FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS ISE Agrophotovoltaics: Power and Food Combining PV with Crop Harvesting Max Trommsdorff XVIII DEUTSCH-PORTUGIESISCHES ENERGIE- SYMPOSIUM PHOTOVOLTAIK UND BIOENERGIE IM AGRARSEKTOR Lisbon, 3 th of July 2018 www.ise.fraunhofer.de
AGENDA What is APV? Brief History of APV Fraunhofer ISE Research Results Potential for Portugal 2
What is APV? Integrated Food-Energy Systems (IFES) Type 1 IFES Multiple cropping systems i.e. agroforestry systems + Type 2 IFES Aiming to maximize synergies i.e. agrophotovoltaic systems Definitions by FAO (2011) 3
What is APV? Concept of an APV System Quelle: Fraunhofer ISE 4
What is APV? Terminology APV is also know as Agrivoltaic Solar Sharing Farming PV AgroPV Quelle: Fraunhofer ISE 5
AGENDA What is APV? Brief History of APV Fraunhofer ISE Research Results Potential for Portugal 6
Brief History of APV The Origins First illustration of an APV system The Idea of APV A. Goetzberger, Founder of Fraunhofer ISE (1981) Plants do no need full sun Focus on more efficient land use Source: Goetzberger und Zastrow (1981) Prof. Adolf Goetzberger 7
Brief History of APV 30 Years Later Threat of climate change: support for RE PV revolution First large scale ground mounted PV plants (GM-PV) Germany banned GM-PV (2010) The time has come for APV Timeline of APV Germany: ban of GM-PV EU: first APV plants (2011) China: large scale APV plants (2015) Global installed APV capacity approx. 1.8 GWp Japan: first gov. supporting scheme (2013) Quelle: Fraunhofer ISE 2010 2018 France: APV supporting scheme (2017) 8
Brief History of APV State of the Art: Best Practice Examples (A) (B) (C) (D) (A) France, University of Montpellier, 50 kwp, 2010 (B) Italy, R.E.M. Spa, 3x 3 MWp each, 2011 (C) Japan, Solar Sharing, over 1.00 plants since 2013 (D) Germany, Heggelbach, 194 kwp, Fraunhofer ISE, 2016 (E) China, Changshu, 9,8 MWp, 2016 (F) Egypt, SEKEM, Almaden, Kairo, 90 kwp, 2017 (E) (F) 9
AGENDA What is APV? Brief History of APV Fraunhofer ISE Research Results Potential for Portugal 10
Fraunhofer ISE Research Results Suitable Crops Case Study Germany Classification of most relevant crops: + Salad Hops Spinach Field bean Legumes Leave vegetables Onion Cucumber Zucchini 0 Cereal (e.g. Rye, Barley, Oat) Green cabbage Rapeseed Pea Asparagus Carrots Radish Leek Celery Fennel Sugar beet Cauliflower Red beets - Wheat Corn Pumpkin Grapes* Sunflower Fruits* Broccoli Millet Source: Fraunhofer ISE 11
Agricultural Yield [%] Fraunhofer ISE Research Results Suitable Crops Category Crops + Vegetables 0 Rape & Barley - Corn Source: Fraunhofer ISE + 0 PAR photosynthetic active radiation [%] Shade tolerant crops exist Increase in yield and quality improvement through shading is possible 12
Fraunhofer ISE Research Results The Pilot Plant Installed: 2016 Region: near Lake Constance Length: 136m Width: 25m Area: ~1/3 ha Height: 8m Vertical clearance : 5m Installed capacity: 194 kwp Crops: clover, celery, potatoes and winter wheat 13 Quelle: Fraunhofer ISE
Dry matter yield [dt ha -1 ] Solution First Harvest 80 60 40 20 0 Winter wheat Clovergrass REF APV Winter wheat: yield reduction by 19 % under APV Clovergrass: yield reduction by 5 % under APV (4 cuts) Conclusion: Proof of Concept established (on top: solar power harvest!) Source: University of Hohenheim 14
Fraunhofer ISE Research Results Land Use Efficiency Raises by over 60 %* Source: Fraunhofer ISE *Results for Germany. In hot and semi-arid zones an increase between 80-100 % seems realistic 15
Fraunhofer ISE Research Results Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of APV Constraints: Land area: 2 ha PV-GM: 1,38 MWp APV: 1,04 MWp Solar radiation: 1.209 kwh/m2/a APV-LCOE > approx. 1/3 than PV-GM, yet, < than small-scale roof-top PV APV-OPEX < than PV-GM due to synergy effects APV Learning curve? Economics of Scale? 16
Fraunhofer ISE Research Results Overall Findings In general high social acceptance Good practicability for farmers Promising application for bifacial modules (+8.5% electr. yield) Many synergies not yet exploited Harvest of winter wheat below APV plant Quelle: Fraunhofer ISE 17
AGENDA What is APV? Brief History of APV Fraunhofer ISE Research Results Potential for Portugal 18
Potential for Portugal Key Motivations for APV 1. Scarce land High population density requires resource efficient land use Examples: Japan, Netherlands, South Korea 2. High shadowing benefits Protection against too much solar irradiation Measure against desertification Examples: Egypt, United Arab Emirates, China 19
Potential for Portugal Key Motivations for APV 1. Scarce land Source: EuroStat Locally high population density 20
Potential for Portugal Key Motivations for APV 2. High shadowing benefits Global Irradiation Europe Source: SolarGIs One of the highest solar irradiation in Europe 21
Potential for Portugal Key Motivations for APV 2. High shadowing benefits Europe map of Köppen classification Warm mediterrenean climate, high synergies expected Source: Wikipedia 22
Potential for Portugal High Benefits in Hot and Sunny Semi-Arid Regions LCOE significantly lower Cooling effect of agriculture raises efficiency of PV-System Improved working conditions through shadowing Effective measure against desertification 23
Potential for Portugal General Benefits and Opportunities of APV Production of clean energy Plant protection through sheltering Reduction of fungicides High added value for rural areas High potential for own consumption of electricity Orchards well suited 24
Potential for Portugal Food-Water-Energy Nexus Less irrigation needed Water for PV cleaning can be used for irrigation Easy integration of smart water management Electricity for water pumps / desalination Source: Renewindians (2013) 25
Thank you for your attention! Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE Max Trommsdorff maximilian.trommsdorff@ise.fraunhofer.de www.agrophotovoltaik.de www.ise.fraunhofer.de 26