Effect Of Split Application Of Nitrogen Fertilizer On Spad Valuse In Hybrid Rice (Grh1).

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1 International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. Available online at IJACS/2012/4-10/ ISSN X 2012 IJACS Journal Effect Of Split Application Of Nitrogen Fertilizer On Spad Valuse In Hybrid Rice (Grh1). Sahar Yoseftabar 1, Allahyar Fallah 2, Jahanfar Daneshian 3 1. Young Researchers Club, Iran Islamic Azad University, sari Branch, sari, Iran 2. Faculty member,rice research institut amol,iran 3. Faculty member,agricultural research,iran Corresponding author Sahar_yoseftabar@yahoo.com ABSTRACT: A field trial to effect of split application of nitrogen fertilizer on spad values in hybrid rice(grh1). Comprising of 2 treatments, nitrogen fertilizer at 100,200 and 300 kg/ha was main plot and split application at 3 levelt1=(1/2basal-1/2mid tillering),t2=(1/3basal-1/3mid tillaring- 1/3panicle initation) and T3=(1/4basal-1/4 mid tillering-1/4panicle initation-1/4 flowering) as sub plot. Using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replication in rice research institute of iran-departy of mazandaran (amol) in 2006 cropping season. The results showed that spad values increased significantly with nitrogen fertilizer. Interesting in comparison to 100 and 200 kg/ha level application of higher N-fertilizer 300 kg/ha showed a positive respond to application of high nitrogen hybrid cultivar. Effects of different split application N-fertilizer were significantly on spad valuse the each times. Study interaction effect of treatments revealed that all the spad valuse increased significantly with an application of 300 kg/ha N-fertilizer at 4 stage. Timing of nitrogen application can apply four or three times at different growth stage based crop need and spad threshold and crop-growing condition at each location. The results revealed that N application method based on growth diagnosis helped in saving N applied fertilizer and increasing grain yield. Key words : Hybrid rice-nitrogen-spilt application-spad values. INTRODUACTION Rice is the worlds single most important food crop,being the primary food source for more than one third of the worlds population and grown in 11% of the worlds cultivated area(islam,2009). Introduction of hybrid rice is an important step towards augmentation of rice yield. Hybrid rice yield about 15-20% more than the promising high-yielding commericial varieties(metwally et al, 2011). Nitrogen is one of the most important nutritional elements for the productivity of cereal crops and a major factor that limits agricultural yields(chen et al, Islam, 2009-Balasubramainan et al,2000). Also nitrogen is essential part of many compounds of plant, such as chlorophyll, nucleotides, proteins, alkaloids, anzymes,hormones and vitamins(azarpor et al, 2011). Chlorophyll pigments play an important role in the photosynthetic process as well as biomass production. Genotypes maintaining higher leaf chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b during growth period my be considered potential donor for the ability of producing higher biomass and photosynthetic capacity, higher photosynthesis rate is supported by leaf chlorophyll content in leaf blades(hassan et al, 2009). Some of the promising N management techniques in clued split application(islam et al,2009). Rata and timing of N rate critical for optimum rice grain yield(doberman and Fairhurst, 2000). Judicious use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in rice requires synchronizing N fertilizer application with plant needs. Predicting plant N requirement throught soil testing has not difficulty in predicting climatic variables that control soil N mineralization and crop growth(babu et al, 2000). Deep placement of urea, split N application and the chlorophyll meter and leaf color chart techniques are some N management strategies that could improve fertilizer use efficiency in rice(kumar et al, 2000). Several factors affect spad values such as radiation differences between seasons, plant density, varietal groups, nutrient status other than N in soil and abiotic stresses that induce leaf discoloration, user should be aware of these interfering factors and should take adequate precations against them using the chlorophyll meter (Balasubramainan et al, 2000).

2 Innovative tools such as the chlorophyll or spad meter offer a new strategy for optimizing fertilizer nitrogen(n) application in rice, indicated that critical spad values could be established for different varities and growing season, depending on local growing condition(babu et al, 2000). The chlorophyll meter which measures leaf greenness, can predict the need for N top-dressing at per panicle inititation and panicle differentiation for rice, meter reading are given in minolta company-defined SPAD(Soil Plant Analysis Development) values that indicate relative chlorophyll contents(turner and Jund, 1997). The chlorophyll meter indicates the need of a nitrogen top dressing that would result greater agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer than commonly pre-application of nitrogen(hassan et al, 2009). The chlorophyll or spad meter offers a new strategy for synchronizing N application with a ctual crop demand in rice (Babu et al, 2000). The chlorophyll meter can be used to mainitor plant N status in The field and to determine the right time of N topdressing in rice( Balasubramainan et al.2000). MATERIAL AND METHODS In order to investigate the effect of split application of nitrogen fertilizer on spad values in hybrid rice(grh1), an experimental design in rice research factorial on the basis of completely randomized block design in rice research institute of iran-departy of mazandaran (amol) in 2006 cropping season. Nitrogen fertilizer at 100,200 and 300 kg/ha was main plot and spilt application at 3 level (1/2basal -1/2mid tillering),(1/3basal-1/3mid tillering-1/3panicle initation) and (1/4basal-1/4 mid tillering-1/4panicle initation-1/4 flowering) as sub plot. The soil was clay loam and slightly acidic (PH=6.91) with total N % and organic matter (OM)29%. Hybrid rice (GRH1) variety was transplanted at spacing plots of 20cm 20cm, the plot size was kept as 3 4 meter. Chemical herbicides were employed against different weeds during the course of study. Plots received identical cultural treatments in terms of ploughing, cultivation seed rate, P and K fertilizes and disease control. Spad reading were taken in all treatments at 15,25,35,45,55 day after transplanting unit first flowering, using the youngest fully expanded leaf of 10randomly selected plants from each plot. The data were analysed following analysis by SAS software. The duncans multiple range tests was used to compare the means at 5% of significant. RESULTS The results showed that grain yield increased significantly with nitrogen fertilizer.the analysis of variance showed significant responses of grain yield to split application N fertilizer (Table1).The effect of different split application N fertilizer on yield was significant(table2) Grain yields of hybrid rice(grh1) was , 7690, 8611 kg/ha in the 100,200 and 300kg/ha nitrogen fertilize.garin yield in 2split to 4 split were 7702,7741 and 7818 kg/ha (Table3). Study intraction effect of treatment s revealed that the grain yield increased significantly with the spilt application of nitrogen fertilizer(fig3). Grain yield increased when application of higher dose of nitrogen fertilizer increased(zhoung and Huang, 2002).Rate and timing of N rate are critical for optimum rice garin yield(doberman and Fairhurst, 2000). The results showed that the fertilizer treatment had significant effect on spad valuse at different growth stages. this parameter increased significantly with increased nitrogen fertilizer. (Gholizadeh et al, 2011)report that analyses of collected data at diferent growth stages were useful to determine when spad data can be used to predict leaves total N amount and future crop N need,the increasing of spad reading values with growth stages could be observed in this study. Spad values in N1 to N3 were 37.7, and at 15 DAT and 42.50, and at 25 DAT respectively. Apply only a modrerate amount of fertilizer N to young rice within 14 day after transplanting(dat) or 21 (DAS) days after swoing,when the growth and need of the plant for supplemental N is small,reduce or eliminate early application of fertilizer N when high-quality organic materials and coposts are applied or the soil N-supplying capacity is high (Buresh et al, 2006). Spad values in N1 to N3 were 37.7, and at 35 DAT and 42.50, and at 45 DAT respectively. Spad values in N1 to N3 were 34.59, and at 55 DAT respectivly(table 2). (Hassan et al, 2009)showed that the spad reading indicated the plant nitrogen status and the amount of nitrogen to be applied are determined by the physiological nitrogen requirement of crop at different growth stage. (Chen et al, 1997)reportd that the chlorophyll level in the normal leaves decreased progressively with age.in senescence studies,it is commonly assumed that chlorophyll loss is linked to protein degradation. The analysis of variance showed split application increase significant spad values at 15, 55 and 45 day after transplanting(dat). The interaction rate and split application had no significant in spad values(table1).these data suggested Nitrogen fertilizer supplying increase spad values.300kg/ha N fertilizer had maxium spad values at each growth stage(table2).effects of split application on Spad valuse at 15,35 and 45 day after transplanting was significant. spad values at 2split to 4split were 38.74,38.46 & in 15day after transplanting and 33.60,35.69 &35.20 in 45day after transplanting and 34.07,37.01& in 55after transplanting. the spad values at 25 and 35 day after transplanting were not significant (Table3).

3 (Balasubramanian et al, 2000)showed that the results of research indicate that differential rates of N application can be worked out based on observed spad values at critical stages of growth(early tillering, active tillering,panicle initation, and first (10%) flowering).if these observation are confirmed,the number of spad measurement and split n applications will be reduced. Table1. Mean squares of split application of nitrogen fertilizer on Spad valuse in hybrid rice GRH1 M.S 15 DAT 25 DAT 35 DAT 45 DAT 55 DAT yield %C.V /988** 11/46** 8/20** 33/66 ** 19/73** 5/385** 0/016 ns 0/34 ns 10/75* 25/88** 0/539 ns 2/02 ns 0/542 1/98 ns 1/37 ns ns 2/546 2/618 2/84 3/617 3/039 * and ** respectively significant at 5% and 1% ** * n.s 6.36 Treatment Table2. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer level on Spad valuse in hybrid rice GRH1 15 DAT 25 DAT 35 DAT 45 DAT 55 DAT yield N1= 100 kg/ha 37/37 b 42/50 35/52 b 32/60 b 34/59 c c b N2= 200 kg/ha 38/01 b 43/68 a 35/95 b 35/75 a 36/182 b b N3= 300 kg/ha 39/11 a 44/76 a 37/35 a 36/124 a 37/84 a a Means separation in columns fllowed by the same letter s are not significantly different at P<0.05 Treatment Table 3.effects of split application on Spad valuse in hybrid rice GRH1 15 DAT 25 DAT 35 DAT 45 DAT 55 DAT yield T1= 2 split 38/74 a 43/81 a 36/36 a 33/60 b 33/07 b c T2= 3 split 38/46 a 43/62 a 36/052 a 35/69 a 37/01 a b T3= 4 split 37/28 b 43/63 a 36/41 a 35/20 a 37/53 a a Means separation in columns fllowed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at P<0.05 The resulet showed that Variation of spad valus under different rate and split application of nitrogen fertilizer reflected nitrogen need of rice plant at different stage. It was found that application of N fertilizers increased the spad values significantly. Spad value increased when application of higher dose of nitrogen fertilizer increased(fig1). Nitrogen is a key element in chlorophyll molecules.chlorophyll meter provides instantaneous on-site information on crop N ststus as spad reading in a nondestructive manner(swain and Jagtapsandip, 2010). The chlorophyll meter quantifies the greenness or relative chlorophyll content of leaves (Hassan et al,2009). Interesting in compariso to 4 split application of 3 and 2 split application showed increase split application decrease spad values at 15 DAT (Fig2). When application fertilizer at the fixed timing basaltillering(20dat)- panicle initation (40DAT) variation spad value were maximum than other times. After top dressing N fertilizer, spad value clearly increased from 1-3 unit of spad that showed depending on N application. Split application at 2 stage comparison 3 and 4 stage increased spad values significantly at 25DAT. This means spad reading at 25DAT varies more than spad reading at 15DAT (Fig2). (Islam et a., 2009) report that strong relationship between spad values and leaf N concentration, but this relationship varies with crop growth stage and or varity, mostly becaues of leaf thickness or specific leaf weight. However the relationship between leaf N content and spad value indicated that when a varity will show higher spad value,it has certainly higher amount of nitrogen. (Gholizadeh et al, 2011)report that the spad reading at 55DAT varies more than spad reading at 80 DAT. Furthermore, it can be explained that low SPAD reading variation at 80DAT indicated that it was almost homogeneous for entire study area while higher variation as can be seen at 55DAT indicated more heterogeneous. Spad value reduced at 25 and 45 DAT, then it quickly increased unit of spad after application nitrogen fertilizer at panicle initation stage (40DAT) and increase significantly at (45 and 55DAT). Timing of N application can apply three or four times based on crop need and spad threshold and crop-growing condition at each location(fig1&2). (Kumar et al, 2000)showed that the highest spad values were observed at the maximum tillering stage for all varites. It is necessary to mention, that starting with the first fertilization and until the last fertilization, higher SPAD reading values were established in hybrid rice. Therefore, according to the data young rice before the tillering stage grows slowly chlorophyll content in leaves,that in photosynthetic potential will be higher than in first fertilizer, by using the chlorophyll meter can synchronize fertilizer N application with actual crop demand.the liner relationship between leaf N content and spad values has led to determine the plants need meter to assess crop N status and to determine the plants need for additional N fertilizer(swain and Jagtap sandip, 2010).

4 Figur1 Figur2 Figure 1, 2- Effect of nitrogen fertilizer level (figur1) and split application (figure 2) on Spad valuse in hybrid rice(grh1). Figure 3.The effect interaction rate and split application of nitrogen fertilizer on yield in hybrid rice (GRH1) DISCUSSIONS Split application N fertilizer and using Spad resulted showed spad valus increase by application N fertilizer at different growth stage. thus, used spad in rice feild and split application N fertilizer based spad values can reduct of used nitrogen fertilizer. It was also revealed that grain yield increased significantly with nitrogen fertilizer.the results revealed that N application method based on growth diagnosis helped in saving N applied fertilizer and increasing grain yield. Timing of nitrogen application can apply four or three times at different growth stage based crop need and spad threshold and crop-growing condition at each location. REFERENCE Azarpour E,Tarighi F,Moradi M,Bozorgi H R Evaluation effect of different nitrogen fertilizer rates under irrigation management in rice farming. World Applied Scieces Journal.13(5): Babu M, Nagarajan R,Ramanathan S P,Balasubramanian V Optimizing chlorophyll meter threshold values for different season and varieties in irrigated lowland rice systems of the cauvery delta zone tamil nadu india. International Rice Research Note(IRRN) Balasubramanian V,Morales A C,Thiyagarajan TM,Babu M,Hai L H Adaptation of the chlorophyll meter(spad) technology for realtime N management in rice: areview. International Rice Research Note(IRRN). Buresh R J, Witt C Site-specifi c nutrient management. Part 1. General principles of FBMP(Fertilizer best management practices) Chen CH T,Li C C,Kao C H Senescence of rice leaves xxxl changes of chlorophyll,protein and polyamine contents and ethylene production during senescence of a chlorophyll-deficient mutant.j Plant Growth Regul.10: Doberman A, Fairhurst T rice:Nutrient disorders & nutrient management. IRRI, Philippines, PPI, U.S.A.,and PPIC,Canada. Islam M SH,Bhuiya M S U,Rahman S,Hussain M Evaluation of SPAD and LCC based nitrogen management in rice(orayza sativa L.).Bangaladesh J,Agril,Res.34(4):

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