Flue-cured Tobacco Layby Herbicide Evaluation
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1 Flue-cured Tobacco Layby Herbicide Evaluation N.E. Harrell Extension Agent, Wilson County B.M. Spivey County Extension Director, Johnston County
2 Background Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) is a competitive, fast growing weed. Capable of producing over 600,000 seed/plant Developed resistance to glyphosate, ALS inhibitors, and PPO inhibitors Large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) is also an issue late season for tobacco growers Both weeds are in the Top 10 for being the most common and troublesome weeds in North Carolina Tobacco Production Proceedings, Southern Weed Science Society, Volume 66:
3 Tobacco What is different? Intensive tillage
4 Intensive tillage
5 Tobacco What is different? Intensive tillage Limited selection of herbicides available
6 Tobacco Herbicides Timing Trade Names* Mode of Action PRE Transplant or PPI Command Devrinol Prowl 3.3 EC Prowl H2O Spartan 4F or Charge Tillam 13 Inhibition of carotenoid biosyntheis 17- Unknown 3 Microtubule assembly inhibition 14 PPO inhibition 8 Inhibition of lipid synthesis Post Poast 1 ACCase inhibition Post-Directed Aim 14 PPO inhibition Lay-by Devrinol 17 - Unknown Prowl 3.3 EC Prowl H2O 3 Microtubule assembly inhibition *Trade names are provided as a convenience. Generic brands also exist.
7 Tobacco What is different? Intensive tillage Limited selection of herbicides available Hand labor is available
8 Tobacco What is different? Intensive tillage Limited selection of herbicides available Hand labor is available Fast plant growth and large leaves
9 Tobacco What is different? Intensive tillage Limited selection of herbicides available Hand labor is available Fast plant growth and large leaves We harvest the canopy
10 Tobacco What is different? Intensive tillage Limited selection of herbicides available Hand labor is available Fast plant growth and large leaves We harvest the canopy Season long weed-free period is important
11 Tobacco What is different? Intensive tillage Limited selection of herbicides available Hand labor is available Fast plant growth and large leaves We harvest the canopy Season long weed-free period is important Mechanical harvest equipment can not separate weeds
12 Tobacco What is different? High value and high quality standards Leaf manufacturers have expressed concern regarding weed seed and vegetation in tobacco exports and consider it a NTRM
13 Objective To evaluate different herbicides and rates applied at layby for Palmer amaranth and grass control with three on-farm test locations Johnston County 2015 Johnston County and Wilson County
14 Herbicide Efficacy Ratings Weed Species Devrinol 1 Prowl H2O 2 Dual Magnum 3 Crabgrass E G E Pigweed G FG G Palmer amaranth PF FG Ratings from 2015 North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual 1. Tobacco weed control - PPI 2. Cotton weed control - PRE 3. Soybeans weed control - PRE
15 Napropamide (Devrinol) 6 month plantback for cereal grains If rainfall does not occur within 5 days after application, treatment must be shallowly incorporated. Degradation: In soil, degradation by microbes is slow. Breakdown by the action of sunlight however, speeds the process and is an important avenue of loss of the compound from soil. 1 1 Cornell Extension Toxicology Network
16 Pendimethalin (Prowl) Rotational concerns for wheat depend on rate and rainfall Use of other dinitroanilines in tobacco Sucker control - flumetralin Degradation: not subject to microbial degradation. Slight losses can result from photodecomposition and volatilization. 1 1 Cornell Extension Toxicology Network
17 Metolachlor (Dual Magnum) Rotational restriction: 4.5 months on small grains Different MOA than other labeled herbicides in tobacco Degradation: Mobile in the soil, easily leached, and resists breakdown for long periods of time. 1 1 Cornell Extension Toxicology Network
18 Materials and Methods Experimental design: RCB Replications: 4 Plots were 4 rows, 25 feet in length 10 treatments Herbicide: Spartan 4F at 7 oz/a PRE-T and Command 3ME at 1.5 pt/a POST. Applications were made with CO2 backpack sprayer with one 8003 EVS spray nozzle at 30 psi delivering 17.2 GPA Herbicides were applied to 28 band
19 Treatments 2014 Treatment Untreated Devrinol 2-XT Devrinol 2-XT Prowl H2O Prowl H2O Prowl H2O Dual Magnum Dual Magnum Dual Magnum Envoke Applied June 6 Rate per acre 2.0 qts 4.0 qts 1.0 pt 1.6 pt 2.1 pt 0.75 pt 1.0 pt 1.5 pt 0.25 oz
20 Materials and Methods 2015 Experimental design: RCB with 4 reps Plots were 2 rows, 25 feet in length 7 treatments Applications were made with CO2 backpack sprayer with one Floodjet TF-2 spray nozzle at 20 psi delivering 12.6 GPA Herbicides were applied to row middles, stalk to stalk
21 Materials and Methods 2015 Johnston County Herbicides - Spartan 4F at 7 oz/a PRE-T and Command 3 ME at 1.5 pt/a POST Wilson County location: PRE Transplant herbicides - Spartan 4F at 6 oz/a and Command 3 ME at 1.5 pt/a No weed pressure after layby Followed guidelines for smoke flavor evaluation All stalk positions of Untreated check, Dual Magnum 1.0 pt/a, and Dual Magnum 2.0 pt/a were hand harvested, separated and cured.
22 Treatments Johnston County Wilson County Treatment Rate per acre Treatment Rate per acre Untreated Devrinol 2-XT 2.0 qts Untreated Devrinol 2-XT 2.0 qts Devrinol 2-XT 4.0 qts Devrinol 2-XT 4.0 qts Prowl H2O 1.0 pt Prowl H2O 1.0 pt Prowl H2O 1.5 pt Prowl H2O 1.5 pt Prowl H2O 2.0 pt Dual Magnum 1.0 pt Dual Magnum 1.0 pt Dual Magnum 2.0 pt Applied June 5 Applied June 25
23 Large Crabgrass control % Large Crabgrass control Final harvest Untreated 0 Devrinol 2 qts/a Devrinol 4 qts/a Prowl H2O 1 pt/a Prowl H2O 1.6 pt/a Prowl H2O 2.1 pt/a Dual Magnum 0.75 pt/a Dual Magnum 1 pt/a Dual Magnum 1.5 pt/a Envoke 0.25 oz/a 15 e de de *3 months after application de cd bcd abc ab a a
24 Layby On-Farm Test 2014 Untreated check Prowl H2O 2.1 pt/a
25 Tobacco Herbicide layby on-farm test PRE Herbicide: Spartan + Command Layby treatment applications made on June 6 10 treatments Received 0.5 rain 4 days after application Pictures are 3 months after application Untreated layby check
26 Layby on-farm test Devrinol 2 qt/a Devrinol 4 qt/a
27 Layby on-farm test Prowl H pt/a Prowl H pt/a
28 Layby on-farm test Dual Magnum 1 pt/a Envoke 0.25 oz/a
29 Palmer Amaranth control % Palmer amaranth control Final harvest Untreated 0 bc Devrinol 2 qts/a 0 c Devrinol 4 qts/a 10 bc Prowl H2O 1.0 pt/a 40 abc Prowl H2O 1.5 pt/a 35 abc Prowl H2O 2.0 pt/a 42 Dual Magnum 1.0 pt/a *Johnston County location ab a
30 Layby on-farm test Devrinol 4qt/a Prowl 2pt/a Dual Magnum 1 pt/a
31 Conclusions All treatments provided some level of control, except the low rate of Devrinol in Dual Magnum provided numerically the best Palmer amaranth and Large crabgrass control No phytotoxicity was observed from any herbicide application at all locations
32 Conclusions Dual Magnum would be a great herbicide available for layby application Weed control No rotational concerns Cost per acre Use in other crops No phytotoxicity observed at layby Different MOA Extended weed control late into the season Smoke flavor evaluation to proceed, need additional location in Section 24C label would be very beneficial to tobacco growers
33 Support NC State Crop Science tobacco group Tim Davis Farms Wilson Co. Mark Wellons Farms Johnston Co.
34 Large Crabgrass control % Large Crabgrass control - 3 WAT Untreated Devrinol 2 qts/a Devrinol 4 qts/a Prowl H2O 1 pt/a Prowl H2O 1.6 pt/a Prowl H2O 2.1 pt/a Dual Magnum 0.75 pt/a Dual Magnum 1 pt/a Dual Magnum 1.5 pt/a Envoke 0.25 oz/a 0 d bc ab c ab ab ab a a abc
35 Layby herbicide application
36 Season long weed control needed
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