Theme: Regional Conference on Urban Biodiversity and Climate Change Organizer: Chiang Rai City, IUCN, ICLEI, etc. Venue: Chiang Rai, Thailand Green Growth as a Policy of Climate Change in Jeju, South Korea - With a Special Reference to Greening of City and Conservation of Biodiversity Dr. Dai-Yeun Jeong Director, Asia Climate Change Education Center, South Korea Emeritus Prof. of Environmental Sociology at Jeju National University, South Korea December 18-20, 2013
Contents Ⅰ. Introduction to Jeju 1. Profiles of Nature and Socio-Economy 2. The State of Climate Change Ⅱ. Strategies and Policies of Low-Carbon Green Growth 1. Major Background Introducing LCGG 2. Overall Framework of Strategies and Policies Ⅲ. Policies for Greening of City and Conservation of Biodiversity 1. Greening of City 2. Conservation of Biodiversity Ⅳ. The Framework Having Been Used in Developing Policies of Low-Carbon Green Growth 1. Analysis of Vulnerability to Climate Change 2. Analysis of Financial Investment Efficiency 3. Future Plans
Ⅰ. Introduction to Jeju 1. Profiles of Nature and Socio-Economy (1) Profiles of Nature o Area: 1,800km 2 (1.00% of whole South Korea) o Unique geological features as a volcanic island - an oval shaped island formed 1.6 million years ago - aspite-typed volcano - natural landscape from about 360 parasitic volcanoes, etc. - lava tube being distributed around the entire of island - the original state of nature is almost preserved with untouched
o Rich biological diversity - Mt. Hallasan as the center of Jeju Island lower than 600m: warm zone 600m~1,400m: temperate zone higher than 1,400m: sub-antarctic zone - overall, subtropical climate - resulted in rich biological diversity in both land and the sea
o Number of plants listed in Red List in Jeju (IUCN Standard) - at district level Critical Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Least Concern Total 19 4 1 133 157 - at regional level Extinct Extinct in Wild Regional Extinct Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Least Concern Total 1 2 2 61 13 83 374 534
o Having earned triple crown from UNESCO - 2002: Biosphere Reserve - 2005: World Natural Heritage - 2010: Global Geopark o Four Ramsar Wetlands o 2011: a New 7 Wonder of Nature
o A lot of international environmental conferences having been held such as - 2004: Special General Assembly (UNEP) - 2007: The 2nd United Cities and Local Governments World Congress - 2010: The 2nd Ministerial Regional Forum on Environment and Health in South-East and East Asian Countries - 2012: 2012 World Conservation Congress (IUCN)
(2) Profiles of Socio-Economy o GRDP structure: tertiary industry (80%) --> 1.00% of GDP in S. Korea o Population: 560,00 (1.00% of S. Korea) o Resulted in less sources arising environmental problems o GRDP per capita: USD 20,000 (S. Korea: USD 23,000) o Designated by South Korean Central Government - 2007: model province responding to climate change - 2008: model province of environmental education
2. The State of Climate Change (1) Emission of Greenhouse Gases o By Major Countries (CO 2 -eq) Country Quantity of Emission by Year (billion ton) Ranking Emission per Person (ton) 1990 2008 2009 2010 2011 1990 2011 2011 China 2.51 7.79 8.27 8.90 9.70 2 1 7.25 USA 4.99 5.47 5.33 5.53 5.42 1 2 17.65 India 0.66 1.56 1.75 1.96 1.97 6 3 1.70 Russia 2.44 1.80 1.74 1.78 1.83 3 4 13.07 Japan 1.16 1.25 1.18 1.26 1.24 4 5 9.76 Germany 1.02 0.86 0.80 0.84 0.81 5 6 9.84 S. Korea 0.25 0.54 0.54 0.59 0.61 9 7 12.57 Canada 0.45 0.57 0.53 0.54 0.56 8 8 16.72 Indonesia 0.16 0.41 0.44 0.49 0.49 10 9 2.04 United Kingdom 0.59 0.53 0.49 0.50 0.47 7 10 7.69 Total in the world 22.7 31.7 31.3 33.0 33.9 4.84 (7.0 billion) Source: European Commission s Joint Research Centre & PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2012
o South Korea and Jeju - Whole South Korea: 0.61 billion ton - Jeju: 6 million ton (0.98%) - direct emission: 92%, indirect: 8% - Structure of emission Source Whole South Korea (%) Jeju (%) Industry 50 41 Transportation 17 38 Home/public/others 33 21 Total 100 100
(2) The State of Climate Change in Jeju o Temperature rising - Global: 0.74 (compared to the last 100 years) - The Korean Peninsula: 1.50 (1904~2004) - Jeju: 1.70 (1930~1999) o Sea level rising: 1.8mm every year (1961~2003) o Rainfall - Raining day: least during the recent 20 years - Annual precipitation: 1,360mm 1,500mm - Increase in precipitation intensity o Animals: earlier breeding season o Plants: habitats are moving northward in Mt. Hallasan
o Change in season - Winter: shorter (36 days) - Autumn: shorter (4 days) - Spring: longer (10 days) - Summer: longer (30 days) o Others: marine, disaster, health, industry (agriculture, fishery, tourism, etc.)
Ⅱ. Strategies and Policies of Low- Carbon Green Growth 1. Major Background Introducing LCGG o Adapted LCGG as the national strategy model in 2008 o To facilitate its realization - Presidential Commission on Green Growth was established in 2009 - Framework Act on Low Carbon Green Growth was enacted in 2010
o Defining four core concepts - Low-Carbon reducing the level of dependence on fossil fuel expanding the distribution and use of clean energy reducing the emission of greenhouse gas to appropriate level through the development of green technology, expansion of carbon sink - Green Growth: a growth being advanced on the basis of harmonization between economy and environment through reducing climate change and environmental damage by saving the resources of energy and using energy efficiently securing a new growth engine by developing clean energy and green technology, and creating a new job opportunity
- Green Technology: a technology minimizing the emission of greenhouse gas and pollution material through saving energy and resources across the all socio-economic activities by developing the technologies related to the reduction of greenhouse gas emission, efficiency of energy use, clean production, clean energy, and resource circulation, etc. using energy and resources efficiently on the basis of those technologies. - Green Industry: the industry achieving low-carbon green growth through the production of goods and services enabling environment to be improved improving the efficiency of energy and resources across all economic activities including economy, finance, tourism, construction, distribution, agriculture, and fisheries, etc.
2. Overall Framework of Strategies and Policies Vision: Realization of Green Power o the best region in Asia by 2020 o a model region in the world by 2050 3 Strategies, 10 Policies 1. Preemptive Adaptation to Climate Change and Energy Independence 1 Establishing the base for reducing GHG emission and fostering carbon sink 2 Supplying new and renewable energy and expanding the utilization of wastes 3 Improving energy efficiency 2. Fostering Industry Based on New Growth Engine 4 Fostering a test bed as an international standard 5 Activating eco-tourism 6 Greening the first industry 7 Fostering advanced fusion and high valued-added service industry 3. Promoting Green Eco-City 8 Fostering green city and transport 9 Expanding the practice of green lifestyle 10 Establishing green cooperation system
o Goal of GHG emission reduction: 40% by 2020, compared to 2005 level o 1st period of the policies being implemented: 2009-2020 o Total number of projects to be launched: 67 o Financial investment in the 1st period: USD 6,058.1 million - central government: USD 2,209.8 million (36.4%) - Jeju provincial government: USD 955.8 million (15.8%) - private capital: USD 2,892.5 million (47.8%)
Ⅲ. Policies for Greening of City and Conservation of Biodiversity o A total of 67 projects were developed by category of policy in each strategy. o However, they are a set of policies as a whole in that, for example, - Supply of New and Renewable Energy being adopted in Strategy 1 is directly and/or indirectly effective on other categories of Strategies. o In this sense, the direct and indirect policies for greening of city and conservation of biodiversity are selected as below.
1. Greening of City o Building - Improving urban signboards as energy-saving ones - Planting tree and/or plant on roof - Supporting finance for constructing low-carbon green building - Supporting finance and issuing certification to environmentally friendly building o Transportation - Supplying energy-saving car - Constructing bicycle infrastructure - Constructing eco-roads - Operating car-free day by registration plate number o Industry - Supporting finance to low-carbon green growth industry o Green space - Restoring urban streams to environmentally friendly ones - Fostering natural recreational forest o etc.
2. Conservation of Biodiversity o Planting 500 million trees o Restoring forest and preventing disaster on forest o Creating sea forest in coastal belt o Creating eco-tourism parks in coastal wetlands o Restoring the streams of catchment basin o Establishing and operating Biodiversity Research Institute o etc.
Ⅳ. The Framework Having Been Used in Developing Policies of Low-Carbon Green Growth 1. Analysis of Vulnerability to Climate Change Climate Change Human Activity (Source of Greenhouse Gas Emission) Exposure to Climate Change Vulnerability Sensitivity to Climate Change Natural Adaptation Mitigation Policy Real Impact of Climate Change Endogenous Adaptation Assessment of Vulnerability Adaptation Policy Establishment of Policy
2. Analysis of Financial Investment Efficiency o Examples Policy Budget Reduction Budget for Implemented (million in USD) Volume (ton) Reducing 1 ton (USD) Afforestation (6,500ha) Supply of Clean Energy Substitute of Traffic Signal with LED 93 38,350 2,430 104 227,372 460 3 9,735 310 o Function: a guide for the decision of policy priority
3. Future Plans (1) Developing Evaluation Indicators of Low-Carbon Green Growth o The projects - is being conducted, and - will be completed by Feb., 2014 o The indicators will be used for evaluating - the process of LCGG being progressed - the achievement of LCGG
(2) Effectiveness Analysis of All Policies as a Whole o Need to examine whether the policies launched are effective or not on a regular-period base o Example Economic Development No Economic Stagnation Yes CO2 Emission increase Energy Intensity increase Energy Elasticity decrease decrease Japan S. Korea Sustainable Development Improvement in Energy Efficiency UK o Function - a guide for identifying USA Australia - what way the policies launched should be modified and/or supplemented
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