Womens Role Portrayal Preferences in Advertisements An Empirical Study
|
|
- Melvin Stone
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Lawrence H. Wortzel and John M. Frisbie Womens Role Portrayal Preferences in Advertisements An Empirical Study Has Women's Liberation changed women's attitudes toward female role portrayals in ads? TWO recently published studies analyzed the roles women portray in print advertising.^ Both of these studies were conducted by examining print advertisements in a variety of magazines and categorizing the ads in which women appeared according to the role the women in each ad portrayed. The Courtney and Lockeretz study, conducted in April, concluded that "feminists are at least partly justified in saying that advertisements do not present a full view of the variety of roles women actually play in American society."^ Essentially, Courtney and Lockeretz suggest that traditionally women tend to be portrayed in advertisements as homemakers, fashion objects, or sex objects. These role portrayals usually do not recognize that women work, or that they exist other than as homemakers, or fashion or sex objects. The Wagner and Banos study, conducted in January 1, found that "there has been a substantial improvement in emphasizing woman's expanding role as a working member of society."^ 1. Alice E. Courtney and Sarah W. Lockeretz, "A Woman's Place: An Analysis of the Roles Portrayed by Women in Magazine Advertisements," Journal of Marketing Research, Vol, (February 11), pp. -; and is C. Wagner and Janis B. Banos, "A Woman's Place: A Follow-up Analysis of the Roles Portrayed by Women in Magazine Advertisements," ^our/ia/ o/a/arif/i/r^ TJfjearc/i, Vol. (May 1), pp Courtney and Lockeretz, same reference as footnote 1, p... Wagner and Banos, same reference as footnote I, p.. Journal of Marketing. Vol. (October ). pp. 1-. Both of these studies presented well-analyzed documentation of the broadening of roles in which advertising portrays women. However, neither study addressed empirically the question of advertising effectiveness: What role portrayals are most likely to make the product being advertised appear most desirable to women? Does the ad's portrayal of a woman in a working role, for example, make the product more desirable than if the woman were portrayed as, say, a housewife or mother or in a sex-object or fashion-object role? Since much of the pressure to show women in advertisements in other than housewife or mother roles appears to have been generated by the Women's Liberation Movement, it is also worthwhile to ask: Do women who believe most strongly in the tenets of the Women's Liberation Movement also tend most strongly to perceive a product as more desirable when the woman in the advertisement is portrayed in a working role? The authors devised and conducted a rather simple, straightforward experiment to obtain some answers to the questions that have just been posed. In this respect, the foilowing two hypotheses were formulated and tested: H 1: When a woman appears in an advertisement, the desirability of the product advertised to women exposed to the ad will be enhanced if that woman is portrayed in a career or neutral (less traditional) role, rather than in a sex-object, family, or fash ion-object (more traditional) role. 1
2 Journal of Marketing, October H : Those women vv'ho most strongly agree with the tenets of the Women's Liberation Movement will most strongly consider a product's desirability enhanced when a woman appearing in the advertisement is portrayed in a career or neutral (less traditional) role, rather than in a sex-object, family, or fashionobject (more traditional) role. Methodology In this experiment, subjects were asked to "design" print ads by matching pictures of products with pictures of women. Two portfolios were prepared: one consisting of pictures of products, the other containing pictures of women. The product portfolio consisted of pictures of three products in each of seven product categories: small appliances, large appliances, women's grooming products, women's personal products, household products, foods, and men's grooming and personal products. The specific product categories were selected to provide diversity while remaining within the boundaries of plausibility; each product category is one in which the picture of a woman in an advertisement would not be unexpected. A run of print advertisements was reviewed for specific products prior to their inclusion in the experiment. Any product that consistently used advertising that portrayed a woman in a particular role was rejected to minimize possible bias due to conditioning. The portfolio of women's pictures consisted of five pictures depicting women in each of the five roles "neutral," "family," "career," "sex object," and "fashion object" for a total of pictures in all. Each picture was selected by a jury (a group of women similar to those who were to participate in the study) from a large assemblage of pictures. Jury members rated each potential picture on the basis of two criteria: (1) suitability for inclusion in an advertisement, and () sharp, unambiguous characterization of the desired role. The experiment used only those pictures that were determined by the jury to meet both criteria. The two portfolios were presented to a convenience sample of 0 young (ages 1 to ) women. While the sample of young women was not drawn randomly, every effort was made to ABOUT THE AUTHORS. Lawrence H. Wortzel is professor of marketing and chairman of the Marketing Department, Boston University. John M. Frisbie is assistant vice president and director of marketing services for the Palmer Bank Corporation, Sarasota, Florida. insure that a distribution of demographic characteristics would be achieved. To the extent that the sample may have been biased, it should have been biased toward including a higher proportion of women sympathetic to portrayals of nontraditional roles in advertisements since the sample consisted of young women. Younger women might also be less conditioned than older women to the expectation that women in ads will portray traditional roles. Each woman participated in the experiment individually and was given the following instructions: We would like you to "build" some advertisements. I will give you two portfolios, labeled I and II. Portfolio I contains pictures of products. Portfolio II contains pictures of backgrounds, or environments. For each product in Portfolio I select up to five backgrounds or environments from Portfolio II which most increase the desirability of that product in your eyes. That is, build the advertisement which would be most likely to make you want to buy the product. There are no right or wrong answers. The best advertisements are the ones you like best. Please avoid selecting product environment pairs which you are predisposed to expect through current advertising. And, if you don't think any of the backgrounds increases the desirability of any product, you don't have to pick any backgrounds for that product. On the next page is an answer sheet on which you can record your choices. Before you start, look through all of the backgrounds (Portfolio II) so you can see what the choices are. The instructions and the procedure, of course, were designed to give each subject the best possible opportunity to communicate the particular role portrayal that would make each product most desirable to her. The experiment did restrict the subject's choice. She could either choose one of the available roles or reject them all. In this way, the relative desirability of the five roles could be analyzed. If, however, some other role portrayal not included in the study would enhance the desirabihty of a product still further, this would not show up in the experiment. Each woman "built" advertisements for the 1 products and could build up to five advertisements for each product. Therefore, the study provided the results of 0 first choices ( product categories X products X 0 women). Both the products and the pictures of women were randomly ordered so that each subject had the product and background pictures presented to her in a different sequence.
3 women s Role Portrayal Preferences in Advertisements: An Empirical Study After she "built" her ads and the productpicture matches were recorded, each woman was given a self-administered pencil-and-paper test developed by one of the authors. The test had been previously validated using a similar sample of women. It was designed to measure attitudes toward several facets of the Women's Liberation Movement and consisted of a series of statements taken almost directly from writings of both pro- and antifeminists. The subjects responded to the statements using a five-point Likert scale running from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree." Factor analysis of the test items established that they constituted a scale. Some examples of the statements used in this test are: Women should have as much right to sexual freedom as men have. It should be normal for a married woman with children to have a career outside her home. The institution of marriage tends to exploit women in many ways. A good wife should be willing to follow her husband and live wherever his career takes him. Household tasks should be shared between husbands and wives. Our culture teaches girls that the most acceptable option to them as adults is motherhood. Because of their hormone systems, women should not have jobs in which they have to make important decisions every day. Findings Table 1 shows the aggregated results obtained for each product class. The 0 subjects made a totai of 00 first choices in each product class, and this table shows the percent of first choices in each product class that went to each role category. Only the subject's first choices are presented in this table, because analysis of second and later choices indicated no meaningful deviations from the first-choice pattern. For example, if a subject's first choice was a woman depicting a sex-object role, her subsequent choices tended to be pictures from the same role category. (More than % of second and third choices were from the same role category as the first choice; the other % were not systematically distributed.) Analysis of the data by individual products within product groups does not reveal significant deviations from the product group results presented in Table 1. The results indicated no consistent preference for specific female roles that always enhance product desirability and that cut across product categories. Rather, the women participating in this experiment appear to have chosen their preferred role-background on the basis of the specific product class with which they were confronted. For products that are usually used by households or families, the family role-background was preferred. Preference for the family role-background was marginal for small appliances and strong for large appliances and food. For products that women use alone (women's grooming and women's personal) the neutral or career role-backgrounds were preferred, although the traditional fashion role was still acceptable. There is no product for which a sex-object role was considered the most enhancing role portrayal. The one response in six that preferred the sex-object role for men's products was equal to the percentage that preferred it for women's grooming products. Further analysis of these data, controlling for education and for employment, revealed no significant deviation from these patterns. TABLE 1 PERCENT OF RESPONSES SELECTING EACH TYPE OF ROLF-BACKGROL ND BY TYPE OF ROLE-BACKGROL ND ROLE B.ACKGROUND Product Neutral Career Familv Fashion Sex Object No Preference (n) Small appliances Large appliances Women's grooming Women's personal Household Food Men's grooming and personal 0 1 % % 0 % % 1 1 1% 1 1 (00) (00) (00) (00) (00) (00) (00)
4 Journal of Marketing, October It appears that support or rejection of hypothesis 1 is dependent on the product that is being advertised. Generalizations cannot be made across product lines. For some products (i.e., women's personal and grooming products) the hypothesis was supported. The product's desirability to women was increased when the woman in the advertisement's background was portrayed in a neutral or career (less traditional) role. However, for some other products used in a household or family setting, the hypothesis must be rejected, because traditional or family roles were not rejected. In fact, they were preferred to the less traditional roles. If these data support any conclusion beyond the original hypotheses, it is that women react primarily to the product-use situation with which they are confronted, and do not wish to be stereotyped into any particular role cutting across situations in advertisements; they recognize and prefer to see themselves in a variety of roles, not excluding the more traditional ones. Table presents the same results as Table 1, but is controlled for subjects' attitudes toward the tenets of the Women's Liberation Movement. In developing this table, the factor scores for each subject were first computed based on their responses to the questionnaire on attitudes toward Women's Liberation. The subjects were then grouped by factor score into the categories "positive," "neutral," and "negative" toward Women's Liberation by dividing the array of scored responses roughly into thirds. As a result, subjects (representing product responses) fell into the positive category, subjects (representing product responses) fell into the neutral category, and (or 111 product responses) were classified "negatives." Across all products, the "neutrals" fell somewhere between the "positives" and the "negatives"; thus this table presents the sharpest contrasts that could be drawn, contrasts between those subjects who were either positive or negative in their attitudes toward Women's Liberation. The data in Table show that the role preference pattern for women with positive attitudes toward Women's Liberation was remarkably similar to the pattern for those with negative attitudes. Women with positive attitudes toward Women's Liberation did not show a consistent preference for neutral or career roles across all product lines. In fact, for many products, these women, positive in their attitudes towards Women's Liberation, preferred traditional family roles. Subjects' preferences depended instead on the specific product involved. Statistically significant differences (at the.0 level) between respondents who were "positive" and those who were "negative" toward Women's Liberation were observed for only two of the seven products, small and large appliances. However, some interesting, though not statistically significant, patterns can be observed. I. Across all product categories, the women with positive attitudes toward Women's Liberation were more likely to select a specific role-background than were women with TABLE PERCENT OF RESPONSES SELECTING EACH TYPE OF ROLE-BACKGROUND BY TYPE o^ BACKGROUND CHOSEN. CONTROLLED FOR RESPONDENTS* ATTITUDES TOWARD THE WOMENS LIBERATION MOVEMENT Attitude ROLE BACKGROUND Product LU W d i Li Women's Liberation Neutral Career Family Fashion Sex Object No Preference (n) Small appliances Large appliances Women's grooming Women's personal Household Food Men's grooming and personal ^ ^ ^ ^ 1% 1 > % % 0 1 1% % % 1 0 () () () () () () () 'Difference significant at the.0 level.
5 women s Role Portrayal Preferences in Advertisements: An Empirical Study negative attitudes. Furthermore, those women with positive attitudes tended to reject neutral role-backgrounds more readily than their "negative" counterparts. For six products out of seven, the neutral role was less preferred by "positives" than by "negatives.". Among all four product categories (small appliances, large appliances, household, and food) for which the family role was the most preferred, "positives" selected the role more frequently than did "negatives." These data do not provide support for hypothesis. Women with positive attitudes toward the movement do not uniformly reject traditional women's roles. The authors felt, though, that perhaps the reason for these results was that the Women's Liberation attitude test was too insensitive a classification instrument. Therefore, an attempt was made to develop a more sensitive classification. The Women's Liberation attitude measurement instrument included statements measuring several specific topics of concern to liberationists. Among the topics measured was repression. It would seem reasonable to assume that if there is any subgroup among women that would be concerned about the portrayal of women in advertisements, it would be the group that most strongly considered itself repressed by men. Consequently, a subscale measuring repression was constructed from the original scale. This subscale consisted of five items, including statements such as "Women are repressed by men in many ways," and "Female children are taught to behave in certain ways which lead to their repression when they become women." Repression scores were computed for each subject, and subjects were then grouped as to whether they perceived themselves as "high," "medium," or "low" in agreement with statements that women are repressed, using the most natural break points to be found in the scale scores. As a result of this grouping process, subjects (representing responses) were categorized as "high" in the belief that women are repressed, while subjects (representing responses) were categorized as "low." The results of cross-tabulation between repression and role preference, once more eliminating the middle category (those "medium" in "repression"), are presented in Table. These results show both the basic patterns presented in Table, and an interesting difference. 1. For four of the seven products, women who scored high in the repression subscale exhibited a greater frequency of "no preference" responses than did women who scored low. These results are a reversal of the results presented in Table. While positive attitudes toward Women's Liberation were accompanied by a sharpening of role choices, feelings that women are re- T.^BLE PERCENT OF RESPONSES SELECTING E.ACH TYPE OF ROLE-BACKGROUND BY TYPE OF BACKGROL ND CHOSEN. CONTROLLED FOR DEGREE TO WHICH RESPONDENTS CONSIDERED THEMSELVES REPRESSED ROLE BACKGROL ND Product Repression Neutral Career Family Fashion Sex Object No Preference (n) Small appliances Large appliances Women's grooming Women's personal Household Food Men's grooming and personal ^ ^ ^ ** 1% % % % 1 % % () () () () () () () () () () () () () () ^Difference significant at the.0 level.
6 Journal of Marketing, October pressed were accompanied by rejection of all the roles presented.. Even among those who scored high irr "repression," the traditional role was the most preferred for large and small appliances, household products, and food. However, those high in "repression" preferred this role somewhat less frequently than did those who scored low on this subscale. But the data in Table do not show consistent, statistically significant differences {at the.0 level) across all products, and do not provide much support for hypothesis. Considering the results presented in Tables and, hypothesis must be rejected. Even among women who have positive attitudes toward the Women's Liberation Movement, the product seems to be more important than the movement in determining which role portrayal will most enhance the product's desirability. Conclusions and Recommendations The results of this study should satisfy readers at both attitudinal extremes with respect to Women's Liberation. Male chauvinists can quite simply conclude that women are perfectly satisfied (and are probably willing customers) when portrayed in their traditional homemaker, fashion, or sex-object roles. Women's Liberationists, on the other hand, can just as easily attribute the results to socialization. They can conclude that the reason why the women studied here preferred the role portrayals they chose is that advertising (not to mention other facets of society) has socialized women to expect and accept traditional role portrayals in ads. Perhaps the most realistic conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that women are both reasonable and reasonably rational in their preferences with respect to role portrayals in advertising. They tend to select role preferences on the basis of product function, rather than on the basis of ideology. The data are most consistent with an interpretation that the perceived desirability of a product is primarily a function of the product's own usage and end benefits. The backgrounds selected by those women with both positive and negative views toward Women's Liberation cut across role types following remarkably similar response patterns. Among both "positives" and "negatives," the backgrounds chosen seemed to be based on their appropriateness to the product's usage and on their support and reinforcement of the product's end benefits. For advertisers, the results of this study should come as good news. Advertisements showing women may, it seems, portray those women in household roles if these roles provide an appropriate usage environment for the product and reinforce and support the product's end benefits. If the product is one that is normally used in a household environment, then women (both liberationists and nonliberationists) prefer to see it in this type of setting generating some kind of distinctive benefit to a woman who would normally be using it. If the product is one that women use personally, which somehow enhances their concept of themselves as women, then nontraditional roles are preferred. These preference patterns are expressed by liberationists and nonliberationists alike. These recommendations must, of course, be tempered by the limitations of the study. The study was limited by the number, type, and characteristics of the subjects, by the specific products used, and by the specific role portrayals presented to the subjects as choices. For example, there was a significant minority that expressed "no preference." And those responding who did make choices were limited in their alternatives to those presented. Possibly some would have preferred a man in the household role to any of the choices that were offered. In addition, it should be noted that the role cues used in this study were pretested for their straightforward portrayal of role types, minimizing all executional elements of tone and taste. Moreover, this study was cross-sectional. It is probable that role portrayal preferences could shift over time. Advertisers should note, therefore, that these recommendations are for general role types (traditional and nontraditional roles) and are to serve as broad guidelines for the initial creative concept. Clearly, the creative process itself and the executional elements of tone and taste are beyond the scope of this study. However, the study does provide a methodology by which other possible role portrayals can be tested, and perhaps some judicious testing can further refme the guidelines suggested herein.
7
Chapter 3 Democracy in Ancient Athens
Name: Class: Date: Chapter 3 Democracy in Ancient Athens Who Were Citizens in Ancient Athens? 1. How did people s place of birth, age, position in society, and gender affect their citizenship and participation
More informationDepicting a Couple in a Sexual Manner
Depicting a Couple in a Sexual Manner Ad #1: Unforgivable Women This advertisement is selling the product Unforgivable Women the fragrance for women. The ad s target audience would be women, probably
More informationIM PORTANCE O F THE ROLE OF SEX IN ADVERTISING
IM PORTANCE O F THE ROLE OF SEX IN ADVERTISING Dr. Sahavet Giirdal Importance of the role of sex in advertising has become an interesting subject for feminists and researchers since early 70's. Actually
More informationGENDER DISCRMINATION AT WORK PLACE & ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE S PERFORMANCE
KAAV INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS,COMMERCE & BUSINESS MANAGEMENT GENDER DISCRMINATION AT WORK PLACE & ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE S PERFORMANCE ANKUR BHUSHAN Phd Research scholar Sri SatyaSai University
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (IJMHRM)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MARKETING AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (IJMHRM) International Journal of Marketing and Human Resource Management (IJMHRM), ISSN 0976 ISSN 0976 6421 (Print) ISSN 0976 643X (Online)
More informationCOMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE SHOPPING BEHAVIOR OF CONSUMERS ACROSS ONLINE SHOPPING WEBSITES
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE SHOPPING BEHAVIOR OF CONSUMERS ACROSS ONLINE SHOPPING WEBSITES SWEETY SUTARIA Abstract The study has shown an interest in investigating shopping behavior of consumers across Online
More informationSurvey of Cohort Mentors: Gender-Based Analyses August 2011
Survey of Cohort Mentors: Gender-Based Analyses August 2011 1 Sample Nineteen mentors completed the survey from an overall population sample of 38 mentors. Thus, this survey has a response rate of 50.0%.
More informationCross-Cultural Analysis of Brand Consciousness
CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF BRAND CONSCIOUSNESS 55 Cross-Cultural Analysis of Brand Consciousness Leah Rausch Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Gwen Achenreiner, Department of Marketing ABSTRACT Brand consciousness
More informationINFLUENCE OF SEX ROLE STEREOTYPES ON PERSONNEL DECISIONS
Journal of Applied Psychology 1974, Vol. 59, No. 1, 9-14 INFLUENCE OF SEX ROLE STEREOTYPES ON PERSONNEL DECISIONS BENSON ROSEN 1 AND THOMAS H. JERDEE Graduate School of Business Administration, University
More informationCHANGING FACE OF WOMEN IN INDIAN ADVERTISING
CHANGING FACE OF WOMEN IN INDIAN ADVERTISING Sabeeha Fatma Assistant Professor, Amity Business School, Amity University ABSTRACT India has witnessed many changes in last few decades. The changes can be
More informationExecutive Summary. Introduction. Objectives
Executive Summary Introduction The Social Sciences Research Centre (SSRC) of the University of Hong Kong was commissioned by the Equal Opportunities Commission to conduct a study on Public Perception of
More information... RESEARCH NOTES AND COMMUNICATIONS
... RESEARCH NOTES AND COMMUNICATIONS CONTENTS A Woman's Place: An Analysis of the Roles Portrayed by Women in Magazine Advertisements Alice E. Courtney and Sarah Wernick Lockeretz 92 Shopping Behavior,
More informationA Note on Sex, Geographic Mobility, and Career Advancement. By: William T. Markham, Patrick O. Macken, Charles M. Bonjean, Judy Corder
A Note on Sex, Geographic Mobility, and Career Advancement By: William T. Markham, Patrick O. Macken, Charles M. Bonjean, Judy Corder This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted
More information2016 EMPLOYEE SURVEY RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
2016 EMPLOYEE SURVEY RESULTS AND ANALYSIS JULY 2016 Survey Administered by the Institutional Effectiveness Committee March-June 2016 Report Prepared by the Office of Institutional Advancement Data Support
More informationFACTORS INFLUENCING CAREER DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN EMPLOYEES IN IT INDUSTRY AN EMPIRICAL STUDY
International Journal of Advanced Research in ISSN: 2278-626 Management and Social Sciences Impact Factor: 6.94 FACTORS INFLUENCING CAREER DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN EMPLOYEES IN IT INDUSTRY AN EMPIRICAL STUDY
More informationDiversity in the Profession of Architecture. Executive Summary 2016
Diversity in the Profession of Architecture Executive Summary 2016 Acknowledgments Published January 2016 by: The American Institute of Architects 1735 New York Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20006 2016 The
More informationCase Report ISSUES RAISED
Case Report 1 Case Number 0071/15 2 Advertiser Ashley Madison - Avid Life 3 Product Professional Service 4 Type of Advertisement / media TV - Pay 5 Date of Determination 11/03/2015 6 DETERMINATION Upheld
More informationSex and the Single Worker: Who's Cynical about Work-Life Balance?
Working Papers Sex and the Single Worker: Who s Cynical about Work-Life Balance John Kervin University of Toronto Mark Easton University of Toronto UT Sociology Working Paper No. 2016-03 September, 2016
More informationSurvey of Cohort Mentors August 2011
Survey of Cohort Mentors August 2011 1 Sample Nineteen mentors completed the survey from an overall population sample of 38 mentors. Thus, this survey has a response rate of 50%. This sample was equally
More informationQUESTIONNAIRE Part I Details of Respondent Name Gender Age Group Profession / Occupation Part II SDA No UD DA SDA
QUESTIONNAIRE Part I Details of Respondent Name : Gender : Male Female Age Group : Below 20 20-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65 66-70 71 & above Profession / Occupation: Post Graduate
More informationLIST OF TABLES. SL. No Particulars Page No. Table 4.1 Demographic details of respondents 121. Table 4.2 Gender and Advertisement 123
LIST OF TABLES SL. No Particulars Page No Table 4.1 Demographic details of respondents 121 Table 4.2 Gender and Advertisement 123 Table 4.3 Gender and Frequency of watching Advertisements 123 Table 4.4
More informationTest Bank for Consumer Behavior 10th Edition by Schiffman and Kanuk
Test Bank for Consumer Behavior 10th Edition by Schiffman and Kanuk Chapter 2 Consumer Research Process 1) The purpose of studying consumer behavior is to enable marketers to anticipate how they might
More informationResource Sheet # 17 Focus Questions and Answers for Teachers. Document A
Resource Sheet # 17 Focus Questions and Answers for Teachers Document A 1. Why does McNutt emphasize the need for managers to utilize the skills of women workers? Women are capable of doing 80% of all
More information2017 Paper & Packaging Consumer Trends Report
The Asia Pulp and Paper (APP) Paper & Packaging Consumer Trends Report offers insight into North American consumer behavior and attitudes toward sustainability Research Overview 2017 Paper & Packaging
More informationPerceptions and Experiences of Employer Engagement amongst University Staff: A Case Study
http://www.inspire.anglia.ac.uk/networks-issue-14 Perceptions and Experiences of Employer Engagement amongst University Staff: A Case Study Abstract The UK government and universities have stepped up calls
More informationHOW MILLENNIAL MEN CAN HELP BREAK THE GLASS CEILING
HOW MILLENNIAL MEN CAN HELP BREAK THE GLASS CEILING By Katie Abouzahr, Jenn Garcia-Alonso, Matt Krentz, Michael Tan, and Frances Brooks Taplett Gender diversity has become a top agenda item for companies,
More informationConsumer Perceptions of Country of Origin in the Australian Apparel Industry
Consumer Perceptions of Country of Origin in the Australian Apparel Industry Paul Patterson and Siu-Kwan Tai Consumer attitudes towards the quality of Australian-made products in general, and clothing
More informationWhen the M-optimal match is being chosen, it s a dominant strategy for the men to report their true preferences
Econ 805 Advanced Micro Theory I Dan Quint Fall 2008 Lecture 19 November 11 2008 Last Thursday, we proved that the set of stable matchings in a given marriage market form a lattice, and then we went very
More information1 Survey of Cohort Mentors: Gender-Based Analyses August 2014
1 Survey of Cohort Mentors: Gender-Based Analyses August 2014 Sample Fifteen mentors completed the survey from an overall population sample of 27 mentors. Thus, this survey had a response rate of 55.5%.
More informationA STUDY OF THE PERCEPTION AND ACCEPTABILITY OF ELECTRONIC BANKING OF CUSTOMERS OF SELECTED BANKS
A STUDY OF THE PERCEPTION AND ACCEPTABILITY OF ELECTRONIC Dr. Navpreet Singh Sidhu* BANKING OF CUSTOMERS OF SELECTED BANKS Abstract: Perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret
More informationBreaking the Stereotype:
: Empowering women in advertising in developing markets Pinaki Banerjee Given the role that they play in deciding on the everyday brands used in households, women are central characters in many advertisements.
More informationThe Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Consumers Attitudes at Northwestern Mutual: A Case Study
The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Consumers Attitudes at Northwestern Mutual: Researchers: Kuhlman, Laura Lett, Kate Vornhagen, Shellie December 6, 2013 Marketing Research Kuhlman_A7 Executive
More informationEQUITY ACTIVITIES. Courtesy of Tulsa Technology Center, Tulsa,OK
Copyright 2001 by Skills USA VICA EQUITY ACTIVITIES Courtesy of Tulsa Technology Center, Tulsa,OK Developed by: Gender Equity Advisory Committee (GEAC) of the Illinois State Board of Education and Statewide
More informationLink download full: Test bank for Consumer Behavior 10th Edition by Schiffman
Link download full: Test bank for Consumer Behavior 10th Edition by Schiffman https://testbankservice.com/download/test-bank-for-consumer-behavior-10th-edition-byschiffman Consumer Behavior, 10e (Schiffman/Kanuk)
More informationWeb Appendix. Targeted Online Advertising: Using Reciprocity Appeals to Increase Acceptance among. Users of Free Web Services
1 Web Appendix Targeted Online Advertising: Using Reciprocity Appeals to Increase Acceptance among Users of Free Web Services Jan H. Schumann, Florian v. Wangenheim, and Nicole Groene APPENDIX W1 Research
More informationFactors Affecting Job Satisfaction of College Lecturers in Ludhiana-An Empirical Study
Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction of College Lecturers in Ludhiana-An Empirical Study 1 Jaspreet Kaur, 2 Shivani Miglani, 3 Rajesh Kumar 1 Assistant Professor, K.L.S.D College, Subhash Nagar, Ludhiana
More informationREF 2014 Final Equality Impact Assessment
REF 2014 Final Equality Impact Assessment In accordance with HEFCE guidelines, the University developed a Code of Practice (see the University s Diversity website) on selecting staff to include in the
More informationResearch problems and questions operationalization - constructs, concepts, variables and hypotheses
Research problems and questions operationalization - constructs, concepts, variables and hypotheses Sources: Amanda Leggett: Constructs, variables and operationalization, 2011; Hair, Marketing research,
More informationCase Report. A sample of comments which the complainant/s made regarding this advertisement included the following:
Case Report 1 Case Number 0340/16 2 Advertiser City Chic 3 Product Clothing 4 Type of Advertisement / media TV - Out of home 5 Date of Determination 14/09/2016 6 DETERMINATION Upheld - Modified or Discontinued
More informationCase Report ISSUES RAISED
Case Report 1 Case Number 0359/15 2 Advertiser Urban Purveyor Group 3 Product Food / Beverages 4 Type of Advertisement / media Transport 5 Date of Determination 23/09/2015 6 DETERMINATION Dismissed ISSUES
More informationCase Report ISSUES RAISED
Case Report 1 Case Number 0401/15 2 Advertiser Edgewell 3 Product Toiletries 4 Type of Advertisement / media TV - Free to air 5 Date of Determination 14/10/2015 6 DETERMINATION Dismissed ISSUES RAISED
More informationAN ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL / PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS AND QUALITY OF E-BANKING / INTERNET BANKING
CHAPTER 5 AN ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL / PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS AND QUALITY OF E-BANKING / INTERNET BANKING 5.1 Introduction India is one of the leading countries in the world where e-banking / internet banking
More information2011 Iowa Biobased Consumer Survey
2011 Iowa Biobased Consumer Survey M. House, Graduate Program Assistant, BioPreferred, Iowa State University Extension and Outreach B. Butcher, Undergraduate Assistant, BioPreferred, Iowa State University
More informationGender role stereotyping in radio advertisements. A Spanish case. Mariluz Barbeito (UAB) Anna Fajula (UAB)
Gender role stereotyping in radio advertisements. A Spanish case. Mariluz Barbeito (UAB) Anna Fajula (UAB) Narrator (woman) 1: As a psychologist I say you should leave that job and forget your wife, she
More informationThe Many Faces of the Millennial Generation
The Many Faces of the Millennial Generation by Edwin Koc from the October 2008 NACE Journal The Millennial Generation has been described as having certain attributes unique to their age group, but new
More informationCase Report ISSUES RAISED
Case Report 1 Case Number 0213/16 2 Advertiser Specsavers Pty Ltd 3 Product Health Products 4 Type of Advertisement / media TV - Free to air 5 Date of Determination 25/05/2016 6 DETERMINATION Dismissed
More informationEQUAL TREATMENT POLICY
EQUAL TREATMENT POLICY 2007-2010 Excerpt from the Göteborg University strategic plan for 2007-2010: Our values Our organization focuses on working continuously with a view to ensuring a positive work environment
More informationCase Report ISSUES RAISED
Case Report 1 Case Number 0490/16 2 Advertiser Cairns tyre specialist 3 Product Automotive 4 Type of Advertisement / media TV - Free to air 5 Date of Determination 23/11/2016 6 DETERMINATION Upheld - Modified
More informationWhy Can t Alison Sell her Drill? Evidence from ebay (DRAFT- PLEASE DO NOT CITE) Introduction:
Tamar Kricheli-Katz Why Can t Alison Sell her Drill? Evidence from ebay (DRAFT- PLEASE DO NOT CITE) Introduction: Do products sold by women garner lower prices than products sold by men? If so, what are
More informationCase Report ISSUES RAISED
Case Report 1 Case Number 0390/14 2 Advertiser General Pants Group 3 Product Clothing 4 Type of Advertisement / media Poster 5 Date of Determination 08/10/2014 6 DETERMINATION Dismissed ISSUES RAISED 2.1
More informationInternational Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online), Volume 4, Issue 6, November - December (2013)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (IJM) International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976-6510(Online), ISSN 0976-6502 (Print) ISSN 0976-6510 (Online), pp. 92-98 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijm.asp
More informationUsing Guideposts to Direct Your Journey
Module 7 Duration: 55 minutes Using Guideposts to Direct Your Journey This module helps middle school students understand that jobs have certain characteristics that influence the satisfaction level of
More informationChapter - 2 RESEARCH METHODS AND DESIGN
Chapter - 2 RESEARCH METHODS AND DESIGN 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Phases of Research 2.. Research Design 2.4. Data Collection 2.5. Questionnaire Design 2.6. Measurement and Scaling Procedures 2.7. Reliability
More informationCase Report ISSUES RAISED
Case Report 1 Case Number 0394/14 2 Advertiser General Pants Group 3 Product Clothing 4 Type of Advertisement / media Internet 5 Date of Determination 08/10/2014 6 DETERMINATION Dismissed ISSUES RAISED
More informationA STUDY OF WORKING CONDITIONS
X SB SURVEY RESEARCH CENTER A STUDY OF WORKING CONDITIONS Wl NTER. 1 969 REPORT TO RESPONDENTS INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN 48106 March 1971 A SURVEY OF
More informationAltarum Institute Survey of Consumer Health Care Opinions
Altarum Institute Survey of Consumer Health Care Opinions Fall 2011 By Wendy Lynch, Ph.D. and Brad Smith, Ph.D. Co-Directors, Altarum Center for Consumer Choice in Health Care Table of Contents I. Introduction
More informationADVANCE at Brown Mentoring Surveys Final Report. Prepared by:
ADVANCE at Brown 2010-11 Mentoring Surveys Final Report Prepared by: Carrie E. Spearin, Ph.D. Department of Sociology Internal Evaluator, ADVANCE at Brown August 2011 The following report outlines the
More informationThe Advancing Women Organizational Assessment Feedback Results. WILOA Test Aggregate. May 2017
The Advancing Women Organizational Assessment Feedback Results May 07 Report format Copyright 997-07 Assessment +, Inc. Introduction It is a well-known reality that, across the working world, women continue
More informationComparative Study on Software Firms in Bangladesh
growth [4]. Earlier report stated that earning from outsourcing Comparative Study on Software Firms in Bangladesh Sushmiata Bose, Assistant Professor, University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
More informationSTANDARD 1 OBJECTIVE 1 Students will understand the concept of market & market identification
STANDARD 1 OBJECTIVE 1 Students will understand the concept of market & market identification Marketing is Developing, promoting, pricing, selling, and distributing products. New Vocabulary Market: People
More informationPremium Advertising Sweden UK France Germany. On behalf of Widespace
Premium Advertising Sweden UK France Germany On behalf of Widespace Content Study design Management Summary Sample Results Total Sweden UK France Germany Contact 2 Study design Study characteristics Sample
More informationA STUDY ON THE WORK LIFE BALANCE OF EMPLOYEES IN IT AND MANUFACTURING COMPANIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SARAVANAMPATTI AT COIMBATORE DISTRICT
A STUDY ON THE WORK LIFE BALANCE OF EMPLOYEES IN IT AND MANUFACTURING COMPANIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SARAVANAMPATTI AT COIMBATORE DISTRICT 1 Mr. S. Ajith Kumar 1 Assistant Professor, Department of
More informationThe Differences of Career Self-efficacy in the Selection of Careers among Malay Students at International Islamic University Malaysia
Available online at: http://ijer.eab.org.tr/1/3/2_zuraidah.pdf http://eab.org.tr Educational Research Association The International Journal of Educational Researchers 2010, 3(2): 17-30 ISSN: 1308-9501
More informationAS and A-level Economics podcast transcript Podcast two: The Labour Market
AS and A-level Economics podcast transcript Podcast two: The Labour Market In this podcast, we will be talking about: The Labour Market. Particularly; the demand for labour and marginal productivity theory,
More informationGCSE Media Studies. Unit 2: Understanding the Media. Assignment 2: Advertising and Marketing Exemplar Folder 1. version 1.0
GCSE Media Studies Unit 2: Understanding the Media Assignment 2: Advertising and Marketing Exemplar Folder 1 version 1.0 Teacher Resource Bank / GCSE Media Studies / Unit 2 / Advertising and Marketing
More informationOnline Word of Mouth as a Determination in Adolescents Purchase Decision Making: the Influence of Expertise and Involvement
1 Online Word of Mouth as a Determination in Adolescents Purchase Decision Making: the Influence of Expertise and Involvement Chih-Chien Wang, Graduate Institute of Information Management, National Taipei
More informationCase Report. Image on Facebook of women in bikinis and the text, "Wet Dreams".
Case Report 1 Case Number 0393/14 2 Advertiser General Pants Group 3 Product Clothing 4 Type of Advertisement / media Internet - Social 5 Date of Determination 08/10/2014 6 DETERMINATION Dismissed ISSUES
More informationInstitutional Strengths. Improvement Opportunities & Implementation Suggestions. Institutional Summary
Institutional Summary As part of RMUoHP s comprehensive institutional assessment and continuous improvement process, the purpose of the annual Employee Engagement Survey is to collect institutional data
More informationToulmin s Theory. can be used to analyze and interpret advertisements in cultural contexts. Toulmin s theory
O Mara- 1 Morgan O Mara 9 December 2012 Toulmin s Theory Stephen Toulmin s argumentative theory of claims, supports, and warrants can be used to analyze and interpret advertisements in cultural contexts.
More informationCareers in Accounting: Perceptions of the Next Generation of Business Professionals
Careers in Accounting: Perceptions of the Next Generation of Business Professionals Ronald P. Guidry University of Louisiana at Monroe 700 University Avenue Monroe, LA 71209 (318) 342-1112 (318) 342-1191
More informationSex, Sexuality & Violence: A Modern Day Advertising Analysis. If I were to ask someone whether they ve heard the saying sex sells, I m sure that the
Sanders 1 James D. Sanders Professor Starnes English 1100, Composition I March 2014 Sex, Sexuality & Violence: A Modern Day Advertising Analysis If I were to ask someone whether they ve heard the saying
More informationLecturer: Dr. Joana Salifu Yendork, Department of Psychology Contact Information:
Lecturer: Dr. Joana Salifu Yendork, Department of Psychology Contact Information: jyendork@ug.edu.gh College of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 2016/2017 Session Overview
More informationProposal. The Impact of Economic Recession on. Customer Loyalty to Banks
Proposal The Impact of Economic Recession on Customer Loyalty to Banks Copyright Insta Research Ltd. All rights reserved. 1 Table of Contents 1. Introduction and Background...3 2. Aims and Objectives...4
More information6. The probability that you win at least $1 both time is (a) 1/2 (b) 4/36 (c) 1/36 (d) 1/4 (e) 3/4
AP Statistics ~ Unit 3 Practice Test ANSWERS MULTIPLE CHOICE PRACTICE 1. An assignment of probability must obey which of the following? (a) The probability of any event must be a number between 0 and 1,
More informationSurvey of Pennsylvanians on the Issue of Global Warming KEY FINDINGS REPORT
The Morning Call/ Muhlenberg College Institute of Public Opinion Survey of Pennsylvanians on the Issue of Global Warming KEY FINDINGS REPORT Release Date June 7, 2007 KEY FINDINGS: 1. As the issue of global
More informationInternational Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) Volume 1, Number 2, July - Aug (2010), IAEME
International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 6510(Online) Volume 1, Number 2, July - Aug (2010), pp. 53-61 IAEME, http://www.iaeme.com/ijm.html IJM I A E M E WORK LIFE BALANCE
More informationAlgorithmic Bias? An Empirical Study into Apparent Gender-Based Discrimination in the Display of STEM Career Ads. Anja Lambrecht and Catherine Tucker
Algorithmic Bias? An Empirical Study into Apparent Gender-Based Discrimination in the Display of STEM Career Ads Anja Lambrecht and Catherine Tucker Research Question What may make an ad serving algorithm
More informationConsumer Panel Report The Indian Ice Cream Market: What Consumers Eat and Why?
1. Consumer Panel Report The Indian Ice Cream Market: What Consumers Eat and Why? Reference Code: CS0355IS www.canadean-winesandspirits.com Table of Contents 1. Introduction... 6 1.1 What is this Report
More informationNUMBERS, FACTS AND TRENDS SHAPING THE WORLD FOR RELEASE DECEMBER 8, 2014 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THIS REPORT:
NUMBERS, FACTS AND TRENDS SHAPING THE WORLD FOR RELEASE DECEMBER 8, 2014 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THIS REPORT: Kristen Purcell, Research Consultant Lee Rainie, Director, Internet, Science and Technology
More informationAge differences in coping and locus of control : a study of managerial stress in Hong Kong
Lingnan University Digital Commons @ Lingnan University Staff Publications Lingnan Staff Publication 12-1-2001 Age differences in coping and locus of control : a study of managerial stress in Hong Kong
More informationCLICK TO ADD TITLE [SPEAKERS NAMES]
CLICK TO ADD TITLE [SPEAKERS NAMES] [DATE] Thanks to our generous sponsors 10th Global Health Supply Chain Summit, Accra (Ghana); Nov 15-17, 2017 Rapid Gender Analysis of Pharmaceuticals Fund and Supply
More informationNegotiation. Decision-Making and Communication Strategies That Deliver Results. When Does Gender Matter in Negotiation?
Negotiation Decision-Making and Communication Strategies That Deliver Results A Newsletter from Harvard Business School Publishing and the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School ARTICLE REPRINT NO.
More informationWIND FARM OPINION POLL. Conducted 11th 13th May 2015
WIND FARM OPINION POLL Conducted 11th 13th May 2015 Abstract An insight into opinions regarding renewable energy and the environment in the Bournemouth area, and the feasibility of the Navitus Bay Wind
More informationBUYING BEHAVIOR OF CONSUMERS OF HOMEOPATHY DRUGS: AN ANALYSIS OF PATTERN AND ITS TRENDS
BUYING BEHAVIOR OF CONSUMERS OF HOMEOPATHY DRUGS: AN ANALYSIS OF PATTERN AND ITS TRENDS Dr.N.Mohanraj Formerly Principal of Arumugam Pillai Seethai Ammal College, Tiruppattur 630 211, Sivagangai S.Amutha
More informationGender and advertising GENDER PORTRAYAL AND STEREOTYPING
Gender and advertising GENDER PORTRAYAL AND STEREOTYPING Gunilla Jarlbro Professor Department of Communication and Media Lund University Gunilla.Jarlbro@kom.lu.se Some concepts Gender - biological sex
More informationOREGON ELECTRICITY SURVEY
OREGON ELECTRICITY SURVEY by Stephen M. Johnson, Ph.D., Associate Director with the assistance of Kimberlee Langolf January 1999 OREGON SURVEY RESEARCH LABORATORY UNIVERSITY OF OREGON EUGENE OR 97403-5245
More informationGender and Sorting in the On-Demand Economy
Gender and Sorting in the On-Demand Economy By Zoë B. Cullen, John Eric Humphries, and Bobak Pakzad-Hurson The male-female earnings gap is persistent and pervasive across many sectors of the U.S. labor
More informationPerformance criteria
Performance criteria Q 7-03. What is the usefulness of performance criteria? With any complex and continuing problem such as state debt issuance, it is critical to employ performance criteria - set in
More informationMM07 Consumer Behaviour
MM07 Consumer Behaviour Assignment I Assignment Code : 2007MM07B1 Last Date of Submission : 30 th September 2007 Maximum Marks : 100 This assignment consists of 3 sections Section A (Four Short of 10 Marks
More informationThe Career Pictures of Workers in Their 50s: Considering Adult Career Development Using the Life-Line Method
The Career Pictures of Workers in Their 50s: Considering Adult Career Development Using the Life-Line Method Hideo Shimomura The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training In this study, a survey was
More informationEditorial: The power of panels
: The power of panels This Editorial seeks to provide a general overview of the nature of consumer panels. It begins by differentiating consumer panels from the more usual type of sample survey and discusses
More informationCHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The study tried to assess HRD practices and challenges in selected regional in Yangon International Airport. In this chapter the major findings of the study were analyzed
More informationIntegration of Work-life Issues with Respect to Female Employees
Journal of Economics and Business Research, ISSN: 2068-3537, E ISSN (online) 2069 9476, ISSN L = 2068 3537 Volume XVII, No. 2, 2011, pp. 44-50 Integration of Work-life Issues with Respect to Female Employees
More informationDartmouth College 2008 Staff Survey
Dartmouth College 2008 Staff Survey Data Analysis Solutions Prepared for: Dartmouth College Survey Overview Revised survey allowed for new questions and comparison to results from the 2006 Dartmouth College
More informationIn this study Chi-square is used test to find the association between two variables such as Demographic variables and the
Post purchase level of satisfaction varies with consumer s involvement and overtime. Specifically, high-involvement consumers tend to express a higher level of satisfaction immediately after purchase,
More informationCHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design The quantitative research was executed in the experiment. The conducted quantitave research, in the other hand, was designed by enacting survey, which in this
More informationFACES IV Package. Administration Manual. David H. Olson Ph.D. Dean M. Gorall Ph.D. Judy W. Tiesel Ph.D.
FACES IV Package Administration Manual David H. Olson Ph.D. Dean M. Gorall Ph.D. Judy W. Tiesel Ph.D. 2006 Version 3/07 2006 Life Innovations, Inc. Life Innovations P.O. Box 190 Minneapolis, MN 55440 FACES
More information[11] Impact of Glass Ceiling on Career Development of Women: A Study of Women Branch Managers in State Owned Commercial Banks in Sri Lanka
[11] Impact of Glass Ceiling on Career Development of Women: A Study of Women Branch Managers in State Owned Commercial Banks in Sri Lanka 100 Keenawinna, KAST and Sajeevanie, TL Abstract This study is
More informationRelationship Strength in Bank Services
Proceedings from 1994 Research Conference on Relationship Marketing, June 11-13, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Relationship Strength in Bank Services Tore Strandvik and Veronica Liljander 1 Swedish School of Economics
More information