Australia-Korea Green Growth Workshop 17-18 March 2011, The Sebel Hotel, Melbourne Geothermal Characteristics, Utilization, and R&D activities in Korea Yoonho Song Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM)
Outline Characteristics of Geothermal Resources Geothermal Direct-Use with Statistics - Greenhouse and small-scale district heating - Increase of ground-source heat pump installations Major Recent R&D Activities - Thermal property database - Geothermal resources assessment - Exploration activities The pilot plant EGS project International Collaboration Future Outlook
Background Rapid increase of ground-source heat pump (GSHP) installation - Active subsidy program: Exceeds 200 MWt in 2010 - Geothermal became known to decision makers Increasing interests in geothermal power generation among industries - Increasing interests through domestic R&D and information from Europe and Australia - Many Korean visited Landau, Soultz and Unterhaching Exploration and feasibility study by KIGAM - Exploration of deeply-extended fractures in Seokmo-Do Island - Pre-feasibility study of EGS funded by KNOC Government (KETEP) initiated a proof-of-concept EGS project
Characteristics of Geothermal Resources in Korea No high-temperature geothermal resources No active volcanic or seismic activity Hot springs mostly used for bathing: Mainly associated with deeply connected fracture system in granite area Geothermal anomaly (high heat flow & geothermal gradient) at Tertiary sediment area in Southeastern part
Geology of Korea Three major Pre-Cambrian basements divided by Two Paleozoic fold belts E. Mesozoic granite intrusion Cretaceous sedimentation & intrusion Tertiary basins Quaternary basalts (Baekdu Mt. & Jeju Island)
Geothermal direct heat uses as of 31 December 2009 Use Individual Space Heating (2 hot springs) Installed Capacity (MWt) Annual Energy Use (TJ/yr = 10 12 J/yr) Capacity Factor 8.66 53.43 0.196 District Heating 2.21 31.28 0.449 Greenhouse heating 0.17 1.33 0.248 Bathing and Swimming 32.56 507.61 0.494 Subtotal 43.6 593.65 0.432 Geothermal Heat Pumps* 144.8 929.29 0.232 Total 188.4 1,522.94 * Data from Korea Energy Management Corporation (officially reported) Actual installation exceeded 200 MWt in 2010
Hot springs with discharge temperature higher than 42 C GangHwa (68 C): Seokmo-Do Island - 1 Greenhouse - 21 Houses BuGok (76 C) - space heating DongRae (64 C) - space heating
Increase of GSHP Installations 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Installed Capacity (MWt) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Annual C umulative 25,000 20,000 ~ 50% of annual increase - Office and public buildings, universities - Typical GHP unit capacity: 30-100 kw - No. units > 3,000 - COP: 3.0-4.5 - mostly vertical BHE - Groundwater-source GHP is increasing - Increasing installations for greenhouses Annual Energy Uses (Toe) * Data from Korea Energy Management Corporation (officially reported) ** Actual installation exceeded 200 MWt in 2010 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Database of thermal properties Geothermal Resources Assessment Thermal Conductivity Geothermal gradient Heat flow Heat production + Surface Temperature distribution (Kim et al., 2010)
Heat contents in depth region through a volumetric method Q CV T( z) T p 0 Heat contents down to 5 km 10 5 EJ 10,000 times of primary energy consumption in 2006 (Lee et al., 2010)
Seokmo-Do Island: artesian wells of 70 C Small island close to Incheon, west of Seoul Along the deeply connected fractures in granodiorite Artesian wells of more than 2,000 tons/day Heating for a greenhouse and 21 household ICN Exploration of deeper fracture is underway to realize lowtemperature power generation (Lee and Song, 2010)
Pohang Site: Development of deep-seated, lowtemperature geothermal resources
Geologic setting & other results Subsurface structure from 3-D inversion of magnetotelluric data BH-2 x (north) Pumping test at BH-2: 560 m 3 /day of 51 C z y(ea st) BH-2 Re sistivity (o hm -m ) 1 10 100 1000
Conceptual model of Korean proof-ofconcept EGS project
Power generation capacity Assuming doublet system Reservoir: - Reservoir temperature: 180 C (33 C/km 5 km + 15 C ) - Fluid temperature: 160 C - Flow rate: 40 kg/sec Gross capacity: - W = (160-60) C 40 kg/sec 4.2 kj/kg C 0.11 = 1,848 kw - Net capacity = gross capacity parasitic load - Parasitic load: ~ 370 kw (including pumping power; 1.3 kw/(m 3 /h) and binary cycle; 10%)
Candidate location: KIGAM Pohang campus Pilot site
Outlook for the next five years Continuous increase of GSHP installation is expected - Around 50% every year with borehole heat exchanger - Increasing utilization of groundwater thermal energy, especially alluvial groundwater - Active installation for greenhouses Power generation - Binary (CHP) power generation through exploration & exploitation of deep geothermal water in Seokmo-Do Island - 1.5 MW binary power generation as a result of Proof-of- Concept of EGS project and expanding to triplet system & more
Proposed road map of geothermal power Long term (2021-2030) Commercialization 200 MWe Mid term (2016-2020) Short term (2010-2015) Commercial Demonstration 20 MWe Pilot Plant 1-3 MWe Deeper & bigger Impacts of 200 MWe by 2030 - Generation of 1,489 GWh/year (85% capacity factor) - CO 2 reduction of 1,400,000 ton/year (comparing to coal power plant) - Fossil fuel saving of 380,000 toe/year
International Collaboration International Energy Agency (IEA) Geothermal Implementing Agreement (GIA) - 11 Country members including Australia (PIRSA) and EU - 5 Sponsor members MOU between research organizations - KIGAM & Geological Survey of Japan, AIST: Co-sponsoring Asian Geothermal Symposium (every two years) - KIGAM & GNS Science, New Zealand Collaborated researches - KIGAM & Geoscience Victoria, Monash University for Magnetotelluric survey in northern Victoria (2006-2008)
About future collaboration Although geologic and utilization environments are different from each other,,, Australia has experiences in - Deep drilling and engineering in EGS project - Resource identification, characterization and mapping - Reporting and financing Korea has - Good and bad examples of GSHP application to heating and cooling in various enviroments - Capacity of magnetotelluric (MT) survey for deep exploration Then, how can we collaborate? - Simple exchange of experts is not enough - Involvement on-site project each other is crucial
Thank you for attention! Hot waters from depth of 1,280 m at Seokmo-Do