Research Article BIO-RATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF EGGPLANT FRUIT AND SHOOT BORER, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee, (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) IN LALITPUR, NEPAL

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1 235 Research Article BIO-RATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF EGGPLANT FRUIT AND SHOOT BORER, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee, (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) IN LALITPUR, NEPAL RP Mainali 1, RB Thapa 2, P Pokhrel 2, N Dangi 1, S Aryal 1 1 Entomology Division - Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Khumaltar, Lalitpur 2 Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal Corresponding mainalism_2007@yahoo.com ABSTRACT A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of different management treatments as, i) Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) 2 g/lt; ii) Nimbecidine (Azadirachtin ml/lt; iii) Chinaberry fruit extract 1: 5 ratio; iv) Anosom (fraction of Annona squamosa 2 ml/lt; v) Abamectin ml/lt; vi) Cypermethrin 10 2 ml/lt; and vii) Untreated check against L. orbonalis in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at Khumaltar, Lalitpur in It showed that all treatments significantly lowered fruit infestation by both number and weight basis and higher marketable yield as compared to the untreated check (p<0.01). However, no treatments were significantly different from untreated check in terms of shoot damage. Fruit infestation percent on number and weight basis was the lowest in Abamectin treated plots (17.42 and 16.13) followed by Cypermethrin (29.13 and 27.80), Btk (31.26 and 29.17), Nimbecidine (35.66 and 33.79), Anosom (42.22 and 39.66), CFE (62.94 and 60.02) and untreated check (75.84 and 73.58), respectively. The highest marketable fruit yield (28.75 mt/ha) was obtained in Abamectin treated plots followed by Cypermethrin (23.91 mt/ha), Btk (22.10 mt/ha), Nimbecidine (21.19 mt/ha), Anosom (18.59 mt/ha), CFE (12.23 mt/ha) and untreated check (7.67 mt/ha), respectively. The marketable yield increment over untreated control was the highest in Abamectin (275%) followed by Cypermetrhirn (212%), Btk(188%), Nimbecidine (176%), Anosom (142%), CFE (59%), respectively. Similarly, the highest yield loss reduced by the use of Abamectin (74%), Btk (60%), Cypermethrin (58%), Nimbecidine (50%), Anosom (43%), CFE(16%) respectively. From this study, it was concluded that Abamectin and Btk is the most viable bio-rational options for L. orbonalis management. Key words: IPM, botanicals, microbials

2 236 INTRODUCTION Eggplant, Solanum melongena Linnaeus is one of the most important vegetables in South and South-East Asia grown on over 678 thousand hectares, which is about 37 percent of the world eggplant area (FAO, 2007). In Nepal, the production of fresh eggplant during 2011/12 was mt from 9157 ha with productivity 13 mt/ha accounting 3.69 percent of total vegetable production (MoAD, 2011/12). The higher yield and longer fruiting and harvesting period lure the farmer on eggplant production (Ghimire et al., 2001). However, eggplant production is in threat in recent years, due to increased cost of production on management of insect pest and disease complex. Among which, eggplant fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee is the most destructive and rank the first (Neupane, 2000). It is practically monophagous but attacks other plants of solanaceae family and attained global importance in recent years (Ahmad et al., 2007). The damaging stage, larva is an internal feeder that bore and damages the tender shoots and fruits adversely affecting plant growth, yield and fruit quality making it usually unfit for consumption and yield reduction is percent (Bhargava et al., 2008) as high as 70 percent (Islam and Karim, 1991; Dhandapani et al., 2003) and may up to 80 percent by both yield and content of vitamin C deteriorating consumer appearance (Sharma, 2002). There is tremendous misuse of insecticides in an attempt to produce damage-free marketable fruits (Srinivasan, 2009). Research in Nepal showed that the application of insecticide ranged times in winter and 25 to 30 times or even more in summer and rainy seasons. The dose of insecticide was much higher during fruiting and harvesting (Ghimire et al., 2001). The use of systemic insecticides at a very high dose and frequency is ecologically unsafe, detrimental to human health, induce pest resistance and it also increase the cost of production (Kabir et al., 1996). The absence of economical, eco-friendly and socially accepted solutions was a key constraint (IPM CRSP, 2001). Bio-rational approaches of pest management have been gaining popularity now-a-days for safe control of vegetable pests. However, a very few researchers have tested against L. orbonalis. Therefore, there is need to prove the efficacy of eco-friendly measures including microbials, botanicals and safe chemicals against L. orbonalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The field experimentation was carried out at the Entomology Division of Nepal Agricultural Research Council premises in Lalitpur district during summer rainy season of The field trial was carried out planting Mayalu F 1 variety of eggplant on April, 24, 2012 in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The compost and inorganic fertilizer was 20 mt/ha and 80:40:40 kg NPK/ha, respectively. The individual plot size was 4.32 m 2 with a spacing of 60 cm x 60 cm between rows and plants, respectively. Each plot consists of twelve plants. There were seven treatments including untreated check and the details of treatment are presented in Table 1.

3 237 Table 1. Treatment details used in efficacy test at Khumaltar, Lalitpur, 2012 S.N. Treatments Trade Name Manufacturer Name Dose T 1 Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) (Btk) SP Lipel Agri-Life, A.P., India 2 gm/lt T 2 Azadirachtin 0.03% EC Nimbecidine T. Stanes and Company Limited, Tamil Nadu, India 5 ml/lt T3 Chinnaberry fruit extract - - 1:5 ratio T 4 Fraction of Annona squamosa Linnaeus Anosom Agri-Life, A. P., India 2 ml/lt T 5 Abamectin 1.9% EC Vertimec Syngenta Crop Protection Pvt. Limited, Lyonpard Road, Australia T 6 Cypermethrin 10% EC Ustaad United Phosphorus Limited, Gujarat, India 1.8 ml/lt 2 ml/lt T 7 Untreated Check (UC) The first spray started from 62 days of transplanting (28 June, 2012) and repeated at 12 days interval. The amount of treatment required per litre of water was calculated by the formula, Treatment per litre of water = Concentration required Percent a. i. x 100 To determine shoot infestation, the counts were taken one day before first spray and 3, 7 and 11 days after each spray. Five sample plants were selected randomly from each experimental unit. The information on number of shoot per plant and their infestation was taken from all sample plant. The mean shoot infestation percent per plot was calculated by the formula, Shoot infestation percent = Number of infested shoots Total number of shoots x 100 The whole market sized fruits were taken to determine percent of fruit infestation. The separation, counting and weighing of infested and non-infested fruits were done during each picking and fruit infestation percent by both number and weight basis was calculated by the formula,

4 238 Fruit infestation percent by number = Fruit infestation percent by weight = Infested fruits number Total number of fruits x 100 Infested fruit weight (kg) Total fruit weight (kg) Again, average fruit and shoot infestation percent was worked out. x 100 In total seven pickings were done from 29 June, 2012 to 31 August, Total yield, viz. marketable yield (cumulative non-infested yield), infested yield (cumulative infested yield) and gross yield (addition of cumulative non-infested yield and cumulative infested yield) was calculated by adding respective yield of each picking. The per plot yield was converted to mt/ha and the data were subjected to the statistical analysis. The data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. For this, the data from all experiments were recorded, tabulated and managed using spreadsheet. For heterogeneous data, transformation was worked out as suggested by Gomez and Gomez (1984). Then, the data was analyzed by MSTAT-C, computer software. For significant differences among the treatments, Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to differentiate treatments effect at p<0.05. While comparing the yield from different treatments percent increase in marketable yield over control was calculated by the formula, Increase in yield over control % = T C C x 100 Where, T = Marketable yield from treatment plot; C = Marketable yield from untreated check plot Similarly, the percent reduction of infested fruit over control was also calculated. The information was tabulated, analyzed and interpreted to explain the findings. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There was no significant difference of treatment on mean percent shoot infestation. This was due to less infestation in field. The hairy shoot of hybrid variety might play role to unattract L. orbonalis. The coarse shoot at fruiting period reduced the wilting of shoots at later period of growth (Figure 1). This result is in line with Sharma (2002) that in his experiment the shoot infestation was negligible in eggplant so he could not draw conclusion on efficacy of certain insecticides and bio-pesticides against L. orbonalis.

5 Percent fruit infestation (by number) Percent shoot infestation y = x R² = Btk Nimbecidine CFE Anosom Abamectin Cypermethrin Untreated check 1 Date Figure 1. Effect of treatments on shoot infestation during experimental period, Khumatar, Lalitpur, 2012 The treatment Abamectin was most efficient and consistent in terms of lower fruit infestation by both number and weight basis. The efficacy of Cypermethrin slowly decreased on successive sprays from the fourth spray. This may be due to the resistance gained by insects against Cypermethrin, while efficacy of Btk increased on successive spray (from fourth spray) due to self-perpetuating nature or favorable climate for Btk aggression in later period of plant growth (Figure 2, 3) y = 0.865x R² = Btk Nimbecidine CFE Anosom Abamectin Cypermethrin Untreated check Linear (Untreated check) Date Figure 2. Effects of treatments on fruit infestation by number basis during experimental period, Khumatar, Lalitpur, 2012

6 Percent fruit infestation (by weight) y = 0.863x R² = Btk Nimbecidine CFE Anosom Abamectin Cypermethrin Untreated check Linear (Untreated check) Date Figure 3. Effects of treatments on fruit infestation by weight basis during experimental period, Khumatar, Lalitpur, 2012 Based on the efficacy the treatments could be arranged in the order Abamectin > Cypermethrin > Btk > Nimbecidine > Anosom > CFE > Untreated check (Table 2, 3). The treatment Abamectin was superior in terms of lowest fruit infestation by number and weight basis (17.42% and 16.13%) and highest marketable yield (28.75 mt/ha). This is in line with Lasota and Dybas (1990), Zhao et al. (1995), Arrora et al. (1996) and Dey and Somchaoudhary (2001) that the effectiveness of similar compound Avermectin in reducing the lepidopteran pests. Pareet (2006) reported that Avermectin ml and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) 5 percent 2ml/lt significantly incurred minimum fruit infestation of percent and 1.43 percent with marketable fruit yield q/ha and q/ha, respectively, the present finding is in line with their study. He further showed that leafhopper population was the lowest in Avermectin treated plots. Abamectin also showed the higher efficacy against different nematodes of plant and animals. Shahid et al. (2009) reported that Abamectin for the management of root knot disease with reduction in root galling and egg-masses significantly compared with untreated control. Cabrera et al. (2009) used Abamectin as a seed treatement and found that it was effective way of reducing root infestation of the three different nematodes, viz. Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood. Pratylenchus zeae Graham on maize, cotton and sugar beets, respectively at low concentrations and without negative affect on plant growth. Faske (2006) reported suppression of M. incognita by Abamectin. In addition, Rolfe (1997) showed that Abamectin also killed gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle. Lasota and Dybas (1990) reported that the new safer pesticide with novel modes of action and high selectivity, were highly effective against Lepidopteran pests.

7 241 Table 2. Mean percent fruit and shoot infestation by Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee under Lalitpur condition, 2012 Mean percent infestation±se Treatments By number Fruit By weight Shoot 2gm/lt of water 5ml/lt of water 1: 5 ratio with water 2ml/lt of water 1.8 ml/lt of water 2 ml/lt of water de ±0.44 (33.94) e ±0.45 (32.63) d ±0.48 (36.63) d ±0.46 (35.50) b ±0.81 (52.51) b ±0.80 (50.78) c ±0.59 (40.52) c ±0.54 (39.03) f ±0.34 (24.63) f ±0.28 (23.66) e ±0.80 (32.61) e ±0.77 (31.76) 4.08±0.045 (2.13) 4.29±0.042 (2.18) 5.22±0.037 (2.39) 4.56±0.039 (2.24) 3.21±0.035 (1.91) 4.27±0.035 (2.17) Untreated check a ±1.01 (60.57) a ±1.00 (59.07) 6.30±0.041 (2.60) CV (%) LSD at 5% Probability <0.01 < Figures in the parentheses indicate arcsine-transformed values (ASIN (SQRT (X/100)) x ) for fruit infestation and square root transformed values (SQRT (X+0.5)) for shoot infestation; Means followed by same alphabet do not differ significantly by DMRT at p<0.05; SE = Standard Error; Btk = Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner); CFE = Chinaberry fruit extract

8 242 Table 3. Effect of treatments on yield of eggplant fruit under Lalitpur condition, 2012 Treatments Marketable fruit yield (mt/ha) Increase in yield over untreated check (%) Infested fruit yield (mt/ha) Decrease in yield over untreated check (%) Gross yield 2gm/lt of water 5ml/lt of water 1: 5 ratio with water 2ml/lt of water 1.8 ml/lt of water 2 ml/lt of water b d bc bc cd abc d b bc c c bc a e a b d ab Untreated check e a c CV (%) LSD at 5% Probability < < Means followed by same alphabet do not differ significantly by DMRT at p<0.05; Btk = Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner); CFE = Chinaberry fruit extract In terms of lowering fruit infestation (29.13%, 27.80%) and for higher yield (23.91 mt/ha), the next best treatment is Cypermethrin, which is superior to other used microbials and botanicals. This result is supported by Kalawate and Dethe (2012). He recorded higher yield in Cypermethrin treated plot (16.30 and mt/ha) than conventional self formulated Neem Seed Extract (5%). Similarly, Temurde et al. (1992) reported that Fenvalerate (0.01%), Cypermethrin (0.01%), Endosulfan (0.05%) gave better control on L. orbonalis and recorded higher yields than Neemark a neem formulation, the finding of present study is in their line. Further it was supported by Deshmukh and Bhamare (2006) reported that, among

9 243 conventional insecticides, Cypermethrin percent proved superior in terms of efficacy and yield. The next best treatment Btk have lower fruit infestation (31.28% and 29.17%) with higher marketable yield of mt/ha was at par with Cypermethrin, which is in line with the reports of Singh (2010) that Bt formulation Halt produced maximum fruit yield q/ha which was significantly higher than untreated control, however it was lower and at par with chemicals. Tandon and Nillana (1987), Yin (1993) and Patnaik and Singh (1997) reported that spraying of Bt emulsion against L. orbonalis gave good control by reducing the fruit infestation. Moreover, Ravi et al. (2008) illustrated that the different sequential application of microbial Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) (Delfin 25 1kg/ha) and Neemazol were equally effective as that of sequential application of synthetic chemical insecticide, viz. Endosulfan 35 EC (@ 350 g a.i./ha), Quinolphos 25 EC (@ 250 g a.i./ha) and Indoxacarb 14.5 SC (@ 75 g a.i./ha) in reducing Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) larval population and fruit damage, which is somewhat similar result supporting the present finding. Nimbecidine proved next best treatment significantly lower than Abamectin, Cypermethrin and Btk but efficient than Anosom and CFE. Latif et al. (2010) mentioned that the efficacy of Azadirachtin 0.03 EC against L. orbonalis was inferior to Abamectin 1.8 EC and Cypermethrin 10 EC. Singh (1998) reported that emulsifiable concentrate of Neem formulations; Nimbecidine (1000ml/ha) was effective in controlling infestation of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) and shootfly, Atherigona soccata (Rondani) on forage sorghum but they were found to be inferior to Endosulfan (1250 ml/ha) and B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki (1000g/ha). Moreover, Shobharani and Nandihalli (2011) reported that Nimbecidine (5 ml/litre) and 5 percent proved significantly superior in reducing the shoot infestation and higher tuber yields (35.82 q/ha and q/ha, respectively) in potato after each spray followed by Pongamia 2 percent (30.91 q/ha) and single application of Neem 240 kg/ha. The fragmented Annona squamosa Linnaeus significantly lowered the fruit shoot infestation and increased marketable yield though not as effective than other bio-rational treatment, viz. Abamectin, Cypermethrin and Btk. But somewhat contrasting result was obtained by Ghatak et al. (2009) that reduction of fruit damage in seed extracts of Annona squamosa Linnaeus was better than seed extract of Strychnos nuxvomica Linnaeus (65.99 to 66.99%), Verticillium leucanii (Zimmerman) (58.67 to 66.79%) and Emamectin Benzoate (69.93% to 73.04%) with keeping quality of fruit better as compared to Emamectin Benzoate. The lower efficacy of A. squamosa may be due to the use of either commercial fragmented product (not seed extract) or at lower dose. But Owosu (2012) showed that the different concentration of ethanolic leaf extracts of Annona muricata Linnaeus percent, 0.50 percent and 1.0 percent could not completely prevent damage to shoots, flower and fruits of the eggplant, fairly effective against L. orbonalis, however it significantly reduced the damage even through not as effective as Dimethoate, which somewhat supports the present finding.

10 244 However, it is significant with untreated check; Chinaberry (Melia azadirach Linnaeus) fruit extract, CFE was the least efficient among the treatments. The least efficient nature of CFE was illustrated by Hammad and McAuslane (2010) that the survival of larvae of on plants treated with extracts of mature and immature M. azadirach fruit was not significantly different from that of the control. In addition, the comparative inefficacy might be due to the availability and use of unripe fruit of chinaberry. CONCLUSIONS Field experiment revealed that all treatments significantly lowered fruit infestation and resulted higher marketable yield as compared to untreated check. The Abamectin incurred lowest fruit infestation, highest marketable yield. Therefore, it can be recommended as most viable option to chemical pesticides for management of L. orbonalis. The treatment Btk being microbial and safe to natural enemies can also be a viable option in IPM. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is highly grateful to Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Entomology Division for providing me logistic and technical environment to conduct this research. LITERATURE CITED Ahmad, M., M. I. Arif and M. Ahmad Occurrence of insecticide resistance in field populations of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Pakistan. Journal of Crop Protection 26: Arora, R., G. S. Battu and D. S. Bath Biopesticides based on IPM system for ecosafe management of insect pests of cruciferous vegetable crops. First Indian Ecology Congress, December 27-31, National Institute of Ecology, New Delhi, India. Bhargava, M. C., R. K. Choudhary and P. C. Jain Genetic engineering of plants for insect resistance. In: P. C. Jain and M. C. Bhargava (eds.). Novel Approaches. New India Publishing. New Delhi, India. pp Cabrera, J. A., S. Kiewnick, C. Grimm, A. A. Dababat and R. A. Sikora Efficacy of Abamectin seed treatment on Pratylenchus zeae, Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodera schachtii. Journal of Plant Disease and Protection 116(3): Deshmukh, R. M. and V. K. Bhamare Field evaluation of some insecticides against eggplant shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee. International Journal of Agricultural Research 2(1): Dey, P. K. and A. K. Somchoudhary Evaluation of spinosad A + D (spinosad 48 SC) against lepidopteran pest complex of cabbage and its effect on natural enemies of diamondback moth under field conditions of west Bengal. Pestology 25:

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