Integrated measures in agriculture to reduce ammonia emissions Contract No 070501/2005/422822/MAR/C1 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/cafe/activities/ammonia_en.htm www.scammonia.wur.nl
Outline Background Objectives Service Contract Results Maps for year 2000 Effect of single measures Scenario analyses Main results and conclusions Main uncertainties Main recommendations Questions
Background 1. Sixth Environmental Action Program of EU: No significant negative effects of air pollution on human health and the environment 2. Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution (TSAP) Principle: Integrated approaches needed. Proposals to decrease the emissions of NH 3 : Review/revision of the NEC Directive Make use of provisions of Rural Development Regulation Implementation of Gothenborg protocol Include effects of Nitrates Directive on NH 3 emissions and v.v. In parallel: Review of the IPPC Directive
Agriculture and nitrogen: integrated approach needed Air NH 3 N 2 ONOx N 2 N INPUTS (e.g. manure, fertiliser, etc.) Hole in the pipe N OUTPUTS (e.g. crops, meat, etc.) NO 3 NH 4 NO 2 DON Water
Kyoto N 2 O, CH 4, CO 2 NH 3 Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution National Emission Ceiling Directive IPPC -Directive CLRTAP-Gothenborg Protocol Air Quality Directives manure Nitrates Directive IPPC / CLRTAP fertilizer N & P in surface water Agriculture CAP reform + C.C. Animal welfare Rural Development Soil Strategy Birds & Habitats Directives NO 3 in groundwater Nitrates Directive Water Framework Directive Nitrates Directive Water Framework Directive Groundwater Directive
Objectives Service Contract.to define the most appropriate integrated and consistent actions to reduce environmental impacts from agriculture Tasks 1. Develop an integrated approach: MITERRA-EUROPE 2. Analysis of International and European Instruments 3. In depth assessment of the most promising measures 4. Impact assessment of a possible modification of the IPPC 5. Stakeholder consultation, presentations, workshop
Integrated assessment tool MITERRA- EUROPE Based on: RAINS: gaseous emissions: CAPRI: activity data Databases: activity data New developments: leaching Three scales: - EU-27 - Member State - Regional (NUTS-2 2 / NVZ
Nitrate leaching Calculation of leaching Stored manure, surface run-off, to groundwater Calculated using leaching fractions (dependent on soil properties), climate and crop Implementation of Nitrates Directive Measures: uniform approach for all countries Implemented in NVZ (current en predicted for 2020) Implementation rate of measures in 2000, 2010, and 2020 estimated from action programmes and expert judgement
Regional distribution of manure N application rates Year 2000
Regional distribution of N surpluses in 2000 Year 2000
Regional distribution of N leaching in 2000 Year 2000
Regional distribution of N 2 O emissions in 2000 Year 2000
Mean N balance of agricultural land in EU-27 in 2000 70 kg N per ha per year 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 total N excretion applied fertilizer N fixation deposition N yield NH3 emission N2O emission NOX emission N leaching N2 emission N input N output
Total ammonia emissions in Member States 600 500 ammonia emission from manure, kton per year RAINS MITERRA-EUROPE 400 300 200 100 0 AT BL BG CY CZ DK ES EE FI FR DE GR HU IR IT LV LT LU MT NL PL PT RO SK SI SE UK Country
Effects of abatement measures for NH 3 emissions 30 20 change in emission, % compared with situation without measures NH3 emission NO3 leaching N2O emission 10 0-10 -20-30 -40 Biofiltration Low NH3 application technique Covered storage Stable adaptation Low nitrogen feed Incineration Urea substitution NH3 package Ammonia measures
Effects of abatement measures for NO 3 leaching 0 change in emission, % compared with situation without measures -5-10 -15-20 -25-30 -35-40 NH3 emission NO3 leaching N2O emission -45 Balanced fertilization Decreased application on sloping soils Efficient application technique No winter application Winter crops NO3 package Nitrate measures
Scenario analyses National projections baseline (RAINS) Optimized scenario to decrease NH3 emissions (TSAP-target) Nitrates Directive Full Full implementation + optimized NVZ designations Water Water Framework Directive (balanced P fertilization) Most promising measures scenarios: Low-protein animal feeding Balanced N fertilization Optimal Optimal combination IPPC scenarios Lower Lower thresholds for pig and poultry farms Including cattle farms Including BAT on low-emission manure application
Total N losses in National Projection Scenario 3000 2500 N emission, kton per year total NH3 emission total leaching total N2O emission total NOx emission 2000 1500 1000 500 0 RAINS A 2000 RAINS A 2010 RAINS A 2020 RAINS Optimised 2020
Total N losses in Nitrate Directive scenarios 3000 2500 N emission, kton per year total NH3 emission total leaching total N2O emission total NOx emission 2000 1500 1000 500 0 ND partial 2000 ND partial 2010 ND full 2020 WFD 2020
Total N losses in Most promising measures scenarios 3000 2500 N emission, kton per year total NH3 emission total leaching total N2O emission total NOx emission 2000 1500 1000 500 0 ND full 2020 LNF 10% all LNF 10% IPPC LNF 20% all LNF 20% IPPC Balfert 2020 Optimal combination
Effects of full implementation of ND on N leaching
Effects of full implementation of ND on NH 3 emissions
Income effects of Balfert 2020 relative to ND full 2020
Income effects of LNF 10% 2020 relative to ND full 2020
Income effects of LNF 20% 2020 relative to ND full 2020
Main Results / Conclusions (1) Final Summary Report + 4 underlying reports Simple integrated tool MITERRA EUROPE, data viewer www.scammonia.wur.nl Similar results between RAINS/MITERRA/CAPRI
Main Results / Conclusions (2) Antagonistic effects of policies exist, but may be avoided; Synergistic effects of N input control measures are large; Costs of N input measures are significant, and/but are in part transferred to consumers
Main Results / Conclusions (3) IPPC, ND, WFD & CAP + contribute to achieving objectives TSAP; Contribution of IPPC depends on: Interpretation > LNA > threshold Combining the measures of the Gothenborg protocol with ND measures may be attractive
Main Results / Conclusions (4) Balanced N fertilization, low-protein animal feeding and NH 3 emissions abatement measures are key to an integrated control of N emissions from European agriculture Large spatial variation in the effectiveness of measures in EU- 27, both between and within Member States;
Main Uncertainties Future outlook (milk quota, farm structure, new MSs,, etc.) Interpretation of measures of the Nitrates Directive and of the Gothenborg Protocol in practice in EU-27; Changing surface areas and cropping systems over time; Crops yields and N contents have been assumed homogeneous within Member States; Application of the concept of balanced fertilization and a uniform N uptake efficiency factor throughout EU-27; Costs of balfert and LNF based on assumptions
Main recommendations Further validation needed of MITERRA-EUROPE EUROPE as regards (regional) variations in N losses; Uniform survey of animal feeding practices and methodologies for N excretion by animals throughout EU-27 Mechanistic relationship between (low-protein) feeding and NH 3 emissions; Uniform survey of fertilization practices and N balance calculations throughout EU-27; Uniform survey of interpretation of IPPC throughout EU-27;
. Questions?
Balanced N fertilization Uniform implementation of the balanced N fertilization concept at NUTS-2 level: Balanced N fertilization: Σ (input of available N from all sources) = Efficiency factor * Σ (N output via harvested crop + crop residues). Efficiency factor = 1.25
N demand of a crop in MITERRA-EUROPE N yield Yields of FAO and N contents estimated using literature N in crop residues N index (yield/residue) from literature Efficiency factor (N uptake efficiency of roots) 25% for grassland 25% for cereals 25% for other crops Overfertilization factor For balanced fertilization: 0%
Supply of plant-available N Plant-available N: NH 4 and NO 3 present in the soil in the N uptake period of crops (or released in this period) Sources Fertilizers Manures N excreted during grazing Biological N fixation Atmospheric deposition Soil N mineralization
Sources of plant-available N Fertilizers RAINS and MITERRA-EUROPE Manures and N excreted during grazing Number of animals, N excretion, losses from storage, grazing system Biological N fixation Crop area and N fixation per ha Atmospheric deposition CAPRI and RAINS Soil N mineralization Equal to organic N input via crop residues and manure
Availability of N for crops: fertilizer equivalency Fertilizers and manures correction for NH 3 losses and surface runoff N excreted during grazing correction for NH 3 losses, surface runoff 80% Biological N fixation 100% Atmospheric deposition 75% Soil N mineralization 90% for grassland and 70% for arable land
Balanced N fertilization in MITERRA- EUROPE Calculation on regional scale (NUTS II regions) If supply of available N must be reduced, than: i) fertilizer application is reduced: Up to 0% on grassland Up to 50% on arable land ii) if N supply is still too high Manure N is removed ( treated )
Calculations with MITERRA RAINS 2000: EFMA RAINS 2020: EFMA and CAPRI Full implementation Nitrates Directive in 2020 (in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones); based on RAINS 2020 100% implementation of balanced N fertilization in EU-27; based on RAINS 2020
Demand and supply of plant-available in 400 2000 350 kg N per ha 300 250 supply demand 200 150 100 50 0 AT BG BL CZ DE DK EE EL ES FI FR HU IR IT LT LU LV NL PL PT RO SE SI SK UK
Year 2000: difference between supply and demand 100 kg N per ha 80 60 40 20 0 AT BG BL CZ DE DK EE EL ES FI FR HU IR IT LT LU LV NL PL PT RO SE SI SK UK -20
Prediction of fertilizer use in EU-27 at different scenarios 12000 N fertilizer use in EU-27, kton -6% 10000 8000-21% - 26% 6000 4000 2000 0 RAINS2000 RAINS2020 ND2020 BF2020
N fertilizer use in kg N per ha 2020; balanced N fertilization 2000
Conclusions MITERRA-EUROPE useful for predicting mineral N fertilizer use: Crop, regional level, national level,and EU-27 Effects of different policies and measures Effects of different estimates of yields, efficiency, and overfertilization, etc. MITERRA-EUROPE also P Full implementation of Nitrates Directive result in significant decrease in fertilizer use.