Cassava Production in Lao PDR and Myanmar

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1 Future Prospects for Tapioca Production and Trade in ASEAN Cassava Production in Lao PDR and Myanmar Tin Maung Aye Cassava agronomist and soil scientist CIAT-Asia

2 Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Magic Plant

3 Cassava production in Southeast and Eastern Asia

4 In Lao PDR and Myanmar Cassava is traditionally grown as a subsistence crop, it is one of the main sources of food calories for many ethnic groups, especially those living in remote mountain areas

5 Cassava in Lao PDR and Myanmar

6 Traditional Production Systems Planted on a wide rage of soils at early wet season with traditional methods Produced mainly by smallholder farmers with locally available varieties Generally apply little inputs on the soils Resulting in low yields and soil nutrient depletion

7 Locally available cassava varieties in Myanmar Bangkok Hinthada local Japan Mon local Yoe Sein Malaysia Shwepyitha Singapore Shweli Pankalaw Japan variety Pankalaw variety Malaysia variety Singapore variety

8 Farmers grow cassava on marginal soils..

9 Farmers grow cassava on sloping lands..

10 Potential severe soil erosion

11 Heavy mechanization..

12 Current production systems Grown as mainly for industrial uses such as starch and alcohol Cassava becomes as a Cash crop for smallholder farmers Still farmers do not apply optimum inputs for sustainable cassava production

13 Harvested area Emerging producers (CLM) 400, , , , , , ,000 Cambodia Lao People's Democratic Republic Myanmar 50,000 0 Rapid expansion means rapid movement of planting material

14 In large areas of Lao PDR and Myanmar, cassava has been growing in soils that are too infertile for other crops or soils that have been depleted by other crops under suitable climatic conditions It is frequently cultivated on the highly weathered and leached Oxisols (Ferralsols) and Ultisols (Acrisols and Nitosols)

15 Cassava production constraints Many farmers grow local varieties on poor soils with prolong dry periods Mono or mixed with many other crops But not right plant spacing and arrangements Little knowledge about how to grow cassava better Emerging pests and diseases Usually get low yields and decline in soil fertility

16 Different planting density and methods Planting methods (Mount, Ridge or furrow) Plant population ( ,000 per ha)

17 Cassava area, yield and production in Lao PDR Name Harvested Area (ha) Yield (t/ha) Production (t) Northern Phongsaly Luangnamtha Oudomxay Bokeo Luanprabang Huaphanh Xayabury Central Vientiane C Xiengkhuang Vientiane Borikhamxay Khammuane Savannakhet Southern Saravanh Sekong Champasack Attapeu Total Source: Agricultural Statistics Year Book 2013, MAF

18 Cassava areas in Lao PDR

19 Cassava area, yield and production in Myanmar (latest available figures) State/Division Sown Area (ha) Yield (t/ha) Production (t) Ayerawady 14, ,298 Bago 1, ,599 Chin Kachin 22, ,099 Kayah Kayin ,598 Magway Mandalay Mon ,111 Rakhine ,862 Sagaing 1, ,831 Shan 1, ,540 Taninthayi ,683 Yangon ,273 Total 43, ,371 Area, yield and production ( ) Total 16, ,224

20 Land Resource and Its Utilization in Myanmar Land Use Area (million ha) Percentage Net sown area Fallow land Cultivable waste land Reserved forests Other forests Others Total Source: MOAI 2014 Potential expansion of new agriculture land remains more than 5 million ha

21 Opportunities from improved cassava production Production in Lao PDR and Myanmar o Production still small, but expanding along with processing

22 Weather and climate

23 Crop substitution? o Rainfed upland areas have benefited more as a result of crop diversification in favor of cassava crop by substituting inferior upland rice

24 Cassava variety evaluation trial in Lao PDR (2006/07 and 2007/08 ) Cassava variety Roots yield (t/ha) Starch content (%) Starch yield (t/ha) KU Rayong Rayong KM Rayong Rayong NARC Ba Trang Hanatee NARC Vinh Phu NARC Nep Green Oudomxay

25 Root Yield (t/ha) Preliminary Result of Cassava Yield Trials in Myanmar (2010/11) KM-98-1 Tatkone Naungmon Nyung Oo Rayong 72 KU 50 SC 5 Local variety B Local variety A

26 Yield Potential of Cassava in Lao PDR and Myanmar Estimated yield gap (t/ha) Laos (± 20 t/ha) Myanmar (± 12 t/ha) Attainable yield (± 30 t/ha) Y X

27 Average Rainfall and Variability Source: Johnston et al. IWMI, CIAT, Sida (2012)

28 Bioclimatic Crop Suitability using EcoCrop

29 Demand for commercial cassava production Extremely rapid growth rates in utilization of cassava in the Southeast Asia countries as well as other countries particularly China Aims for production of cassava roots Local animal feed Feed processing Starch and modified starch processing Sweeteners Bio-ethanol, etc. Great potential domestic and export markets as dry chips and/or process into value-added products at factories

30 The governments have promoted contract farming as a vehicle for rural development.. which establishes conditions for the cassava production and marketing. Typically, the farmer agrees to provide agreed quantities of a specific cassava product (i.e fresh roots, chips, etc.) Sometimes it involves the buyer specifying the quality required and the price, with the farmer agreeing to deliver at a future date Great potential for smallholder farmers and buyers (investors) as contract farming has significant benefits for both the farmers and investors

31 Major Roads Local feeder roads Transport / Collectors Access to Markets

32 Public/Private Sector Partnership is also important to develop the agriculture sector There may have some challenges for Public/Private Sector Coordination Agro-industries, traders, government and development partners can facilitate agriculture production to satisfy domestic consumers and exporters requirements through extension Such as dissemination of quality seeds and fertilizers, access to other inputs, contracts, market information, etc.

33 World class cassava gemplasm bank in CIAT More than 6,000 varieties A B

34 Eco-efficient agriculture to improve livelihoods in Asia Website: Blog: Follow us: