wood is burned for district heating that I use in my home (15 GJ) - Wood consumption: I burn wood for heat (30 GJ)

Energy producers Primary energy producers (output data): - Mines, oil and gas wells, etc. - Waste management facilities - Biofuel producers: Industrial waste Municipal non-renewable Municipal renewable - Forests and farms, collection for own-use - Biomass processing facilities (producing waste used as biofuels) - Biogas facilities - Liquid biofuel facilities - Other (heat pumps, direct solar heating) Note: the gases and liquids are the primary product, not the solids they are derived from

Energy producers Secondary producers (input + output data): - Fuel to fuel conversion: - Oil refineries, blast furnaces, many others - Charcoal and pellet plants - Electricity, heat, combined heat and power: - Nuclear (E, CHP) - Thermal, including biofuels (E, H, CHP) - Hydro, wind, marine, solar PV (E)* - Other solar, geothermal (E, H, CHP) Hydro, wind, marine and solar PV are both primary and secondary energy commodities*

Electricity + heat producers Main (activity) producers: Produce electricity and/or heat for sale as their main business: all production is recorded as electricity and heat production Autoproducers: Electricity and/or heat production not their main business and some production may be consumed internally: electricity production is recorded, but only heat sold to others is recorded as heat production.

Electricity + heat producers Example: sugar mill (using bagasse) Input Production Use Recorded Electricity 10,000 t 7,200 kwh Sold 7,200 kwh 78,000 MJ 26,000 MJ (33%) 26,000 MJ 10,000 t 7,200 kwh Used in 7,200 kwh 78,000 MJ 26,000 MJ (33%) the mill 26,000 MJ Heat 10,000 t 39,000 MJ Sold 39,000 MJ 78,000 MJ 39,000 MJ (50%) 39,000 MJ 10,000 t 39,000 MJ Used in 10,000 t 78,000 MJ 39,000 MJ (50%) the mill 78,000 MJ

Electricity + heat producers Combined heat and power (CHP) producers: Fuel inputs split in proportion to heat and power output (in energy units) so, for the sugar mill: Input Production Use Recorded CHP 10,000 t 7,200 kwh(e) Sold 7,200 kwh 39,000 MJ(h) 39,000 MJ 78,000 MJ 65,000 MJ (83%) 65,000 MJ 10,000 t 7,200 kwh(e) Used in 7,200 kwh 39,000 MJ(h) the mill 6,000 t 78,000 MJ 65,000 MJ (83%) 72,800 MJ

Energy consumers Based on industrial classification (ISIC): - Energy sector (not in final consumption) - Industry (manufacturing mining, construction) - Commerce and public services - Other (agriculture, forestry fishing) - Households/residential - Transport

Measurement units Primary energy (commodities): - Fossil fuels: solids/liquids in tonnes; gases in TJ - Nuclear (reactor heat) in TJ (often estimated as MWh x 3) - Waste (industrial, municipal non-renewable) in tonnes* - Solid biofuels and renewable waste in tonnes* - Liquid biofuels in tonnes - Biogas in TJ - Solar and geothermal heat in TJ (often estimated) - Geothermal: MWh x 10 and/or TJ heat x 2 - Concentrated solar power: MWh x 3 and/or TJ heat x 1 - Other solar power: derived from collector surface area *collected/measured in TJ at IEA

Measurement units Secondary energy (commodities): - Fossil fuels: solids/liquids in tonnes; gases in TJ - Charcoal, biomass pellets* in tonnes - Electricity in MWh or GWh Note, for hydro, wind, marine and solar PV, electricity is also primary production - Heat in TJ Other data: - Electricity capacity in MW or GW - Solar collector surface area in thousand m 2 - Biogas digester volume in m 3 - Conversion factors in MJ/tonne net calorific value (NCV) *biomass pellets not a recognised secondary product in IEA statistics

Measuring capacity Electricity: - Electricity capacity is reported in MW or GW - Installed capacity at the end of the year - Recorded for all plants (off-grid recorded separately as well) - Divided by fuel/energy source

Measuring capacity Others (small-scale and off-grid): - Installed capacity at the end of the year for: Electricity - water pumps; communication towers; urban infrastructure (street lights and traffic signs); health centres and clinics; solar home systems (SHS) in MW - desalination plants in m 3 /day Heat - solar water heaters (collector surface) in m 2 - heat pumps in MW (thermal) Biogas production - biogas digesters in m 3

Measuring production Electricity: - Gross electricity generation is reported in MWh or GWh - Measured for a calendar year - Recorded separately for electricity plants and CHP plants* - Divided by fuel/energy source *Also recorded separately for main activity and autoproducers by IEA

Measuring production Heat (commercial heat): - Gross heat production is reported in TJ - Measured for a calendar year - Recorded separately for heat plants and CHP plants* - Divided by fuel/energy source *Also recorded separately for main activity and autoproducers by IEA

Measuring commodities Domestic supply: Woodfuel (t) Charcoal (t) Solar (TJ) Production 180,000 10,000 30,000 + Imports 15,000 13,000 - Exports 5,000 2,000 + Stock changes 5,000-1,000 n.a. - International bunkers n.a. n.a. n.a. Domestic supply 195,000 20,000 30,000 Primary energy supply (energy balance): - The above calculation for all primary energy commodities (including hydro, wind, marine and solar PV). - For secondary energy commodities, the same calculation excluding production

Measuring commodities Transformation, losses and own use: Transformation Woodfuel (t) Charcoal (t) Solar (TJ) Power plants 40,000 15,000 CHP plants 35,000 Commercial heat plants 10,000 Charcoal production 60,000 Biomass pellet + briquettes 10,000 Other transformation Losses Energy sector and own use 10,000 1,000 Distribution losses Total final consumption 40,000 20,000 4,000

Measuring commodities Consumption (direct use): Supply transformation: Woodfuel (t) Charcoal (t) Solar (TJ) Calculated 40,000 20,000 4,000 From consumption statistics: Industry 12,000 Transport Commerce + public services 3,000 8,000 1,000 Households/residential 15,000 20,000 2,900 Other 5,000 1,000 100 Total consumption 35,000 29,000 4,000 Statistical difference (S-T-C) 5,000-9,000

Commodity balance:

Energy balance: