Industrial heat Table 1 Summary of heat prominent technologies, R&D and regulatory needs and abatement potentials between the 4 degree scenario and the 2 degree scenario. Main heat technologies R&D and regulatory needs to enhance deployment Projected accumulated abatement by 2030 moving from IEA s 4 C scenario to 2 C scenario. (Mt CO 2) Fuel switching (partly to heat) Energy efficiency CCS Charcoal firing and co-firing in blast furnaces New biomass technologies (biocoke, bio-char) firing and co-firing in blast furnaces Improving mechanical stability of charcoal 18 Iron and steel Enhancing wood cultivation and wood-to-charcoal technologies (mostly biomass) 265 117-170 potential supply Renewable heat integration with current heat systems.
Pellet and/or biogas fired or cofired steam generators. Solar thermal for medium and low temperatures Chemical and petrochemical potential biomass supply 15 346 40-14 Renewable heat integration with current heat systems. Removing noneconomic barriers Biomass in carbon anode production (?) Non-ferrous metals Solar lowconcentrating collectors in mining activities potential supply 2 (aluminium 0 (aluminium - Removing noneconomic barriers Non-metallic minerals Biomass and MSW penetration in cement kilns 35 (mostly waste in 44 (cement 90-98
Biogas plant symbiosis with cement kilns cement kilns) (cement Regulations for burning alternative fuels in kilns, with emission control Incentives for industrial symbiosis BLG Enhanced use of biomass available in CHP systems Insertion of alternative fuels (agricultural residues and MSW) in CHP systems Paper, pulp and printing Green certificate schemes for heat portfolio standards 50 (mostly biomass) 43 2-5 potential supply Other industries Solar non and lowconcentrating 175 (efficiency, fuel switch and CCS are not disaggregated)
collectors for low and medium temp. heat Subsidies to kick start competitive solar thermal applications Awareness campaign potential supply TOTAL in top 5 industries Green certificate schemes for heat portfolio standards Subsidies for power sector obligations could be extended to include industries 120 698 249 Source: (IEA, 2012b). Notes. CCS ranges show abatement projections in low and high demand scenarios respectively. References Fernando, R. (2012). Co-firing high ratios of biomass with coal. IEA Clean Coal Centre, January, 2012. IEA, (2007). Black Liquor Gasification Summary and Conclusions from the IEA Bioenergy ExCo54 Workshop. Further information on: www.ieabioenergy.com
IEA (2011). Solar Energy Perspectives, OECD/IEA, Paris. IEA, (2012a). Energy balances of OECD countries 2012, OECD/IEA Paris IEA (2012b). Energy Technology Perspectives 2012, OECD/IEA, Paris FAO (2013). Biofuels and the Sustainability Challenge. A global assessment of sustainability issues, trends and policies for biofuels and related feedstocks. Rome, 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/i3126e/i3126e.pdf Giampietro M., Mayumi, K. (2009). The Biofuel Delusion: The Fallacy of Large-Scale Agro-Biofuel Production. Earthscan, UK, 2009. Kramer K. J., Masanet E., Xu, T., Worrell E. Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for the Pulp and Paper Industry. An ENERGY STAR Guide for Energy and Plant Managers Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Environmental Energy Technologies Division, October 2009. NETL (2012) Gasifiers for Special Applications. Retrieved from:http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/gasification/gasifipedia/4-gasifiers/4-1- 4-2_blackliquor.html Taibi E., Gielen D., Bazilian M. (2010). Renewable Energy in Industrial Applications. An assessment of the 2050 potential. UNIDO. Retrieved from: http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/services/energy_and_climate_change/energ y_efficiency/renewables_%20industrial_%20applications.pdf UNEP (2009). Towards sustainable production and use of resources. Assessing Biofuels. Retrieved from: http://www.unep.org/pdf/biofuels/assessing_biofuels_full_report.pdf WBCSD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) (2012) The Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI). GNR Project, http://www.wbcsdcement.org/gnr-2010/index.html Whitty, K. J., (2009) "The Changing Scope of Black Liquor Gasification," in 45th Anniversary International Recovery Boiler Conference, E. Vakkilainen, Ed., Finnish Recovery Boiler Committee. [1] Heat is defined as total final energy use excluding electricity. If electricity is counted as 100% for heat purposes within the non-ferrous metals sector, the value rises to 87 EJ. If the same is also applied to the iron and steel sector the value rises to 91 EJ. [2] Biomass can only generate net emission reductions if its whole supply chain and indirect effects in food, fibre and fuel production result in less emissions than the fuel it is substituting. If this is not the case, rather than combating the effects of global warming, biomass could make them worse as indicated in an increasing body of literature, e.g. (FAO, 2013); (Giampietro & Mayumi, 2009); (UNEP, 2009). This technical review therefore refers to sustainably managed biomass without discussing the precedence of it, and acknowledges that biomass can only abate emissions if adequately sourced. [3] Iron & Steel; non-ferrous metals (e.g. aluminium); non-metallic minerals (e.g. cement); chemicals and petrochemicals; and pulp and paper. [4] Charcoal may be used in several forms, of which pellets and fines are most common within this industry. Charcoal pellets have a relatively well established market worldwide but are not used in
blast furnaces beyond Brazil. Pulverizing charcoal fines in blast furnaces is still an infant technology even in Brazil. It is important to note that Brazil is known to have an illegal market of deforestation charcoal which is unlikely to result in net emission reductions when substituting fossil fuels. The further penetration of charcoal in industrial purposes may result in net emission reductions if charcoal is originated form sustainably managed forests at reasonable distance. [5] For more information on CSIRO see: http://www.csiro.au/products/biocoke [6] Information on Task 49 is found at: http://task49.iea-shc.org/