Energy Efficiency in Field Operations
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1 Energy Efficiency in Field Operations National Energy Conference 2012 Dermot Forristal Teagasc CELUP Oak Park Crops Research
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4 Field Operations Significant Impact on Fuel/Energy Use Impacts on Costs Impacts on Carbon Footprint/Balance Focus on Fuel Use
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6 Outline Know your Fuel Use Fuel factors and Fuel Saving options Non- Machine Machine Tillage Examples, Grass Examples Choose and Use Wisely
7 Cereal: plough to harvest 85 litres/ha Costs /ha. 400 Fuel price and costs Fuel 250 Repairs 200 Interest 150 Depreciation c/l 50c/l 75c/l 100c/l Fuel Price
8 Know your fuel use Accurate Information Scarce National and Farm level Std Figures limited Record annual fuel use Stocks and Contractor use: challenging Total annual info difficult to analyse Single-operation analysis (e.g. Plough):
9 Single Operation analysis (Plough) Bulk meter Brim to Brim Tractor fuel monitor
10 Non-Machine Factors Soil type heavier soils more fuel! Crop Choice (other factors determine) Weather Distance between land blocks Size of blocks Block cropping Field size/shape
11 Land Distance and costs + 150/ha (9ha) 21 km 3.2 km + 22/ha (9ha) Farm base 150/ha extra total 28 km Approx 58 litre/ha extra fuel >50% extra fuel! + 71/ha (17ha) 5 km Yard Factors: Block distance, size, crops. Base locations Costs: Fuel, Labour, Depreciation, Repairs
12 Machine Fuel Saving Options Change of System Machine Type and Setting Matching machines within System Tractors / Power Units Operation in the Field Ground drive and Tyres (Tillage) Grassland
13 Double benefit! Fuel in Field operations = Work done Reduce fuel: Can Reduce Other Costs Also e.g. Machine wear Depreciation Frequently less Labour 2-3 x Fuel saving
14 Changing system Tillage System Step Change Possible Fuel/Energy proportional to: Tillage Intensity Tillage Depth
15 Plough 225mm deep + Secondary cultivation + Sowing + Rolling
16 Min-till 80mm deep + Cultivator drill
17 Minimum Tillage and Fuel Fuel l/ha Plough one pass Roll Till/Sow Primary Plough/Drill Min till (1) Min till (2)
18 Min- Till Fuel Savings Less than 50% fuel (20 litre/ha saving) but: Other factors: Grass weeds Autumn establishment in wetter climate Sustainability Deeper Min-till: more fuel Direct Drilling Further fuel saving possible But further challenges partic in Our climate
19 Machine Fuel Saving Options Change of System Machine Type and Setting Matching machines within System Tractors / Power Units Operation in the Field Ground drive and Tyres (Tillage) Grassland
20 Depth and Intensity Ploughing litres/ha Modern ploughing Typically 250mm Deep 175mm Vs 250mm = >30% Fuel saving! Why do we plough so deep? Because we can; Looks well; Loosens. Could we plough less deep?
21 Shallow ploughing saves fuel 100mm Ploughing!!
22 Intensity Cultivate shallow and as little as required Know your soils e.g. Work heavy soils carefully, avoiding creating clods which require huge energy for subsequent breakdown Only do what is necessary Better for Fuel Better for Soils Choose simpler systems 5 30% Saving
23 Settings and Maintenance Settings can affect fuel use: Correct Plough draft line Replacement of worn parts Correct setting of all machine components: Clearances, Speeds, Depth Tractor maintenance 7UDFWRU 3RZHU GRQ WQRWLFH WKH GLIIHUHQFH Consult the Instruction Manual!
24 Machine Fuel Saving Options Change of System Machine Type and Setting Matching machines within System Tractors / Power Units Operation in the Field Ground drive and Tyres (Tillage) Grassland
25 Matching Machines Aim for a balanced machinery system. Match tractors to implements Unloaded tractor engines less efficient E.g. 5F plough decision: Bigger tractor required (120kW) Over-sized for other operations?
26 Machine Fuel Saving Options Change of System Machine Type and Setting Matching machines within System Tractors / Power Units Operation in the Field Ground drive and Tyres (Tillage) Grassland
27 Tractor Make and Model? Individual models from three makers: 6 cylinder 85kW (115hp) approx Specific Fuel Consumption (g/kwh - OECD) Warning! Models within brands differ Emissions changes (NOX, PM) forcing change Tier II, IIIb etc 2 IWHQ 3RRUHU Fuel Consumption
28 Tractor Fuel Use Litres / Hour A B C - 18% difference Engine Load
29 : KDW V WKDWZRUWK " Heavy work mix: 17 vs 18.3 vs 19.3 litres/hour (14% range) 2.25 litres/hour difference Light - Medium work mix: 12.3 vs 13.5 vs litres/hour (9% range) 1.17 litres/hour difference
30 Annual difference ( )- Heavy Work Annual Hours 500 Diesel Price /litre
31 Annual difference ( )-Light-Medium Diesel Price /litre Annual Hours
32 Machine Fuel Saving Options Change of System Machine Type and Setting Matching machines within System Tractors / Power Units Operation in the Field Ground drive and Tyres (Tillage) Grassland
33 Operation in the Field Loaded engines are efficient Match implement to tractor Shift up and throttle back Make the most of torque characteristics Understand sophisticated transmissions Use economy PTO Efficient Work Patterns in Field Turn off engines when not working!
34 Machine Fuel Saving Options Change of System Machine Type and Setting Matching machines within System Tractors / Power Units Operation in the Field Ground Drive and Tyres Tillage Grassland
35 Ground Drive /Tyres Field Soft conditions or Cultivation Reduce Rolling Resistance by reducing sinkage Reduce wheel slip Larger tyres Lower pressures RR Reduce weight Road Smaller tyres, higher pressures Less tyre flexing
36 Larger Tyre Lower Pressure Less sinkage Less Fuel
37 Machine Fuel Saving Options Change of System Machine Type and Setting Matching machines within System Tractors / Power Units Operation in the Field Ground drive and Tyres (Tillage) Grassland
38 Grassland Farms Huge variations in fuel depending on system Summer grazing vs Intensive feeding Variable scope for fuel saving. Silage making Step Change = Pick-up Wagon Vs Precision Chop 50% harvester fuel saving = 25-30% overall Wilting: reduces weight and costs 33t/ha at 18% DM = 17t at 35%DM
39 Grassland Farms - Other Topping, rolling, spiking: Reduce Winter feeding system: Vary 5t Tractor to herd cattle? 4WD Jeep: not very fuel efficient Maintenance Centralised land base will save fuel Silage + Slurry expensive to transport
40 Conclusions Fuel / Energy priority Land Fragmentation needs to be considered Machines» Choose Wisely» Set / Adjust Correctly» Use Wisely
41 Conclusions Fuel / Energy priority Land Fragmentation needs to be considered Machines» Choose Wisely» Set / Adjust Correctly» Use Wisely
42 Minimum Tillage and Fuel Fuel l/ha Plough one pass Roll Till/Sow Primary Plough/Drill Min till (1) Min till (2)
43 Fuel price and costs Costs /ha c/l 50c/l 75c/l 100c/l Fuel Price Fuel Repairs Interest Depreciation
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Price MULTIVATOR CULTIVATOR - MODEL FL FOR SUB-COMPACT TRACTORS Model FL Multivator is a lighter series machine designed for tractors under 50 horsepower. Due to the compact nature of the design, this