Herbicide drift on potatoes is precarious

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1 Herbicide drift on potatoes is precarious ANDY ROBINSON, NELSON GEARY, HARLENE HATTERMAN-VALENTI 1 TOPICS Herbicide off-target principles Herbicides injury in potato Dicamba + glyphosate 2 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 1

2 INTRODUCTION Potatoes are sensitive to many herbicides Evidence: limited herbicide options for potato postemergence 4 EXPOSURE TO HERBICIDES Soil Carryover Particle drift (including inversions) Contamination of spraying equipment Contaminated water Volatilization Misapplication Spot spraying 5 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 2

3 FATE OF HERBICIDES Drift Particle Size Influence of droplet size on potential distance of drift Droplet diameter (microns) Type of droplet Time required to fall 10 feet Lateral distance droplets travel in falling 10 feet in a 3 mph wind 5 Fog 66 minutes 3 miles 20 Very fine spray 4.2 minutes 1,100 feet 100 Fine spray 10 seconds 44 feet 240 Medium spray 6 seconds 28 feet 400 Coarse spray 2 seconds 8.5 feet 1,000 Fine rain 1 second 4.7 feet 7 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 3

COVERAGE OF DROPLETS http://www.wilger.net/drop%20cat%20drop%20sizes.jpg 8 TANK RESIDUE CASE STUDY Water source Dicamba (ppb) Use rate (%) Spray tank 945 0.

4 COVERAGE OF DROPLETS 8 TANK RESIDUE CASE STUDY Water source Dicamba (ppb) Use rate (%) Spray tank % Spray tank after overnight % Spray boom 24, % Based on 1 pt/a Clarity applied in 15 gal/a. Spray tank cleaned out prior to test. (Boerboom, 2004) 10 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 4

Metribuzin injury 13 13 METRIBUZIN ACTIVITY More active in soils with: 1. ph > 7.5 2. Low organic matter 3.

6 Metribuzin injury METRIBUZIN ACTIVITY More active in soils with: 1. ph > Low organic matter 3. Stressed plants Foliar: symptoms can be severe when metribuzin is applied when plant metabolism is slowed, or within 3 days after periods of cool, wet, or cloudy weather Minnesota. All rights reserved. 6

GLYPHOSATE 1 ST GENERATION EXPOSURE Leaves may become

can be malformed Yields are often reduced 28 GLYPHOSATE 2 ND

and yellowing of leaves Multiple stems from an eye Cauliflower or

11 GLYPHOSATE 1 ST GENERATION EXPOSURE Leaves may become chlorotic/necrotic Reduction in plant height, leaf size Tubers can be malformed Yields are often reduced 28 GLYPHOSATE 2 ND GENERATION Erratic and slow emergence pattern Bending, twisting, and yellowing of leaves Multiple stems from an eye Cauliflower or candelabra formation of stems Enlarged stems 29 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 11

12 GLYPHOSATE 3 RD GENERATION Have not observed any symptoms 2 nd generation 3 rd generation 30 DICAMBA SOYBEAN Novel technology introducing dicamba and glyphosate soybean This is a big deal for specialty crop producers! It will allow in-season application of dicamba to tolerant crops. Potential for drift or off-site movement exists 31 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 12

13 DICAMBA INJURY SYMPTOMS Epinasty, stem twisting, and leaf cupping Stem swelling and elongation Can cause yield loss to potato 32 Red Norland Ivory Crisp Russet Burbank 0.3 L/ha dicamba, mid-bulking 33 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 13

14 Red Norland 0.3 L/ha Dicamba, mid-bulking DICAMBA APPLIED PREEMERGENCE ON POTATO YIELD Yield loss occurred from preemergence dicamba exposure to potato. Response to dicamba varied by location, indicating the importance of environment. (Seedfeldt et al., 2014) 35 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 14

15 YIELD LOSS FROM DICAMBA Dicamba applied to Russet Burbank reduced yield, regardless of PRE or POST timings. The 0.01 lb ai/a may have had a hormetic effect. Total yield of Russet Burbank following dicamba PRE and POST treatments (Leino and Haderlie, 1986) Non-treated Dicamba PRE 0.05 lb ai/a Dicamba PRE 0.5 lb ai/a Dicamba PRE 0.1 lb ai/a Dicamba POST 0.01 lb ai/a * Dicamba POST 0.05 lb ai/a Dicamba POST 0.1 lb ai/a *Light green bars indicate significant difference from non-treated (dark green) LSD = 57 at P= DICAMBA Roundup Ready 2 Xtend soybean Tolerance to glyphosate & dicamba Herbicide: Monsando: XtendiMax BASF: Engenia Will allow 2 PRE and 2 POST applications 37 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 15

16 LABEL LANGUAGE Most labels this herbicide may be Xtendimax = 40 statements DO NOT Engenia = 25 statements DO NOT Monsanto makes no warranty Buyer/use are solely responsible for damage Check website within 7 days of spraying 38 LABEL WHAT S IMPORTANT FOR POTATO? DO NOT apply when wind is blowing in the direction of neighboring specialty crops. This includes potato Can apply to R1, ~July 21 in ND 39 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 16

Dicamba + Glyphosate Study 2015 Treatments Glyphosate = 17%, 3.5% and 0.7% of 1.6 L/ha field rate Dicamba = 9%, 1.8% and 0.3% of 1.6 L/ha field rate Treatments Rate (L/ha) 1. Non-treated 0 2.

17 Dicamba + Glyphosate Study 2015 Treatments Glyphosate = 17%, 3.5% and 0.7% of 1.6 L/ha field rate Dicamba = 9%, 1.8% and 0.3% of 1.6 L/ha field rate Treatments Rate (L/ha) 1. Non-treated 0 2. Glyphosate Glyphosate Glyphosate Dicamba Dicamba Dicamba Glyphosate 0.4 Dicamba Glyphosate 0.07 Dicamba Glyphosate 0.02 Dicamba Materials and Methods 2015 Russet Burbank Location: Oakes, ND. Planted 22 May 2015 Application 7 July 2015 Harvested, graded and saved tubers 41 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 17

18 Materials and Methods 2016 Planted tubers treated in 2015 Oaks, ND: Planted 5 May Measurements Stand and stem count at 8 weeks after planting Graded yield & 2016 RESULTS 43 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 18

19 Stem and Stem stand and number stand number in 50 row in 50 feet row of feet Russet of Russet Burbank seed planted Burbank back with seed herbicide planted back residues with in herbicide Oakes, residues ND Non-treated Dicamba (0.01 L/ha) Glyphosate (0.02 L/ha) Dicamba (0.01 L/ha) + glyphosate (0.02 L/ha) Dicamba (0.04 L/ha) Glyphosate (0.07 L/ha) Dicamba (0.04 L/ha) + glyphosate (0.07 L/ha) Dicamba (0.2 L/ha) Glyphosate (0.4 L/ha) Dicamba (0.2 L/ha) + glyphosate (0.4 L/ha) Stand number Stem number 44 Marketable Marketable yield yield (cwt/a) (cwt/a) of Russet of Russettreated Burbank with treated dicamba with and glyphosate in 2015 and planted back in 2016 in dicamba and glyphosate in 2015 and planted back in 2016 in Oakes, ND. Oakes, ND. Non-treated Dicamba (0.01 L/ha) Glyphosate (0.02 L/ha) Dicamba (0.01 L/ha) + glyphosate (0.02 L/ha) a A a A a A a A Dicamba (0.04 L/ha) Glyphosate (0.07 L/ha) Dicamba (0.04 L/ha) + glyphosate (0.07 L/ha) Dicamba (0.2 L/ha) Glyphosate (0.4 L/ha) Dicamba (0.2 L/ha) + glyphosate (0.4 L/ha) B B c bc abc ab A a ab A A A Minnesota. All rights reserved. 19

Dicamba 0.04 L/ha + Glyphosate 0.07 L/ha 48 Tubers >6 oz (%) of Russet Burbank treated with dicamba and glyphosate in 2015 and planted back in 2016 in Oakes, ND. Non-treated D Dicamba (0.

21 Dicamba 0.04 L/ha + Glyphosate 0.07 L/ha 48 Tubers >6 oz (%) of Russet Burbank treated with dicamba and glyphosate in 2015 and planted back in 2016 in Oakes, ND. Non-treated D Dicamba (0.01 L/ha) C Glyphosate (0.02 L/ha) D Dicamba (0.01 L/ha) + glyphosate (0.02 L/ha) CD Dicamba (0.04 L/ha) AB Glyphosate (0.07 L/ha) CD Dicamba (0.04 L/ha) + glyphosate (0.07 L/ha) Dicamba (0.2 L/ha) AB AB Glyphosate (0.4 L/ha) B Dicamba (0.2 L/ha) + glyphosate (0.4 L/ha) A Minnesota. All rights reserved. 21

22 SUMMARY Glyphosate and dicamba reduced marketable yield and size over multiple years. These herbicides are not friendly to potato. 50 WHAT TO LOOK FOR Drift/Carryover Epinasty in the early foliage Tuber malformations Lab testing necessary to verify herbicide Seed with Residues Malformed seed Delayed emergence Twisting, bending of the foliage Lab testing needed to verify herbicide injury 51 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 22

23 HOW TO PROTECT POTATOES Talk with neighbors Dedicate a sprayer for potatoes using only potato friendly herbicides Plant borders around fields Train employees about herbicide problems Scout regularly and especially walk field edges Place signs around field 52 TAKE HOME MESSAGE Glyphosate and dicamba residues in tubers can cause yield losses in the 1st field generation affected and the next field generation if planted back. Potential losses could cost a lot of money! 53 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 23

Thank you. We acknowledge the North Dakota Specialty Crop Block Grant for helping to fund this work. Thank you to Eric Brandvik, Peter Ihry, and Collin Auwater for their technical assistance.

24 Thank you. We acknowledge the North Dakota Specialty Crop Block Grant for helping to fund this work. Thank you to Eric Brandvik, Peter Ihry, and Collin Auwater for their technical assistance. 54 MATRIX (RIMSULFURON) ph Water solubility increases as ph increases Broken down by acid hydrolysis ph > 6.8 = no hydrolysis As temperature increases and ph decreases below 6.8, hydrolysis increases. At ph > 6.8 increased herbicide activity 55 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 24

soil colloids and OM Inhibit cell division

26 Prowl injury 58 CHLOROACETAMIDES (DUAL/OUTLOOK) Bound to OM Broken down by soil microbes Breaks down quicker in warm temperatures Root & shoot inhibitor Outlook injury 59 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 26

27 Outlook injury 60 PPOS (REFLEX, CHATEAU) Weakly adsorbed by OM and clay Becomes available with soil moisture Mobility and availability for plant uptake increases as soil ph increases above 6.5 Cool or dry conditions reduce breakdown. Degradation by soil microbes 61 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 27

28 Reflex injury 62 CHATEAU (FLUMIOXAZIN) Adsorbs to OM and clay Weakly bound; becomes available with soil moisture. High precipitation can cause injury to shoots underground 63 Minnesota. All rights reserved. 28

Glyphosate. on Potatoes. Effect of A1642

Glyphosate. on Potatoes. Effect of A1642 A1642 Effect of Glyphosate on Potatoes Potatoes can have reduced yield and quality in the growing season when affected by glyphosate. Furthermore, seed potatoes can store glyphosate residues until the