Energy Storage Technologies andapplications Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty SE Expert Days 2017 Green Energy November 2-3, 2017, The Charles Hotel, Munich Dr. Andreas Hauer Executive Board of Directors German Energy Storage Association (BVES)
The German Energy Storage Association(BVES) The BVES is the industrial association of German energy storage companies that is open to all technologies in the areas of electricity, heat and mobility. We are a dialogue partner for politics, administration, science and publicity. With targeted lobbying at the interfaces ofpoliticaldecision makingwearetrying to improvethegerman regulationandpolicyframework. In addition, the BVES monitors research and development activities and informs members of new results and developments.
Members (extract)
Content Basic Definitions Energy Storage - Technologies Energy Storage -Applications Energy Storage German Innovation Examples New Trends Technology Comparison (?) Economics Market Conclusions
Energy Storage Basic Definitions
Definitions Energy Storage What is energy storage? An energy storage system can take up energy and deliver it at a later point in time. The storage process itself consists of three stages: The charging, the storage and the discharging. After the discharging step the storage can be charged again. Charging Storage Discharging
Definitions Energy Storage What is actually stored? The form of energy (electricity, heat, cold, mechanical energy, chemical energy), which is taken up by an energy storage system, is usually the one, which is delivered. However, in many cases the charged type of energy has to be transformed for the storage (e.g. pumped hydro storage or batteries). It is re-transformed for the discharging. In some energy storage systems the transformed energy type is delivered (e.g. Power-to-Gas or Power-to-Heat). h
Definitions Energy Storage Relation between energy storage systems and their applications The technical and economical requirements for an energy storage system are determined by its actual application within the energy system. Therefore any evaluation and comparison of energy storage technologies is only possible with respect to this application. The application determines the technical requirements (e.g. type of energy, storage capacity, charging/discharging power, ) as well as the economical environment (e.g. expected pay-back time, price for delivered energy, ). Electrolysis Hydrogen
Matching Supply and Demand Constant Supply Fluctuating Supply
Difference between Power & Energy Storage of Power Storage of Energy Power Power Seconds -Minutes Hours Days e.g. Power Reserve e.g. Peak Shaving / Dispatchable Load
Energy Storage Technologies
Table of Energy Storage Technologies Storage technology Storage Mechanism Power Capacity Storage Period Density Efficiency Lifetime Cost MW MWh time kwh/ton kwh/m 3 % # cycles $/kw $/kwh /kwhdelivered Lithium Ion (Li Ion) Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery Lead Acid battery Redox/Flow battery Compressed air energy storage (CAES) Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) Electrochemical Electrochemical Electrochemical Electrochemical < 1,7 < 22 day - month 84-160 190-375 0,89-0,98 1-60 7-450 day 99-150 156-255 0,75-0,86 2960-5440 1620-4500 1230-3770 620-2760 17-102 260-2560 210-920 9-55 0.1-30 < 30 day - month 22-34 25-65 0,65-0,85 160-1060 350-850 130-1100 21-102 < 7 < 10 day - month 18-28 21-34 0,72-0,85 Mechanical 2-300 14-2050 day - Mechanical 450-2500 8000-190000 day - month 0,27 at 100m Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite 34000 2-7 at 20-80 bar 0,4-0,75 0,27 at 100m 0,63-0,85 2,7-160 at 1-700 bar 1510-2780 8620-17100 12800-33000 650-2730 120-1600 5-88 15-2050 30-100 2-35 540-2790 40-160 0,1-18 0,22-0,50 1 384-1408 - 25-64 Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite 16000 10 at 1 bar 0,24-0,42 1 - - 16-44 Sensible storage - Water Thermal < 10 < 100 hour - year 10-50 < 60 0,5-0,9 ~5000-0,1-13 0,01 Phase change materials (PCM) Thermochemical storage (TCS) Thermal < 10 < 10 hour - week 50-150 < 120 0,75-0,9 ~5000-13 - 65 1,3-6 Thermal < 1 < 10 hour - week 120-250 120-250 0,8-1 ~3500-10 - 130 1-5
Energy Storage Technologies Electrical Energy Storage Thermal Energy Storage Chemical Energy Storage
Electrical Energy Storages Storage as Electrical Energy Super-conducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Super-Capacitor Storage as Electro-chemical Energy Storage as Mechanical Energy Lithium-Ion Battery Sodium-Sulfate Battery (NaS-Cells) Lead-Acid Battery Redox-Flow Battery Pumped Hydro Storage Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Flywheel
Electrical Energy Storages Storage Period and Discharging Power Energy Management Bridging Power Power Quality C. Dötsch
Thermal Energy Storages Thermal Energy can be stored as sensible heat Hot Water Tank Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES) Thermal Energy can be stored as latent heat Macro- / Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials (PCM) Thermal Energy can be stored thermo-chemically Adsorption (Zeolite) andabsorption (LiCl) Storage ThermoChemical Materials (TCM)
Storage Capacity vs. Temperature 600 MgSO 4 * 6H 2 O Storage Capacity / (kwh/m³) 500 400 300 200 100 CaCl 2 *NH 3 Salt Hydrates Paraffines MgCl 2 * 6H 2 O NiCl 2 NH 3 Zeolith*H 2 O Silicagel*H 2 O Nitrates Sugar Alcohols 0 Water 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 Temperature / C
Chemical Energy Storage Energy Storage by Hydrogen Production and Storage Hydrogen is the most powerful fuel with regard to its mass Loss-free long-term storage possible Electricity production by fuel cells / H 2 turbines
Chemical Energy Storage Energy Storage by Methane Production and Storage Methane from Hydrogen (and CO 2 ) Efficiency >80 % (Sabatier-Process) Existing Infrastructure (natural gas) ZSW M. Sterner
Storage capacities in Germany 29 TWh/a Heat pump 2 GW lading 1800 h/a 3 TWh/a Thermal storage heaters Installed base 14 GW loading 1400 h/a 20 TWh/a 0,02 TWh/a 10.000 Cars 2 MWh/10.000 km 0,04 TWh/a 40 MW loading 1000 Jahresvollbenutzungsstuden 4 TWh/a 7 GW loading 600 a/year Domestic hot water cylinders 6 GW Loading ; 1000 h/a 6 TWh/a E-Mobillity Battery Pump storage Source: E-Mobilität: Berechnetauf Basis von 10.000 Fahrzeugen. Thermische Speicher: Fraunhofer IBP, Bericht ES-342 01/2012 und BWP-Branchenstudie Thermal energy storage solutions
Energy Storage Applications
Renewable Energies Integration of Renewable Electricity Grid Stability Frequency regulation Voltage support T&D congestion relief Black start Grid balancing Fast power reserve Peak shaving Self-consumption, Off-grid Demand Side Integration Dispatchable Load Power-to-Gas Power-to-Heat Integration of Renewable Thermal Energy Concentrated Solar Power Solar-thermal Process Heat Solar-thermal Heating & Cooling Energy Efficiency Industrial Processes Waste Heat Utlization Recuperation of Mech. Energy Buildings Heating & Cooling Day/Night-Balancing Summer/Winter-Balancing Electricity Production Fossil Thermal Power Plants Heat Utilization of CHP Mobility Propulsion Heating / Air Conditioning
Renewable Energies Integration of Renewable Electricity Grid Stability Frequency regulation Voltage support T&D congestion relief Black start Grid balancing Fast power reserve Peak shaving Self-consumption, Off-grid Demand Side Integration Dispatchable Load Power-to-Gas Power-to-Heat Integration of Renewable Thermal Energy Concentrated Solar Power Solar-thermal Process Heat Solar-thermal Heating & Cooling Energy Efficiency Industrial Processes Waste Heat Utlization Recuperation of Mech. Energy Buildings Heating & Cooling Day/Night-Balancing Summer/Winter-Balancing Electricity Production Fossil Thermal Power Plants Heat Utilization of CHP Mobility Propulsion Heating / Air Conditioning EES TES EES/TES/CES
Energy Storage German Innovation Examples
Schwerin Battery Park 5 MW/5 MWh Lithium-Ion Primary control Option to extend to 10 MW/10 MWh Commissioned: 06/2014 Batteries react accurate and fast to frequency changes Within the building 25.600 Lithium-Manganoxide cells are installed 5 medium voltage transformers are connecting the storage to the grid 5 MW battery power plant can replace a conventional 50 MW turbine due to its accurate control potential
Island Solution Smart Region Pellworm
Pilot Project Energiepark Mainz Pilot project for H2-elektrolysis and storage at Mainz, Germany Partner: Stadtwerke Mainz, Linde, Siemens and Hochschule RheinMain Siemens PEM elektrolyser peak power 6 MW Linde ionic compressor for flexible and energy efficienten operation H2 pressure storage ~1000 kg (~33 MWh) H2-Trailer filling station H2 feed-in into the natural gas network Electricity supply from different sources: Wind, power reserve, spot market Goals: Operation of local electricity grid Testing and operation experiences of components and system Intelligent controlling and market integration
Solar District Heat, Munich Storage Seasonal Storage (Summer/Winter) Hot Water Storage Volume 6.000 m³ Temperatures 10 C - 95 C System 13 Buildings 320 Appartements 30.400 m² (floor area) 2.900 m² Solar Collectors Absorption driven by District Heat ZAE Bayern
Mobile Heat Storage for Waste Heat Utilization Thermochemical heat storage (adsorption) Charging temperature up to 300 C Discharging temperature adjustable Waste heat from a waste incineration plant for an industrial drying process (distance 7km) Storage capacity 4 MWh, thermal power 0.5 MW ZAE Bayern ZAE Bayern
Flywheels for Energy Efficiency Properties: High speed rotor with max. 45.000 U/min. 1 flywheel 22 kw, up to 28 flywheels in one container Ideal cycle time some seconds to 30 minutes Subway Trains or Trams: Break energy can be recovered and used for other trains or stations electricity demand Storage for some minutes Avoiding voltage peaks by storage Example: Two breaking subway trains deliver electricity for one train to accelerate! Container Lifting By electrical motors (high power peaks) Storage at lowering for next lifting Electricity savings and reduction of power price
New Trends I: Energy Storage Aggregation
New trendin storage Combinationofapplications= multiusesolutions Districtstorage = optimizedown consumption+ primarycontrol+ +
New trendin storage Combinationofapplications= multiusesolutions Swarmstorage, Energy communities, Sharing communities, Blockchain
New Trends II: Flexible Sectorial Integration or Flexible Sector Coupling
Definition Sector Coupling Not only within the electricity, but also in the heating and mobility sector, fossile energy carriers shall be replaced by renewable sources. In this context sector coupling can help Electricity from renewables can be used to supply heat and cold as well as mobility... BMWI / https://www.bmwienergiewende.de/ewd/redaktion/newsletter/2016/14/meldung/direkt-erklaert.html Electricity Transformation h Energystorage Heat/Cold Mobility
Goal: Flexible Sector Coupling Power-to-Heat Electricity Power-to-Gas Power-to-Liquid Heat/Cold Thermal Energy Storage Inexpensive Storage Efficient Heat Supply Efficient Cold Supply Mobility Chemical Energy Storage High Energy Density Loss-free Long-term Storage Increasing Economical Value
Example: 10 MW Power-to-Heat Appliance of Stadtwerke Munich Technical parameters: Pressurised Heat Storage Max. Temperature: 170 C Capacitiy: 475 MWh Atmospheric Heat Storage Max. temperature: 95 C Capacity: 1400 MWh Atmospheric Heat Storage Pressurised Heat Storage
Example: Power-to-Fuel Power-to-Gas converting surplus energy into sustainable fuel PV or wind + CO2 from biogas plant + methanation plant = biomethane + green heat Conversion of 1 MWh electricity into 50 Nm3 of biomethane for grid injection
Technology Comparison (?)
Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies Storage technology Storage Mechanis m Power Capacity Storage Period Density Efficiency Lifetime Cost MW MWh time kwh/ton kwh/m 3 % # cycles $/kw $/kwh /kwhdelivere d Lithium Ion Electrochemical 5440 3770 2760 2960-1230 - 620 - < 1,7 < 22 day -month 84-160 190-375 0,89-0,98 (Li Ion) 17-102 Sodium Sulfur Electrochemical 4500 2560 920 1620-260 - 210-1 -60 7-450 day 99-150 156-255 0,75-0,86 (NAS) battery 9-55 Lead Acid Electrochemical 30 1060 850 1100 0.1-160 - 350-130 - < 30 day -month 22-34 25-65 0,65-0,85 battery 21-102 Redox/Flow Electrochemical 2780 2730 1600 1510-650 - 120 - < 7 < 10 day -month 18-28 21-34 0,72-0,85 battery 5-88 Compressed air 2-7 at 8620-15 - energy storage Mechanical 2-300 14-2050 day - 0,4-0,75 20-80 bar 17100 2050 (CAES) 30-100 2-35 Pumped hydro 450-8000 - 0,27 at 0,27 at 12800-540 - energy storage Mechanical day -month 0,63-0,85 40-160 0,1-18 2500 190000 100m 100m 33000 2790 (PHES) Comparison of storage technologies is difficult. 2,7-160 at 384 - Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite 34000 0,22-0,50 1-25 -64 1-700 bar 1408 There is a strong influence of the actual application on Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite 16000 10 at 1 bar 0,24-0,42 1 - - 16-44 Sensible storage - Water Phase change materials (PCM) Thermochemic al storage (TCS) the storage properties! Thermal < 10 < 100 hour - year 10-50 < 60 0,5-0,9 ~5000-0,1-13 0,01 Thermal < 10 < 10 hour - week 50-150 < 120 0,75-0,9 ~5000-13 - 65 1,3-6 Thermal < 1 < 10 hour - week 120-250 120-250 0,8-1 ~3500-10 - 130 1-5
Application: Long Term Storage Storage technology Lithium Ion (Li Ion) Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery Lead Acid battery Redox/Flow battery Compressed air energy storage (CAES) Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) Storage Mechanis m Electrochemical Electrochemical Electrochemical Electrochemical Power Capacity Storage Period Density Efficiency Lifetime Cost MW MWh time kwh/ton kwh/m 3 % # cycles $/kw $/kwh < 1,7 < 22 day - month 84-160 190-375 0,89-0,98 1-60 7-450 day 99-150 156-255 0,75-0,86 0.1-30 < 30 day - month 22-34 25-65 0,65-0,85 < 7 < 10 day - month 18-28 21-34 0,72-0,85 Mechanical 2-300 14-2050 day - Mechanical 450-2500 8000-190000 day - month 0,27 at 100m Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite 34000 2-7 at 20-80 bar 0,27 at 100m 2,7-160 at 1-700 bar 0,4-0,75 0,63-0,85 2960-5440 1620-4500 160-1060 1510-2780 8620-17100 12800-33000 0,22-0,50 1 1230-3770 260-2560 350-850 650-2730 15-2050 540-2790 384-1408 620-2760 210-920 130-1100 120-1600 /kwhdelivere d 17-102 9-55 21-102 5-88 30-100 2-35 40-160 0,1-18 - 25-64 Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite 16000 10 at 1 bar 0,24-0,42 1 - - 16-44 Sensible storage - Water Thermal < 10 < 100 hour - year 10-50 < 60 0,5-0,9 ~5000-0,1-13 0,01 Phase change materials (PCM) Thermochemic al storage (TCS) Thermal < 10 < 10 hour - week 50-150 < 120 0,75-0,9 ~5000-13 - 65 1,3-6 Thermal < 1 < 10 hour - week 120-250 120-250 0,8-1 ~3500-10 - 130 1-5
Application: Long Term Storage Hydrogen: Total: ~ 62% Efficiency: Electrolysis Compression Transport Storage U. Stimming, TUM ~ 85 % ~ 90 % ~ 90 % ~ 90 % Fuel: Overall Efficiency 60 % Electricity: Overall Efficiency 30 % Heating: Overall Efficiency 60 %
Application: Long Term Storage Hot Water: Total ~ 225 % Efficiency: Heat Pump ~ 300 % Storage ~ 75 % ZAE Bayern Fuel: not possible! Electricity: not possible! Heating: Overall Efficiency 225 %
Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies Important: Look at the whole efficiency chain! Take the value of the stored energy ( exergy!) into account! Take the final energy demand into account! Also Power-to-Heat / Power-to-Cold is an option! Try to identify the most suitable technology for the application!
Energy Storage Economics
Economics Economics of an energy storage system depend on investment cost of the energy storage system number of storage cycles (per time), which limits the delivered amount of energy Spending = Investment Cost ZAE Bayern Charging St. 100.000 Storage 100.000 Discharg. St. 50.000 Total Cost 250.000 Earning = delivered Energy = Storage Cycles 4 MWh per cycle, charge/discharge power 1 MW, 2 cycles per day, 1 MWh = 50 700 x 200 = 140.000 /Jahr
Economics Economics of an energy storage system depend on investment cost of the energy storage system number of storage cycles (per time), which limits the delivered amount of energy price of the replaced energy (electricity, heat/cold, fuel, ) Benefit-Stacking 10.000 /kwh 250 /kwh ZAE Bayern 100 /kwh ZAE Bayern 2,0 /kwh
Energy Storage Market
Energy Storage Systems are clean! Energy storage systems used for the integration of renewables or the increase of energy efficiency deliver CO 2 -neutral energy to their customers. Rising prices for CO 2 certificates would support the economics of energy storage! e.g. power reserve
Fair Market Entry! No subsidies & no market-entry-programme needed! As soon as flexibility will be adequately remunerated, energy storage systems are competitive! Energy storage systems are no final consumer and do not have to pay the related fees! Japan: Ice storage for air conditioning due to high electricity prices in peak hours
Conclusions
Conclusions Energy Storage Process = Charging + Storage + Discharging Energy storage can match supply & demand Energy storage systems can either focus on the storage of energy or power The economics depend on the investment cost, the cycle number in an actual application (per time) and the price of the replaced energy Energy storage systems will have an increasing market share, if their benefits will be adequately remunerated
Conclusions A large number of different energy storage technologies is available or subject to R&D at the moment A large number of different applications of energy storage will come up in our future energy systems Energy storage technologies can only be evaluated and compared -technically and economically -within an actual application The final energy demand and the overall efficiency of the energy storage system has to be taken into account, when assigning storage technologies to storage applications
ThankYouverymuchforyour attention!