STUDIES ON INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN WHEAT DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY AGRONOMY

Transcription

1 STUDIES ON INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN WHEAT SYNOPSIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY IN AGRONOMY CH. CHARAN SINGH UNIVERSITY, MEERUT Submitted by: BHUPENDRA KUMAR Enrol. No. M Under the supervison of Dr. O.V.S. Thenua Assoc.Professor & Ex-Head DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY AMAR SINGH (P.G.) COLLEGE, LAKHAOTI BULANDSHAHR, UTTAR PRADESH

2 INTRODUCTION India is one of the major wheat production country of the World. The achievement in wheat production was continuously more spectacular with release of high yielding varieties responsive higher input and resistant to rust. Wheat production witnessed an overall Increase during in all the major wheat growing states of Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, MP, Gujarat, Rajasthan. The productivity has increased substantially in However, national yield of 27.2 q/ha is still less than agriculturally advanced countries like U.K.,U.S.A., and China. There is a great scope to boost-up the production as well as productivity in India through the adoption of appropriate agro-techniques, suitable variety, optimum sowing time, judicious water and fertilizer management. In areas, where wheat is the staple cereal food, it is eaten in the form of chapaties. It is also consumed in various other preparations such as dalia, halwa, sweet meats etc. In most of the urban areas in the country the use of baked leavened bread, flakes,cakes, biscuits etc., is increasing at a faster rate. Wheat contains more protein than other cereals. It has a relatively high content of niacin and thiamine. Beside their significance in nutrition, they are principally concerned in providing the characteristics substance gluten which is very essential for bakers. Nutrient needs of growing plants can be met through a number of sources. The major sources of plant nutrients are mineral fertilizers,organic manures, recycled wastes and byproducts, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), natural minerals and to a lesser extent nutrients recycled through irrigation waters and precipitation. These supplemented the soil nutrient reserves for nourishing the crops. Bio-fertilizers, a term, which refers to micro-organisms, which either fix atmospheric N or enhance the solubility of soil nutrients, are becoming increasingly important. Their significance lies in their ability to supplement /mobilize soil nutrients with mineral use of nonrenewable resources and as components of integrated plant nutrition systems. By far, the most important and extensive contribution of bio-fertilizers is in terms of the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into plant-usable forms. This includes symbiotic as well as nonfertilizers, the need for a compact and handy source-back of their production technology, marketing and usage has often been stressed. In view of the importance of above factors, an experiment will be planned during Rabi season of and at the Research Farm of the Department of Agronomy of Kisan (P.G.) college, Simbhaoli, Ghaziabad with the following objectives: To study the response of wheat to nitrogen sources To study the nitrogen uptake and quality of wheat as influenced by nitrogen fertilization through different sources To estimate the nitrogen economics possible by use of Azotobactor /Azospirillum. To study the agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery of nitrogen through different sources with and without Azotobactor /Azospirillum.

3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE i. Effect of Nitrogen : Patel and Upadhyay (1993) revealed that in loam sandy soil grain and straw yield Attributed of wheat increased significantly up to 120 kg N per ha at Anand, Gujarat. Das et al. (1994) form Shillongani, reported that grain yield (2.10,2.93 and 3.11 t.ha-1) up to 60 kg N ha-1, where a fertility level for having 0, 30 and 60 kg N ha-1. Singh et al. (1997) from Kanpur, reported that application of kg ha-1 gave the highest grain yield upto 60 kg N, but net return was highest with 120 kg N ha-1 producing grain yield of 2.12 And 2.10 t ha-1,respectively. Pottaker and Raman (1998) observed that grain yield increased with Increased in the nitrogen rate to 89 kg N ha-1, gave the highest grain yield Of wheat. In field trial conducted at up during rabi season of Narang et al. (2000), reported that two Triticum aestivam cultivars (PW-222 and HD- 2329) yielded maximum with 150 kg N/ha and 180 kg N/ha over 210 kg/ha. Adjetey et al. (2001), a field experiment was carried out to examine Nitrogen fertilizer application for increasing N rate increases shoot dry matter and uptake consistently. Halvorson et al. (2001), revealed that nitrogen removal in grain increased with increasing N rate Total grain N removal was lowest at the lowest N rate and highest with highest N rate. ii. Effect of Bio-fertilizers : a. Effect of Azotobacter Lakshminarayanan et al. (1992) conducted a field experiment in 1987 and 1989 at Hisar, were of the view that wheat seed inoculated with Azotobactor chroococcum (103) and its mutants resistant to methyl ammonium chloride (Mac-3, Mac-27) and methyl alanine (Mal-3) produced greater grain yield than the uninoculated control. Application of 60 Kg N ha-1 + sed inoculation with Mal-3 or 103 produced similar grain yields (4.3 and 4.08 t ha-1) respectively, to application of 120 kg N only (4.45 t ha-1). b. Azospirillum Dibonet et al. (1996) reported that inoculation of wheat with Azospirillum brasilense (Strain 245 or JA out in powered or granular) increased N up take after anthesis with no contribution to increased grain yield but on increase in straw biomass. Kumar et al. (1998), among the symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria, Azospirillium, a microaerophilic N fixer, is second only to blue green algae. Results from Indian experiment on a wide range of field crop showed that Azosirillium could be used to replace some of the N fertilizer requirement.

4 Ganguly and Mann (1999) noticed favourable effect with Azospirillium inoculation on growth yield and quality of wheat grain. It was found that world wide data accumulated over 20 years of inoculation experiment with Azospirillium brasilense concluded that this bacterium is capable in increasing the yield of different crops. Panwar et al. (2000) in a field trial on clay loam soil, seed of wheat Cv. HD-2428 and DL were inoculated with Azospirillium brasilence or Bacillus. Result indicated that inoculation increased the grain yield and NPK uptake significantly over control. Shivankar et al. (2000) conducted a trail to examine the effect of Azospirillium on yield of wheat. The result showed that the grain yield of crop treated with bio-fertilizers ranged from to q/ha compared with q/ha for untreated one straw yield also increased to 16.64% as N uptake increased 11.79%. Sushila et al. (2000) revealed that seed inoculation with Azotobactor or Azospirillum significantly increased the wheat growth and yield over the control. Patidar and Mali (2001) noticed the beneficial effect of Azospirillum inoculation in terms of grain and straw yield of wheat is increasing 80.81% and 60.61%. c. Effect of Azospirillum and Azotobacter According to soliman et al. (1995), the interaction, between Azospirillum brasilense + Azotobacter chroococcum inoculates increased grain yield and straw yield as well as N uptake by wheat plants with increasing N levels. Results showed that wheat grains derived over 19, 24 and 15% of their N from atmosphere N2 with application of 25, 50 and 75 mg N Kg-1 soil, respectively, in the presence of Azospirillum + Azotobacter. The highest values of N2 fixed were observed with mixed inoculates followed by inoculation with Azospirillum and their Azotobacter. JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSED STUDY Since independence there is increased in agricultural production and received selfsufficiency in food grain production. Even though we are having low productivity and production in comparison of developed nations. By the end of this millennium population of India crossed the billion digit, so keeping in view the requirement of food grain by this huge population in next few years we require to increase the total production by increasing the productivity. There is great scope to boost up the production as well as productivity through adoption of modern and appropriate agro-techniques, proper management of available resources viz. good quality of seeds, judicious use of water and nutrient supply through proper management of fertilizers, recycling of organic wastes, organic manures and bio-fertilizers. In recent years one concept is evolved i.e. integrated plant nutrient system (IPNS), in which bio-fertilizers is one of them. Bio-fertilizers have been emerged as a supplement to chemical fertilizers and have a positive effect not only on production of legume crops as well as other crops also. Bio-fertilizers are not having only nutrient supplying capacity, it has also positive effect on soil health and does not create any hazardous effect on soil, water tributaries and ground water pollution and environmental adversity.

5 India is one of the leading countries where wheat is the main crop. A very little information or say no information is available released to bio-fertilizer application for wheat production. Keeping these things in view, the present investigation is planned in such a way that how we can apply the Bio-fertilizers for supply of nutrient specially nitrogen is considered as one of the most important nutrients for production of wheat, it is expected that the result of the proposed line of research will go a long way in fomication of sound package of practices in relation to integrated nitrogen management (INM) in wheat. Thus, objectives of the study are simply justified. i. Treatment details DETAILED TECHNICAL PROGRAMME: Treatment Symbol 1. Control T1 2. Azotobactor T2 3. Azospirillum T3 4. Farm Yard Manure 5 tone /ha T kg N /ha T kg N /ha T kg N /ha T kg N /ha + Azotobactor T kg N /ha + Azospirillum T kg N /ha + Azotobactor + 5 t FYM /ha T kg N /ha + Azospirillum + 5 t FYM /ha T11 Note : Basal dose of phosphorus (60 kg/ha ), potassium (40 kg /ha ) and zinc sulphate (25 kg /ha) will be applied at the start of the Experiment. ii. Treatment Combinations and Design (1) Design : R.B.D. (2) Number of treatment combinations : 11

6 (3) Replications : 3 (4) Total number of plots : 11 3 = 33 (5) Plot Size i) Gross : 8m 3.60 m (16 rows of 8 m long) ii) Net : 6m 3.15 m (14 rows of 6 m long) iii. Observations 1. Growth Components : (1) Plant Height (2) Number of tillers/ half m row length at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest (3) Dry matter accumulation (g/ half m row length ) at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest (4) Days to 50 percent flowering and days to maturity 2. Yield and yield attributing characters: (1) Number of ears/ half meter row (2) Weight of ears / half meter row (3) Ear length (cm) (4) Weight of 1000 seeds (g) (5) Seed yield (kg / ha) (6) Straw yield (kg/ha) (7) Harvest index (%) 3. Chemical analysis: a. Soil analysis Before sowing and after harvest each crop: (1) Organic matter of the soil (2) Electrical conductivity (Ec) (3) Available N, P and K content of the soil (4) ph of the soil (5) Soil texture b. Plant analysis (1) N, P and K content (2) N, P and K uptake (Kg/ha)

7 (3) Agronomic efficiency (AE) (4) Apparent N recovery (AR) (5) Protein content 4. Statistical Analysis All the data recorded during the course of experimentation will be statistically analyzed as per the standard practice for analysis of variance (ANOVA) for randomized block design as given by Gomez and Gomez (1987). Duration of Work: Two year for field work (Rabi season of and ) and analysis for processing of data. REFERENCES: Adjetey, J.A., Searle, P.G.E. and Campbell, L.C. (2001). Rate and timing pof nitrogen fertilizer applications on wheat grown under dry land and supplementary irrigation. South African Journal of plant and soil 21 (1): Das, K, Guha, B and Da, S.Y. (1994). Response of wheat varieties to nitrogen fertilization under rain fed condition. Journal of the Agril. Sci. Soc. Of North East, India 7(2): Dibonet, A.D. Rodriguez, O and Kenner, M.H. (1996) accumulation of nitrogen and dry matter in wheat plants inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. Pesquisa Agropecuar Brasileria 31 (9) : Ganguly, T.K. and Mann, M.C. (1999). Azospirillum brasilense and associative organism in agriculture an review. Agricultural reviews Karnal 20 (3-4): Halvorson, A.D. Wienhod, B.J. and Black, A.L. (2001). Tillange and nitrogen fertilization influence grain and soil nitrogen in all annual cropping system. Agronomy Journal 93 (4) : Kumar, Chunchun, Agarwal, M.M., Gupta, B.R. and Kumar, C. (1998). Azospirillum and its potential as bio fertilizers, Fertilizer News 43 (11/47) : Lakshminarayana, K., Narula, N. Hooda, I.S., Faroda, A.S. (1992). Nitrogen economy in wheat (Triticum aestivum) through use of Azotobacter choroocossum. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 62 (1) : Narang, R.S. Gill, Gosal, K.S. and Mahal, S.S. (2000). Irrigation and N-fertilizer requirement for maximum yield potential of wheat. Journal of Research, Punjab Agriculture University 37(1/2): Panwar, J.D.S., Ompal Singh and Singh, O (2000) response of Azosirillum and Bacillus on growth and yield of wheat under field conditions. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 5(1):

8 Patel, R.M. and Upadhyay, P.N. (1993). Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to irrigation under varying levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. Indian Journal of Agronomy 38: Patidar, M. and Mali, A.L. (2001). Integrated nutrient management in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and its residual effect on the wheat (Triticum aestivum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 71 (9): Pottaker, D. and Raman, E.S. (1998). Effect of Nitrogen on wheat growth after different crop rotations. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileria 33 (Special issue). Shivankar, S.K. Joshi, R.P. and Shivankar, R.S. (2000). Effect of bio-fertilizer and levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on yield and uptake of N and P wheat under irrigated conditions. Journal of soils and crops 10(2): Singh, K.N., Prasad, B. Prasad, A.K. and Sinha, R.K. (1997). Integrated effect of organic manure, bio-fertilizer and chemical fertilizers in rice-wheat sequence. Journal of Research Birsa Agricultural Unviersity 9(1): Soliman, S., Seeda, M.A. Aly, S.S.M. Gadalla, A.M. (1995). Nitrogen fixation by wheat plants as affected by nitrogen fertilizer levels and non-symbiotic bacteria. Egyptian Journal of soil science 35(4): Sushila R. and Giri Gajendra (2000). Influence of farm yard manure, nitrogen and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield attributes and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under limited water supply. Indian Journal of Agronomy 45 (3) *****