MANAGEMENT OF ACID SULPHATE SOILS IN THE MUDA IRRIGATION SCHEME, KEDAH, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Transcription

1 MANAGEMENT OF ACID SULPHATE SOILS IN THE MUDA IRRIGATION SCHEME, KEDAH, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA Xaviar Arulandoo Rice Research Branch, MARDI Kam Suan Pheng University Sains Malaysia, PENANG 1 Summary Field trials were conducted to study the influence of rice straw, lime and fertilizers on rice grown on acid sulphate soils. Rice frequently shows iron toxicity symptoms in unamended fields, particularly during the dry season. Lime application at the rate of 2.5 tonslha increased rice yields substantially through a general improvement in crop growth and plant nutrient status. There was a.clear residual effect of lime in the subsequent rice crop. Incorporation of crop residue increased dry matter production, plant potassium content and grain yield. There was no residual effect of rice straw incorporation in the subsequent rice crop. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are needed for maximizing rice yields. Favourable responses were obtained with the application of 90 kg N/ha, 50 kg PaOs/ha and 40 kg KPO/ha. In the absence of phosphorus application, phosphorus deficiency symptoms were prevalent and caused a delay in maturity of the crop by about two weeks. Potassium application at the tillering stage of rice growth increased rice grain yield. ' 2 Introduction The soils of the Kedah-Perlis coastal plain are predominantly marine alluvia with strips of riverine alluvia further inland and therefore are suited for the cultivation of rice. However, there are two main areas of acid sulphate soils (Figure I). They have been identified as the Telok I I95

2 and Guar soil series with an area of 20,650 ha and 5,000 ha respectively (So0 1972). 4 Figure I. Distribution of acid sulphate soils in the Muda Irrigation Scheme, Kedah, Peninsular Malaysia The Telok and Guar soil series are characterized by low ph (1:2.5 in distilled water) not exceeding 4.0, sulphurous condition, high organic top soil as well as high clay contents. The Telok soil series developed under 'gelam' (local name for MeZaZeuca Zeucodendron) swamp conditions has a relatively lower organic content in the top soil than the more recently developed Guar soil series which originates from mangrove swamp conditions. In the past rice yields in the Guar and Telok soil series were the lowest in the MUDA scheme area. Responses to fertilizer application without incorporation of lime were poor and inconsistent. The results of the early liming and fertilizer trials showed that favourable responses were obtainable with lime applications of 1-2 tons/ ha for the first crop and a maintenance dose of 1 tonlha lime for the succeeding crop 196

3 (MADA 1970, Leong 1972). Nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of kg Nfha with an early application of lime was sufficient for maximizing yield for a single crop in the acid sulphate soils. The implementation of the MUDA irrigation scheme in 1970 has enabled double cropping of rice in about 100,000 ha of land within the plain. The shift from a single rice crop to the more intensive cultivation has led to an overall improvement of the acid sulphate soils. The Telok soil series have been observed to give grain yields comparable to non-acid sulphate soils. This can be attributed to the introduction of lime subsidy into the area. Ariffin (1974) reported an estimated yield increase of 43% as a result of liming in the Telok soil series. Less liming was done in the Guar area where acid sulphate phenomena are more severe than in the Telok area. Rice yields were poor on the Guar soils showing iron toxicity symptoms, particularly in the dry season and after droughts in An integrated approach involving research into both agronomic and plant breeding aspects has been adopted to alleviate the problems of rice cultivation in acid sulphate soils. This paper reports the agronomic trials pertaining to management and fertilizer practices conducted from 1975 to Description of study area The important characteristics of the soil are given in Table I. A soil profile description is given in Table

4 Table I. Some important characteristics of the Guar soil series Soil properties Soil depth (cm) Sand % 1.5 Silt % 45.5 Clay % 53.0 ph (1:2.5 in distilled water), air dry soil ph (I :2.5 in IN KC1), air dry soil EC of 1:5 water extract, mmhos/cm 0.24 O. 28 Organic matter % CEC, meq/100 g soil Exchangeable cations, meq/100 g soil Na K Ca 0.35 O. 30 Mg Available P, ppm (Bray & Kurtz No. 2) Water soluble sulphate % Free iron oxides %

5 Table 2. Profile description of Guar soil series (Gopinathan 1979) Horizon Depth (cm) Description AP 0-20 Dark brown (10 YR 313) organic clay, weak medium and fine subangular blocky, firm, many medium distinct strong brown (7.5 YR 518) mottles along root channels; many medium and fine roots; abrupt boundary Dark brown (10 YR 313) organic clay; moderate medium angular blocky; friable; few fine distinct brownish yellow (10 YR 618) mottles; common patches of partly decomposed medium roots and other plant remain; few fine roots; diffuse, wavy, boundary Very dark greyish brown (5 Y 311) organic clay; massive structureless, slightly sticky; few fine distinct brownish yellow (10 YR 618) mottles mainly along roots channels; common patches of partly decomposed medium roots and other plant remains; diffuse wavy boundary. cg 77 Very dark greyish brown (5 Y 311) organic clay, massive structureless; many raw and partially decomposed plant remains. O Mean temperature values range from 26OC to 28 C while mean relative humidity values range between 71% and 87%. The annual rainfall averages 2300 nun and the rainfall pattern is characterized by a relatively dry period from December to March (monthly rainfall below 100 mm), followed by a period of moderately high rainfall from April to July (monthly average of mm) (monthly average of nun). and a wet period from August to November The area is used only for rice cultivation with two crops per year. The dry-season crop from FebruaryIMarch to August/ September is irri- gated while the wet season crop from September/October to December/- I99

6 January is rainfed. During the dry fallow period in the months of February and March, the soil surface develops wide, deep cracks and the ground water table is often observed to be more than 2 meters below the ground surface. In contrast, during the short period between the harvesting of the dry season crop and the transplanting of the wet season crop, the soil remains saturated. Therefore drying of the soil and the accompanying acidification occur only during the dry fallow months of FebruaryIMarch, before the dry season crop. 4 Studies on management practices A field trial was initiated in the dry season 1979 to evaluate the performance of 2 rice varieties under restricted drainage (once at one week before transplanting), lime application and rice straw incorporation. In the subsequent wet season 1979, the trial was maintained to study the residual and cumulative effects of the treatments. In the dry season the effect of restricted drainage on crop growth and yield was not conclusive due to block effects and replicate differences The water control treatment was discontinued in the subsequent rice growing season (wet season 979) and the trial was continued to study the residual and cumulative effects of liming and crop residue treatments. Thus, only the resul s of the effects of lime and crop residue treatments and the varietal differences in crop performance are discussed. 4.1 Effect of lime and crop residue incorporation in the dry season crop Lime application at the rate of 2.5 tons/ha in the dry season significantly increased rice yields (p = 0.01) mainly by increasing the spikelet number and to a lesser extent by increasing panicle number and grain weight (Table 3). There was a general improvement in crop growth and nutrient content of the rice plant. These were clearly evident at the panicle initiation stage of rice growth. There was a marked increase in the plant dry matter production (p = 0.01). The plant dry weight also 200

7 increased with crop residue incorporation (p = 0.05), but in the presence of crop residue, the response of dry matter production to lime was lowered. Ca and P content in the plant were increased by liming whilst the K content increased with crop residue treatment (all significant at p = 0.01). Liming also significantly reduced the plant Fe content (p = 0.01). Differences in grain yield between the variety Setanjung (IR 22/Pazudofusu) and 'Seribu Gantang' (IR 8/Engkatek/Sacupak) were insignificant. The higher grain weight of Setanjung compensated for its lower spikelet number and higher percentage of unfilled grains. 4.2 Residual effect of lime and crop residues in the wet season crop The data in Table 4 indicate a significant residual effect of liming on dry matter production, N, Ca and Fe contents at panicle initiation and on the grain yield, the spikelet number (all at p = 0.01) and percentage of unfilled grains (p = 0.05) at harvest. 20 1

8 Table 3. The influence of liming and incorporation of crop residues on dry matter production and nutrient element contents at panicle initiation, and on grain yield and yield attributes of two rice varieties, dry season, 1979 N O N Spikelet Crop residue Lime Plant samples at panicle initiation stage Grain Panicle number % of Grain applied applied Dry N P K Ca Fe yield number (per unfilled weight Variety (todha) (todha) matter (g) - % of dry matter - pp m (g/plot2) (per hill) panicle) grains (g/looo) Se tanj ung O O O O O Seribu O O Gantang O O I O I I I Overall mean o C.V. (%) The dry weight was taken from 4 sampled hills per plot The harvest area in a plot was 3.36 m2, comprising 84 hills

9 I Table 4. The residual effects of lime and crop residue on plant dry matter production and nutrient element contents at panicle initiation, and on grain yield and yield attributes of two rice varieties, wet season, N O W Spikelet Crop residue Lime Plant samples at panicle initiation stage Grain Panicle number X of Grain applied applied Dry N P K Ca Fe yield number (per unfilled weight Variety (todha) (ton/ha) matter (9) - X of dry matter - ppm (g/plot3) (per hill) panicle) grains (g/looo) Se tanj ung O O I O O I5 15. I 25.3 Seribu O O Gantang O I O I O I Overall mean I C.V. ( X ) Treatments applied only in the dry season No additional treatments applied in the wet season 1979/1980 The dry weight was taken from 4 sampled hills per plot The harvest area in a plot was 3.36 m2, comprising 84 hills

10 The variety Setanjung showed a greater response in its dry matter production to the first than to the second residual lime level. The reverse is true for Seribu Gantang. Residual effects of liming included an increase in the plants Ca content and a decrease in the N and Fe contents and a positive response in grain yield. The general grain yield response to residual lime is due to an increase in spikelet number and a reduction in the percentage of unfilled grains. There was no significant difference in the grain yields of the two varieties; although Seribu Gantang had a higher spikelet number, it had the setback of a lower grain weight and lesser extent of grain filling compared with Setanjung. Crop residue incorporation had no direct influence on crop growth and yield in the second season after application, but led to a significant increase in plant K content. 4.3 Effects of continued application of lime and crop residues Liming and crop residue incorporation for two consecutive seasons did not further improve the grain yield. The crop residue treatment increased the plant dry weight, the plant K content especially for Seribu Gantang and to a lesser extent the plant P content especially for Setanjung (all at p = 0.01; Table 5). Two consecutive limings further increased the plant Ca content (p = 0.01). 204

11 Table 5. The effects of applying lime and crop residues for two consecutive seasons on plant dry matter production and nutrient element contents at panicle initiation; main season Crop residue Lime Plant samples at panicle initiation stage applied applied Dry N P K Ca Variety (ton/ha) (todha) matter2 (8) - % of the dry matter - Setanjung O O O Seribu O O Gantang O Overall mean C.V. (X) Treatments applied in both the dry season 1979 and the wet season 1979/1980 The dry weight was taken from 4 sampled hills per plot 4.4 Effect of seasons It is evident that production is higher in the wet season than in the dry season, even in the untreated plots. The higher spikelet number and improved grain filling contributed largely to the higher grain yields in the wet season. The plant Fe contents were also lower- in the wet season and visual iron toxicity symptoms were less severe than in the dry season. 205

12 5 Response of rice to lime and phosphorus fertilizer application In the wet season 1979 a field trial was conducted to study the response of rice to liming (O and 2 tons/ha) and soluble phosphate application (O, 50 and 100 kg PpOs/ha). There was a marked increase in grain yield (p = 0.05) with application of 2 tons/ha lime together with 100 kg PzOs/ha (Table 6). Application of either lime or phosphorus alone did not cause significant grain yield increases. Table 6. Effect of lime and phosphorus application on grain yield of padi Seribu Gantang (wet season 1979/1980) Treatments Grain yield Lime p205 (tons/ha) (kgha) (kg/ha) O O O O 1 O O O Mean 3826 cvx z 8.1 LSD 5% Yet the number of tillers and plant height at maximum tillering were increased considerably (p = 0.01) with application of phosphorus fertilizer (Table 7). The application of lime had no influence on plant growth parameters. 206

13 Table 7. Effect of lime and phosphorus application on plant growth parameters Treatments Plant height Tiller number Number of days Lime p205 at max. tillering at maximum to 50% heading (tons/ha) (kg/ha) ( cm) ti 1 lering stage O O O O 1 O O O Mean cvx z LSD 5% O LSD 1% ' Phosphorus deficiency symptoms were very well exhibited in the control plots at about 2-3 weeks after transplanting. The rice plants were stunted, had narrow leaves and an erect canopy. The maximum tillering stage was delayed and the rice plants had a dirty dark green appearance. Phosphorus application clearly shortened the growing season. In normal circumstances, rice plants are harvested at about 30 days after 50% heading. In the control plots the 50% heading stage occurred about 14 days later than when phosphorus had been applied. The application of lime at 2 tonslha increased the soil exchangeable calcium by about 1.8 meq/100 g soil (analysed after harvest), indicating a potential residual effect of lime application. Available phosphorus was not influenced by the application of soluble phosphate fertilizer. The soil remained deficient in phosphorus with available phosphorus contents of the soil after harvest of less than 3 ppm (Bray & Kurtz no: 2) in all the plots. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizer studies Appropriate management and fertilizer practices are a prerequisite for 207

14 ' establishing normal rice growth on the acid sulphate soils. Application of fertilizer alone, i.e. without liming, has detrimental effects on the growth of the rice crop. The role of various management practices and phosphorus fertilizer have been illustrated. In this section response to nitrogen and potassium fertilizer are discussed. In all the experiments lime was applied at the rate of 2 tons/ha prior to the fertilizer treatments. Responses to nitrogen were more marked (p = 0.01) in the wet season than in the dry season and rice grain yields were correspondingly higher in the wet season (Figure 2). Prior to the dry season irrigated crop, the field is subjected to a drying state, promoting oxidative processes favouring the development of a more severe acid sulphate condition. Hence, responses to fertilizer are poor and yield relatively lower in the dry season. During the dry season crop, a score of 5 (following the scale from Ponnamperuma, F.N. 1979, IRRI) in the scale for scoring iron toxicity is not uncommon. In most instances growth and tillering were retarded, with many discouloured leaves and were especially observed to occur at about 3-4 weeks after transplanting "O wo Tirld (t9/bi ia M Figure 2. Response of rice to nitrogen in the Guar soil series (average of 4 seasons) Responses to potash application in the Guar soil series was more evident during the dry season crop (p = 0.01) especially at the highest applica- 208

15 tions of nitrogen (Table 8). There was no significant increase in grain yield due to potash application in the wet season., Table 8. Effect of various levels of nitrogen and potassium on grain yield of padi Sekencang Treatment kg/ha Grain yield kglha N K20 Dry season 1977 Wet season O O O O O O O Me an cvx z C4-631Tadukan Potash top dressing at about the maximum tillering stage of rice increases grain yield (p = 0.05; Table 9). The effect of a split application at low rates was inferior to that of a single application of potash at the maximum tillering stage. 209

16 Table 9. Effect of split application of potassium on grain yield of padi Sekencang (N: 80 kg/ha; P2O5: 40 kg/ha; K20: 40 kg/ha) Time of potassium application Grain yield (kg/ha) B AT MT-PI H wet season I Mean 2950 cvx % 17.8 B - Basal, AT - Active tillering, MT-PI - Maximum tillering to panicle initiation, H - 10% heading 7 Recommendat ons Hitherto, there has been no recommendation for management practices and fertilizer levels for rice grown on the acid sulphate soils of the MUDA scheme. Based on the studies discussed in this paper, the following set of practices are recommended for rice growing on acid sulphate soils of the Guar: - incorporation of lime at the rate of 2 tons/ha in the dry season; - nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium application at the rate of 90 kg N/ha as urea; 50 kg PnOs/ha as soluble phosphates and 40 kg KP as muriate of potash. Nitrogen is to be applied in two split doses; half at tillering stage and half at reproductive stage. Phosphorus should be applied as a basal dressing whilst potash should be applied at the tillering. stage. In the study, incorporation of rice straw at the rate of 5 tonslha, 210

17 two weeks before transplanting did not have any adverse effects on rice plant performance. On the contrary rice straw incorporation increased rice grain yield. Rice straw could be utilized beneficially if incorporated into the soil a few weeks prior to transplanting particularly for the dry season crop. With the above management practices, it has been observed that even the rice variety MR 1 (IR 22/Pazudofusu) which is relatively susceptible to the acid sulphate conditions has normal growth and produces yields at par to the tolerant variety Seribu Gantang (IR 8/Engkatek/Sacupak). Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the Director General MARDI for permission to present the paper. Thanks are also due to Encik S.J. Samy, Rice Branch Head; MARDI and Encik B. Gopinathan, Soil Surveyor, MARDI for reading through the manuscript and for their valuable comments. We are also indebted to the Assistant Research Officers and Research Assistants of the Agronomy Section of the Rice Branch, MARDI for their dedicated assistance in conducting the field trials. 21 1

18 References Ariffin, I An assessment report on the impact of lime subsidy scheme in MADA. Pejabat Pengurus Besar, MADA, Telok Chengai, Alor Se tar. Chow, W.T. and S.K. Ng A preliminary study of acid sulphate soils in West Malaysia. Malayan Agricultural Journal 47: Gopinathan, B Personal communication, MARDI, Serdang, Selangor. Kanapathy, K Acidity, acid sulphate soil and liming of padi fields. Malaysian Agricultural Journal 49: Leong, S.Y Lime, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium responses of padi Bahagia in acid areas of the Muda Irrigation Scheme, West Malaysia. In: Some Aspects of Rice Production in the Asean countries of South-East Asia. ASPAC Food & Fertilizer Technology Centre Extension Bulletin no. 6. MADA The liming of acid soils in the Muda Irrigation Scheme. Muda Agricultural Development Authority, Malaysia Publication no. 5. 2nd edition. Ponnamperuma, F.N Greenhouse screening for adverse soil tolerance. International Rice Research Conference, IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines April. Soo, S.W Semi-detailed soil survey of KedahfPerlis coastal plain. Department of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur. 21 2

19 FIELD AMELIORATION OF AN ACID SULFATE SOIL FOR RICE WITH MANGANESE DIOXIDE AND LIME F.N. Ponnamperuma and J.L. Solivas The International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines 1 Summary The effects of Mn02 (100 kg/ha) and CaC03 (5 t/ha) on iron toxicity symptoms and yield of IR26 and IR43 on a flooded acid sulfate soil were studied in a replicated factorial experiment in a farmer's field. The best treatment according to symptoms at 4 and 8 weeks after transplanting was IR43 (a moderately tolerant variety) in the presence of CaC03 and Mn02. The worst was IR26 (a moderately susceptible variety) in the absence of CaC03 and Mn02. Analysis of variance of the symptoms scores revealed no significant response to CaC03, a significant difference between the two varieties, and a highly significant positive response to Mn02. The best treatment based on grain yield was IR43 in the presence of MnO2, regardless of the presence of CaC03. The worst was IR26 without CaC03 and Mn02. Analysis of variance revealed a non-significant response to CaC03, a highly significant varietal difference, a highly significant positive response to Mn02, and a highly significant variety X MnO2 interaction. IR26 gave a response of 1.2 t/ha to Mn02 in the presence of CaC03 whereas IR43 showed a response of 2.2 t/ha to Mn02 in the absence of CaC03. In the presence of Mn02, CaC03 increased the yield of IR26 by 0.9 t/ha but not at all of IR43 which, however, gave a response of 1.3 tlha to CaCO3 in the absence of Mn02. The benefits of MnO2 are attributed to manganese, assisted by CaC03, counteracting physiologically the toxic effects of excess iron. 213

20 Mn02, coupled with a tolerant variety and CaC03, may be an inexpensive ameliorant for acid sulfate soils. 2 Introduction In densely populated South and Southeast Asia where both food and arable land are scarce (Ponnamperuma 1980), over 5 million ha of lands which are climatically, physiographically, and hydrologically suited for rice lie idle or are cultivated with poor results largely because of strong acidity (van Breemen and Pons 1978). There are probably millions more ha of potential acid sulfate lands under mangrove vegetation (Moormann and Pons 1974). If the productivity of cultivated acid sulfate soils is increased, and if idle acid sulfate soils and potential acid sulfate soils where environmental stresses are not severe are brought under rice, the food deficits expected in South and Southeast Asia in the 1980s (Asian Development Bank 1977, International Food Policy Research Institute 1977) hay be reduced. Acid sulfate soils are usually clays with a ph of < 4.0 and are characterized by the presence of yellow jarosite mottles. But according to Pons (1972) the term 'Acid Sulphate Soils' embraces all materials and soils in which sulfuric acid produced has a lasting effect on main soil characteristics. The organic carbon content varies from 1.5 to 18%. The cation exchange capacity is meq/100 g. The soils may contain > 0.5% water-soluble sulfate and as much as 150 ppm water-soluble aluminum. Available nitrogen and phosphorus are low. Acid sulfate soils often have a high electrolyte content because of the presence of watersoluble sulfates. Coastal acid sulfate soils subject to tides may, in addition, contain other salts, chiefly sodium chloride. When submerged, acid sulfate soils build up water-soluble iron concentrations of about mg/l (Ponnamperuma et al. 1973). That increases the electrolyte content and may aggravate salt injury. Some of the growth-limiting factors in acid sulfate soils for wetland rice according to Nhung and Ponnamperuma (1966), Tanaka and Navasero (1967), Coulter (1972) and Ponnamperuma et al. (1972) are aluminum toxicity, iron toxicity, high electrolyte content and deficiencies of available nitrogen and phosphorus. 214

21 Nhung and Ponnamperuma (1966) and Ponnamperuma et al. (1972) recommended leaching, liming, and adding manganese dioxide, alone or in combination, as ameliorants, but field tests of manganese dioxide have not been reported. This paper reports the effects of CaC03 and Mn02, alone and in combination, on iron toxicity symptoms and the yield of two rice varieties on an acid sulfate soil in a farmer's field at Malinao, Albay province, Philippines, in the 1980 dry season. 3 Materials and methods The soil is a Sulfaquept developed in a recent sulfurous alluvial fan sediment of volcanic origin. Chemically and morphologically it is an acid sulfate soil (van Breemen 1978). The chemical characteristics are in Table 1. Table 1. Some chemical characteristics of the soil at the experimental site, Malinao, Albay, Philippines ph of dry soil (1:l H20) 3.5 ECe (mmho/cm) 1.o CEC (meq/100 g) 9.5 Organic C (%) 1.23 Total N (%) O. 15 Active Fe (X) 2.50 Active Mn (X) EX. K+ (meq/l00 g) O. 17 EX. Soh2- (X) O. 27 Available (Olsen) P (ppm) 7.0 The design was a Z3 split split plot factorial with CaC03 as main plots, varieties as subplots, and Mn02 as subsubplots, replicated four times. The CaC03 levels were O and sufficient CaC03 (5 t/ha) to raise the ph of the dry soil to about 5.0. The MnOz treatments were O and 100 kg commercial MnOn/ha. The varieties were IR26 (a variety moderately susceptible to iron toxicity) and IR43 (a moderately resistant variety). 215

22 I -- The area was plowed dry and ground limestone was broadcast on the appropriate plots. The plots were harrowed dry. Two weeks later the field was flooded and puddled. All plots received a basal incorporation of 50 kg N/ha as urea, 25 kg P/ha as concentrated superphosphate and 25 kg K/ha as muriate and a top dressing of 50 kg N/ha at panicle initiation. MnOz was incorporated in the appropriate plots. Three-week old seedlings were transplanted at 20 cm x 20 cm in 2 m x 3 m plots. The plots were kept submerged with irrigation water from a nearby stream. The plants were scored on the scale 1 to 9 ( 1 = nearly normal plant; 9 = dead or nearly dead plant) for iron toxicity, 4 and 8 weeks after transplanting. The yield of grain was measured. 4 Results and discussion The mean scores and mean yields of grain for each of the treatment combinations are in Table 2. Tables 3 and 4 give the analysis of variance. Table 2 shows that, on the basis of iron toxicity scores, the best treatment was IR43 (the moderately tolerant variety) in the presence of CaC03 and Mn02 and the worst was IR26 (the moderately susceptible variety) in the absence of CaC03 and Mn02. The scores at 8 weeks after transplanting were consistent with those at 4 weeks but indicated greater injury. Analysis of variance of the symptoms scores at 4 weeks after transplanting (Table 3) showed no significant response to CaC03, a significant difference between the two varieties, and a highly significant positive response to Mn02. Yield data in Table 2 generally agreed with the scores for symptoms. The best treatment was IR43 in the presence of Mn02 regardless of the presence of CaC03; the worst was IR26 without CaC03 and Mn02. Analysis of variance for grain yield revealed (Table 4) a non-significant response to CaC03, a highly significant varietal difference, a highly significant response to MnOz, and a highly significant variety x Mn02 interaction. 216

23 Table 2. Effects of CaC03 and MnO2 on the severity of iron toxicity symptoms 4 and 8 weeks after transplanting and grain yield of two rice varieties on an acid sulfate soil, Malinao, Albay, Philippines, 1980 dry season Treatment Iron toxicity score Yield CaCo3 MnOz Variety 4 weeks 8 weeks (t/ha) No No IR d 6.0 a 3.6 d No Yes IR cd 5.2 ab 3.9 d No No IR cd 5.5 ab 4.0 cd No Yes IR ab 4.2 bc 6.2 a Yes No IR cd 5.8 a 4.3 cd Yes Yes IR bc 4.8 ab 4.8 bc Yes No IR ab 4.2 bc 5.3 b Yes Yes IR a 4.0 c 6.2 a On the scale 1 to 9 based on foliar symptoms and general appearance (I = nearly normal plant; 9 = dead or nearly dead plant) Weeks af ter transplanting (Any two means in a column followed by the same letter are not sig- nificantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.) 217

24 Table 3. Analysis of variance for the scores at 4 weeks after transplanting, according to foliar symptoms of Fe-toxicity and general appearance in the acid sulfate amelioration plots, Malinao, Albay, Philippines, 1980 dry season sv df ss MS F (obs) Block CaCo3 (L) < Ins ERROR a Variety (V) * L X V 1 O. 282 O. 282 < Ins ERROR b ** 1 O < Ins < 1"s LxVxM 1 O. 279 O. 279 < Ins ERROR c o. 573 Total CV (a) = 45.30% CV (b) = 32.84% CV (c) = 17.44% s.e. =

25 Table 4. Analysis of variance for grain yield from the acid sulfate amelioration plots, Malinao, Albay, Philippines, 1980 dry season sv df ss MS F(obs) Block O. 867 CaCo3 (L) "' ERROR a Variety (V) ** LXV < Ins ERROR b o. 779 MO2 (M) "" LXM "' VXM ** LxVxM 1 1.O50 1.O ns ERROR c O. 309 Total CV (a) = 10.82% CV (b) = 18.35% CV (c) = 11.56% s.e. = 0.28 IR26 gave a significant response of 1.2 t/ha to Mn02 in the presence of CaC03 but a non-significant increase of only 0.3 t/ha in its absence. IR43 produced a significant response of 2.2 t/ha to Mn02 in the absence of CaC03 and a significant increase of 0.9 t/ha in its presence. With IR26 CaC03 gave a non-significant increase of 0.7 t/ha in the absence of MnOz but a significant response of 0.9 tlha in its presence. IR43 increased its yield significantly by 1.3 t/ha when CaC03 was added in the absence of Mn02 but not at all in the presence of MnO2. Although averaged for all treatments the CaC03 effect was non-significant, it reduced the severity of iron toxicity and increased yield. Ponnamperuma et al. (1972) argued that aluminum toxicity is averted by liming and that the buildup of high concentrations of water-soluble iron is prevented by liming and retarded by M02. They also drew attention to a report by Tanaka and Navasero (1966) that manganese counteracts physiologically the adverse effects of excess iron. 219

26 Ponnamperuma et al. (1972) reported experimental data showing the beneficial effects of CaC03 and Mn02 on rice on two acid sulfate soils in the greenhouse. The concentration of MnO2 they used (0.5%) is too high for practical use. A review of the analyses of iron-toxic soils revealed that they are very low in total and water-soluble manganese. This suggesced that the severity of iron toxicity can be reduced by increasing the concentration of water-soluble Mn. This was confirmed by preliminary culture solution experiments (International Rice Research Institute 1979). The marked increase in yield brought about by MnO2 may be due to manganese counteracting iron toxicity physiologically. The quantity applied (100 kg MnO2/ ha) is too small to retard soil reduction. If the benefits of applying Mn02 at about IQ0 kg/ha are demonstrated on a wide range of acid sulfate soils, Mn02, coupled with an iron toxicity tolerant variety, may prove an effective and economic ameliorant for acid sulfate soils. Lime may be a beneficial supplement. Further studies are needed to ascertain whether smaller amounts of MnO2 would suffice, how long the residual effects would last, and to what extent a small amount of Mn02 can replace the tons of limestone used as an ameliorant. 220

27 References l, I Asian Development Bank Asian Agricultural Survey Manila, Philippines. p Breemen, N. van Landscape, hydrology and chemical aspects of some problems soils in the Philippines and in Sri Lanka. A terminal report submitted to the International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines. p Breemen, N. van and L.J. Pons Acid sulfate soils and rice. In: International Rice Research Institute. Soils and Rice. Los Baños, Philippines. p Coulter, J.K The management of acid sulphate and pseudo acid sulphate soils for agriculture and other uses. In: Dost, H. (ed.). Acid Sulphate Soils. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement. Wageningen. Publ. 18, Vol. 1: International Food Policy Research Institute Food needs of developing countries: Projections of production and consumption to p International Rice Research Institute Annual report for Los Baños, Philippines. p Moormann, F.R. and L.J. Pons Characterization of mangrove soils in relation to their agricultural land use potential. In: Proceedings international symposium on biology and management of mangroves. East- West Center, Honolulu. Vol. 2: Nhung, M.M. and F.N. Ponnamperuma Effects of calcium carbonate, manganese dioxide, ferric hydroxide, and prolonged flooding on chemical and electrochemical changes and growth of rice in a flooded acid sulfate soil. Soil Science 102: Ponnamperuma, F.N Mangrove lands in South and Southeast Asia as potential rice lands. Paper presented at the Asian Symposium on Mangrove Environment: Research and Management. August 25-29, 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Ponnamperuma, F.N., T. Attanandana and G. Beye Amelioration of three acid sulphate soils for lowland rice. In: Dost, H. (ed.) Acid Sulphate Soils. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement. Wageningen. Publ. 18, Vol. 1: Pons, L.J Outline of the genesis, characteristics, classification 22 1

28 and improvement of acid sulphate soils. In: Dost, H. (ed.) Acid Sulphate Soils. International Institute for L3nd Reclamation and Improvement. Wageningen. Publ. 18, Vol. 1: Tanaka, A. and S.A. Navasero Interaction between iron and manganese in the rice plant. Soil Science P1. Nutr. 12: