Strategic Rice Cultivation for Sustainable Low Carbon Society Development in South East Asia

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Strategic Rice Cultivation for Sustainable Low Carbon Society Development in South East Asia Dr Sebastien Bonnet The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment Capacity Building Workshop on:

1 Strategic Rice Cultivation for Sustainable Low Carbon Society Development in South East Asia Dr Sebastien Bonnet The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment Capacity Building Workshop on: Strategic rice cultivation with energy crop rotation in Southeast Asia A path toward climate change mitigation in the agricultural sector May 2013, Pullman King Power Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand

The Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research - APN APN: The Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research APN is a network of 22 member countries promoting global change research in the

2 The Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research - APN APN: The Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research APN is a network of 22 member countries promoting global change research in the region and strengthening interactions between scientists and policymakers The APN funds its research programmes based on an annual open call for proposals under its regional research and capacity development programmes (ARCP and CAPaBLE). ARCP: Asia Pacific Network - Annual Regional Call for Research Proposals ARCP is one of the scientific pillars of the APN to encourage and promote global change research in the Asia-Pacific region, establishing a sound scientific basis for policy-making.

3 APN-ARCP project led by JGSEE Project title: Strategic Rice Cultivation for Sustainable Low Carbon Society Development in South East Asia Project duration: 2 years Budget: 40,000 USD per year Organizations involved: The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE), Thailand Lead organization (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sirintornthep Towprayoon) The National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences (NIAES), Japan Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

4 Project objectives The overall goal of the project is to identify strategic rice cultivation practices enabling SEA to develop towards a sustainable low carbon society while enhancing the adaptive capacity in the agriculture sector The specific objectives are: To develop long-term field studies to measure, monitor and evaluate the impacts of various cultivation practices on climate change and identify potential adaptive measures and mitigation options To identify strategic rice cultivation practices, in rotation with selected energy crops, enabling to fully utilize the rice plantation fallow period and therefore to optimize rice and energy feedstock production To enhance regional capacity of scientists and policy makers in SEA for sustainable low carbon development of their society

scientists and policy-makers in SEA Project activities Activity III: Capacity assessment of GHG emissions and carbon stock from

5 Activity I: Review of rice cultivation practices and use of energy crops for rotation in SEA Activity II: Long-term monitoring of GHG emissions and soil carbon dynamics from rice cultivation and utilization energy crops for rotation Activity V: Knowledge dissemination to scientists and policy-makers in SEA Project activities Activity III: Capacity assessment of GHG emissions and carbon stock from sustainable cultivation practices in SEA Activity IV: Long-term soil carbon dynamics assessment of sustainable low carbon cultivation using process model

6 Activity I: Review of rice cultivation practices and use of energy crops for rotation in SEA Description of Tasks Review of information on current rice cultivation practices in SEA and state-ofthe-art of regional traditional practices as well as potential for introducing selected energy crops to be cultivated in rotation with rice. Involvement of SEA experts in the agricultural sector to contribute information to the review study as part of an expert meeting organised in Thailand by JGSEE Deliverables Report on the state-of-the-art of rice cultivation practices and use of energy crops as the potential rotation crops for SEA countries. Database of rice cultivation practices in SEA Identification of country specific rice cultivation practices and potentials for energy crop cultivation in SEA countries Background data for preparation of Activity II and III

7 Activity I: Review of rice cultivation practices and use of energy crops for rotation in SEA Literature survey to assess current practices of rice cultivation in SEA including land management. Review supported with a questionnaire survey (in Thailand and Indonesia) to collect information from farmers regarding their agricultural practices and assessing potentials for rotation with selected energy crops, i.e. maize and sorghum. Expert meeting organized by JGSEE in June 2011 gathering selected experts from SEA countries including: Indonesia, Japan, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Vietnam and Thailand to help evaluating and confirming the results from the literature review. Production of a Report on: State-of-the-art of rice cultivation practices in SEA and rotation with energy crops. Presentation on Rice Cultivation and Potential Areas for Rotation with Energy Crops in South-east Asia at the 17 th Inter-Governmental Meeting (IGM) and Scientific Planning Group (SPG) Meeting in Jakarta (Indonesia), on 14 March 2012.

8 Expert Meeting on State-of-the-Art of Rice Cultivation Practices in South-East Asia 2-3 June 2011 JGSEE, Bangkok, Thailand Under APN-ARCP Funded Project on: Rice Cultivation for Sustainable Low Carbon Society Development in South-East Asia Organized by The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE) Participants Thailand Card technique Japan Cambodia Indonesia Myanmar

9 Activity I: Report on State-of-the-art of rice cultivation practices for selected countries in SEA and rotation with energy crops The report provides background information on statistics of rice cultivation in selected SEA countries including harvested area, production, yield, trade as well as rice varieties and ecosystems The report also provides country specific information for : Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam The information reviewed and reported includes: Rice variety Agro-cosystem Land preparation Rice plantation and cultivation practices (water, fertiliser, pesticide, etc.) Harvesting method Management of rice residues Rotation crops Soil organic carbon Socio-economic status of farmers

10 Activity I: Overview on rice production Rice is grown in more than 100 countries Global rice plantation covering 12.5% of total crop plantation area The global rice area harvested at present represents more than 150 Mha, but the amount of land used for rice is less, in the order of about 125 million hectares, because in some fields farmers plant two, or even three, rice crops each year, Annual production is nearing 630 Mt of rough (unmilled) rice 95 kg for each person on Earth

11 Activity I: Overview on rice production Rice is most closely associated with South, Southeast, and East Asia, where 90% of the world's rice is produced. Almost half of the global rice area is in India and China, the 2 largest world producer of rice The eight countries with the largest area of rice are all in South and Southeast Asia (80%), including: India, China, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, and the Philippines 30 % of the global rice area is found in SEA

12 Overview harvested area of rice in SEA

15 Activity I: Rice agro-ecosystems There are primarily four agro-ecosystems where rice is grown: Irrigated rice (80 Mha, 75% global rice production, typically found in China, Japan, Indonesia, Vietnam and Korea) Rainfed lowlands (60 Mha (46Mha in Asia), 20% global rice production, typically found in eastern India and SEA) Upland rice (14Mha, 4% global rice production, typically found in Indonesia, the Philippines and Southwest China) Flood prone ecosystem (11Mha, 1% global rice production, typically found in Bangladesh, the Irrawaddy of Myanmar, the Mekong region of Vietnam and Cambodia, and the Chao Phraya basin of Thailand)

16 Activity I: Main features of rice production in SEA Cultivation practices of rice in SEA do not differ much. Climate is a factor that classifies rice cultivation into wet and dry season, and each country in SEA refers to wet and dry season in a different way, e.g. Wet season of rice (WS) and dry season of rice (DS) in Cambodia; Monsoon rice and summer rice in Myanmar; and Major rice and second rice in Thailand. There are 2 main planting methods used for rice, Broadcasting - large scale production, not labor intensive Transplanting - traditional method, labour intensive, found mainly in NE of Thailand, small farms in Cambodia, most areas in Lao PDR, 80% of rice farms in Myanmar, and traditional farms in Vietnam).

17 Activity I: Main features of rice production in SEA Chemical fertilizers are applied in paddy fields in most SEA countries, especially for rice cultivated via modern methods. For traditional farming in mountainous areas, organic fertilizers are still mainly applied. The harvesting of rice can be performed either manually (using sickles) or by machine. In SEA, harvesting machines are mainly used in lowland areas (dominant in ASEAN) easy of access. Rotation crops are planted mostly in non-irrigated paddy fields during the fallow period and with enough water for cultivation. The rotation crops are legumes, fruits, and vegetable.

18 Activity II: Long-term monitoring of GHG emissions and soil carbon dynamics from rice cultivation and rotation with selected energy crops Description of Tasks Assessment of GHG emissions and soil carbon dynamics associated to rice cultivation and rotation with selected energy crops (corn and sorghum) during fallow period at KMUTT - Ratchaburi campus experimental site (Thailand) Continuous monitoring of trace gas emissions, soil carbon stock, biological and physical parameters associated to aboveground and below-ground biomass Deliverables long-term monitoring data on GHG emissions and soil carbon dynamics associated to rice cultivation and rotation with corn and sorghum. Comparative evaluation of specific crop rotation practices in terms of carbon cycle, economics, social benefits, potential barriers, etc. Identification of potentially sustainable rice-energy crop cultivation practices under welldefined conditions

Activity II: Field experiments in Ratchaburi Year 2010

10 11 12 RF Fallow land Rainfed Rice Fallow land

Rice Rainfed Rice RC Corn Rainfed Rice Corn Rainfed

Rainfed Rice RS RF RS RF RR RR RR RR RF RC Rotation RF

19 Activity II: Field experiments in Ratchaburi Year Month RF Fallow land Rainfed Rice Fallow land Rainfed Rice RR Irrigated Rice Rainfed Rice Irrigated Rice Rainfed Rice RC Corn Rainfed Rice Corn Rainfed Rice RS Sweet sorghum Rainfed Rice Sweet sorghum Rainfed Rice RS RF RS RF RR RR RR RR RF RC Rotation RF RC RC RS RC RS energy crop rainfed rice (February-June) (August-December)

20 Activity II: GHG emissions monitoring

SCB (g C m -2 ) Activity II: Soil carbon budget C balance 700 600 500 415.11 150.37 542.28-68.

21 SCB (g C m -2 ) Activity II: Soil carbon budget C balance RC RF RR RS 4th crop 3rd crop nd crop 1st crop RC RF RR RS Remark: RC is corn-rice-corn-rice cropping system. RF is fallow-rice-fallow-rice cropping system. RR is rice-rice-rice-rice cropping system. RS is sorghum-rice-sorghum-rice cropping system - Manure incorporation for the1 st and 2 nd crop was the main contributor to carbon input into the soil. - Crop residue incorporation for the 3 rd and 4 th crop was the main contributor to carbon input into the soil. - In case of rotation with energy crop, corn provided the highest benefit in terms of soil carbon budget for the 4 th crop (second year of cultivation).

22 Activity II: Comparative evaluation of specific crop rotation practices Carbon cycle: The cultivation system of corn rotation with rainfed rice enabled to achieve the highest soil carbon sequestration benefit (after 4 th crop harvesting). This is due mainly to the organic matter added to the soil in the form of manure and crop residue re-incorporation. Some socio-economic benefits: Double cropping systems (rice-rice or rice with another crop) enable to enhance farmers income as compared to single crop. Income to farmers for the cropping systems investigated in this research were estimated, as follows: For rice-rice cropping systems: 21,469-50,226 THB/ha/year For corn-rice rotation systems: 22,749-51,017 THB/ha/year For sweet sorghum-rice rotation systems: 18,029-58,581 THB/ha/year Crop rotation systems not only contribute to provide more income to farmers but also job opportunity in the agricultural sector.

23 Activity III: Capacity assessment of GHG emissions and soil carbon stock from sustainable cultivation practices in SEA Description of Tasks Assessment of the capacity of C budget in terms of emissions and soil carbon stock of rice fields in SEA using ALU software Assessment of potential mitigation options based on different cultivation scenarios Deliverables GIS based maps of GHG emissions and carbon stock from rice fields for selected cultivation practices in SEA Database of GHG emissions inventory using ALU software Assessment of C budget of the rice cultivation systems investigated under existing situation and rotation with energy crops

24 Activity III: Spatial distribution of paddy rice cultivation area in SEA (2002) Reference: X. Xiao et al. / Remote Sensing of Environment (2006)

25 Activity III: Rice cultivation area vs. Agro-ecosystems in SEA Rice Cultivation Area in SEA (1,000 ha) Country Irrigated rice a Rainfed lowland rice Upland rice Flood prone Cambodia 154 1, Indonesia 6,154 4,015 1, Laos Malaysia Myanmar 1,124 4, Philippines 2,334 1, Thailand 2,075 6, Vietnam 3,687 1, Total 16,015 19,827 2,318 2,134 a Irrigated rice = 2.5 crops/yr Reference: IRRI Rice Facts, 2002

150,000 100,000 87,480 71,542 121,519 N2O Direct from synthetic fertiliser

26 GHG Emissions from Rice Filed (Gg CO 2 -e/yr) Activity III: Assessment of the GHG emissions of rice fields in SEA 250, , , , , ,000 87,480 71, ,519 N2O Direct from synthetic fertiliser N N2O Direct from N in Crop residue 50,000 16,414 4,041 16,196 Rice Methane -

2,500,000 2,373,512 2,000,000 1,878,940 1,672,474 1,500,000 1,340,995 Flood

27 Soil Organic Carbon Stock from Rice fields in SEA (Gg CO2-e) Activity III: Assessment of the soil organic carbon stock of rice fields in SEA (Yr 2030) 2,500,000 2,373,512 2,000,000 1,878,940 1,672,474 1,500,000 1,340,995 Flood prone 1,000, , , ,085 Upland rice Rainfed lowland rice Irrigated rice 109,061 -

GHG Emissions and Soil Organic Carbon Stock Change of rice fields in SEA (Gg CO2-e/yr) Activity III: Assessment of the carbon budget of rice fields in SEA 275,000 240,080 225,000 175,000 143,756

28 GHG Emissions and Soil Organic Carbon Stock Change of rice fields in SEA (Gg CO2-e/yr) Activity III: Assessment of the carbon budget of rice fields in SEA 275, , , , , ,519 Soil Organic C Stocks Change in SEA (Gg CO2- e/yr) 125,000 75,000 87,480 71,542 GHG Emission of Rice Fields (Gg CO2-e/yr) 25,000 16, ,000-1, ,041 16,196-4,749-2,493-8,348-5,759

29 Activity III: GIS based maps of GHG emissions from rice fields: Case of Thailand and Vietnam GHG Emission from Rice Fields GHG Emission from Rice Field Grid Size = 10 km x 10 km

30 Activity III: GIS based maps of carbon stock of rice fields: Case of Thailand and Vietnam

31 Activity III: Assessment of potential mitigation options based on different scenarios Month RF Fallow land Rainfed Rice RI Irrigated Rice Rainfed Rice RC Corn Rainfed Rice RS Sweet sorghum Rainfed Rice

GHG Emission from Rice Fields (Gg CO2-e) Activity III: Assessment of potential mitigation options based on different scenarios - Thailand 200,000 180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000

32 GHG Emission from Rice Fields (Gg CO2-e) Activity III: Assessment of potential mitigation options based on different scenarios - Thailand 200, , , , , ,000 94, , ,219 Soil N2O Emission from synthetic fertiliser N and Crop Residue 80,000 60,000 53,103 CH4 Rice cultivation 40,000 20,000 42,559 64,268 42,559 42,559 - RF RI RC RS Scenario

- Thailand Assessment of total GHG emission RF

33 Activity III: Assessment of potential mitigation options based on different scenarios - Thailand Assessment of total GHG emission mitigation options based on different scenarios RF RI RC RS

GHG Emission and Soil Organic C Stock Change of Rice Fileds in Thailand (Gg CO2-e / yr) Activity III: Assessment of potential mitigation options based on different scenarios - Thailand 200,000

34 GHG Emission and Soil Organic C Stock Change of Rice Fileds in Thailand (Gg CO2-e / yr) Activity III: Assessment of potential mitigation options based on different scenarios - Thailand 200, ,000 2,747 2,095 In case of Thailand 160, ,000 1,949 Soil Organic C Stocks Change 120, ,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 1,116 51,838 42,559 91, , ,975 64,268 42,559 42,559 Soil N2O Emission from synthetic fertiliser N Soil N2O Emission from N in Crop Residue CH4 Rice cultivation - -20,000-8,103-8,103-8,103-8,103 RF RI RC RS Scenarios

35 Activity IV: Long-term soil carbon dynamics assessment of sustainable low carbon cultivation using process model Description of Tasks Assessment of long-term soil carbon dynamics of sustainable low carbon cultivation using DNDC model Assessment of long-term soil carbon storage and sequestration of specific riceenergy crop systems based on monitoring and modeling data. Use of Relevant data generated from activity II as input to DNDC for analyzing the timeseries change in carbon storage vs. the corresponding GHGs emissions. Deliverables Informative data on long-term soil carbon storage incl. rotation with selected energy crops and cultivation practices Comparative assessment of soil carbon sequestration for selected rice-energy crop rotation systems Assessment of appropriate cultivation practices as mitigation options for reduced carbon emissions in the agricultural sector

36 Climate data Activity IV: Data Input: Site mode of DNDC model Soil data Crop data Farming management

37 Example; Corn-Rice Activity IV: DNDC simulation results

38 Methane emissions (kg C /ha/day) 1-Jan-10 1-Feb-10 1-Mar-10 1-Apr-10 1-May-10 1-Jun-10 1-Jul-10 1-Aug-10 1-Sep-10 1-Oct-10 1-Nov-10 1-Dec-10 1-Jan-11 1-Feb-11 1-Mar-11 1-Apr-11 1-May-11 1-Jun-11 1-Jul-11 1-Aug-11 1-Sep-11 1-Oct-11 1-Nov-11 1-Dec-11 Methane emissions (kg C /ha/day) 1-Jan-10 1-Feb-10 1-Mar-10 1-Apr-10 1-May-10 1-Jun-10 1-Jul-10 1-Aug-10 1-Sep-10 1-Oct-10 1-Nov-10 1-Dec-10 1-Jan-11 1-Feb-11 1-Mar-11 1-Apr-11 1-May-11 1-Jun-11 1-Jul-11 1-Aug-11 1-Sep-11 1-Oct-11 1-Nov-11 1-Dec-11 Methane emissions (kg C /ha/day) 1-Jan-10 1-Feb-10 1-Mar-10 1-Apr-10 1-May-10 1-Jun-10 1-Jul-10 1-Aug-10 1-Sep-10 1-Oct-10 1-Nov-10 1-Dec-10 1-Jan-11 1-Feb-11 1-Mar-11 1-Apr-11 1-May-11 1-Jun-11 1-Jul-11 1-Aug-11 1-Sep-11 1-Oct-11 1-Nov-11 1-Dec-11 Methane emissions (kg C /ha/day) 1-Jan-10 1-Feb-10 1-Mar-10 1-Apr-10 1-May-10 1-Jun-10 1-Jul-10 1-Aug-10 1-Sep-10 1-Oct-10 1-Nov-10 1-Dec-10 1-Jan-11 1-Feb-11 1-Mar-11 1-Apr-11 1-May-11 1-Jun-11 1-Jul-11 1-Aug-11 1-Sep-11 1-Oct-11 1-Nov-11 1-Dec-11 Activity IV: Comparison between observation and DNDC simulations of daily pattern of CH 4 emissions from crop rotation systems Fallow- Rice-Fallow-Rice Corn- Rice-Corn-Rice Observed Simulated Observed Simulated Falllow Rice Fallow Rice Corn Rice Corn Rice days days Rice- Rice-Rice-Rice Sorghum- Rice-Sorghum-Rice Observed Simulated Observed Simulated Rice Rice Rice Rice Sorghum Rice Sorghum Rice days days

39 kg C /ha/ year kg C /ha/ day Activity IV: Long-term DNDC simulations for CH 4 emissions CH 4 Flux in year fallow-rice corn-rice rice-rice sorghum-rice ม.ค ม.ค พ.ค ก.ค ก.ย พ.ย ม.ค ม.ค พ.ค ก.ค ก.ย พ.ย.-11 CH 4 Flux in year Fallow-Rice Corn-Rice Rice-Rice Sorghum-Rice

40 kg C /ha/ year Modeled SOC (kg C/ha) Field_SOC (kg C/ha) Activity IV: DNDC validation; soil organic carbon stock SOC stock in year RF (model) RR (model) RC (model) RS (model) RF (field) RR (field) RC (field) RS (field) SOC stock in year Fallow-Rice Rice-Rice Corn-Rice Sorghum-Rice

Training Workshop: Capacity Building on Estimation of GHG Emissions from Rice Fields-The Application of DNDC Model Objective: Providing participants with an improved understanding of carbon

41 Training Workshop: Capacity Building on Estimation of GHG Emissions from Rice Fields-The Application of DNDC Model Objective: Providing participants with an improved understanding of carbon and nitrogen biogeochemistry in agro-ecosystem and enhanced knowledge of spatio-temporal dynamics of GHGs from rice fields Participants: Researchers involved in ARCP-APN project and JGSEE students

42 Activity V: Knowledge dissemination to scientists and policy-makers in SEA Description of Tasks Capacity building workshop for knowledge transfer to scientists and policy-makers in SEA regarding the strategic approach to follow for sustainable rice cultivation i.e. reducing GHG emissions while increasing energy crop production. Deliverables Capacity building of scientists on inventories of GHG emissions and soil organic carbon stock using ALU and DNDC. Capacity building of scientists and policy-makers on mitigation options in the agricultural sector for a low carbon society.

43 Capacity Building Workshop on: Strategic rice cultivation with energy crop rotation in SEA A path toward climate change mitigation in the agricultural sector May 2013 Pullman Bangkok King Power Hotel

Introduction to the project

Introduction to the project Strategic Rice Cultivation for Sustainable Low Carbon Society Development in South East Asia ARCP2010 17NMY Towprayoon Expert meeting on State of the Art of Rice Cultivation