Fighting banana diseases the end of Cavendish?

Transcription

1 Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations Fightg banana diseases end of Cavendish? 05 February 2014 Gianluca Gondoli Secretary of Banana Forum Trade and Markets Division FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy The The State State of of The State of Food Insecurity Insecurity and The Banana Forum Agriculture 2009

2 Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations What is Banana Forum (WBF)? Multi-stakeholder global platform created to leverage dialogue and cooperation among players banana value cha Mission: Promote sustaable production and trade Objective: Support adoption of good practices that address environmental, economic and social challenges cludg value distribution, externalities and negative impacts. The The State State of of The State of Food Insecurity Insecurity and The Banana Forum Agriculture 2009 WBF The Banana Forum

3 Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations Why bananas? The world s most exported fresh fruit (> US$ 7 billion/year) Essential source of come and employment for hundreds of thousands of rural households developg countries. Serious environmental, economic and social challenges due to: Large monoculture plantations High use of agrochemicals (mostly fertilizers and pesticides) High production costs Impacts on workers and local communities Low market prices Meetg those complex challenges requires volvement of all stakeholders of banana sector worldwide. The The State State of of The State of Food Insecurity Insecurity and The Banana Forum Agriculture 2009 WBF The Banana Forum

4 Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations Structure of WBF and deliverables Steerg Committee Secretariat hosted by FAO Thematic Workg Groups: 1. Sustaable Production Systems and Environmental Impact 2. Distribution of Value 3. Labour Rights Task Forces: Fundraisg, Communication, Fusarium TR4 Some Outputs to date Key players workg toger to set a level playg field; Onle portal to exchange formation on good practices; Trag workshops and capacity-buildg projects; Collaborative public-private partnerships and field research; National and ternational events to plan jot actions; Publication of statistics, analyses and case studies. The The State State of of The State of Food Insecurity Insecurity and The Banana Forum Agriculture 2009 WBF The Banana Forum

5 Members Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations The WBF welcomes participation of any stakeholder from sector willg to contribute towards a sustaable banana value cha. Major banana companies Retailers Producers and ir organizations Trade associations and exporter groups Civil Society Organizations Trade Unions Research stitutions Governmental representatives International Organizations Public and private donors The The State State of of The State of Food Insecurity Insecurity and The Banana Forum Agriculture 2009 WBF The Banana Forum

6 Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations Banana diseases Case Studies: Fusarium wilt Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4) Black leaf streak Black Sigatoka The The State State of of The State of Food Insecurity Insecurity and The Banana Forum Agriculture 2009 WBF The Banana Forum

7 Fusarium Wilt or Panama Disease

8 Miguel Dita The current banana dustry is Cavendish Ocean Cavendish plantation Colombia 2013

9 Cavendish varieties comprises 41% of all bananas grown worldwide and > 60 % Top 10 producg countries 14% 15% 6% 64% Cavendish (AAA) Plantas (AAB) Or dessert types Or cookg types Banana production - Top 10 producg countries [Dita et al Data FAO stat, Lescot 2010]

10 Fusarium Wilt of Banana: Global distribution This map represents FOC distribution for illustrative purposes only and it is not based on scientific research or to be taken as an official reference. Source:

11 By 1960s, Gros Michel had been replaced export production by cultivars of Cavendish subgroup Miguel Dita Miguel Dita Miguel Dita Gros Michel learns his fate

12 Miguel Dita Fusarium Wilt : Symptoms Miguel Dita

13 Foc dissemation field Soil-borne disease Next victim Future victim? RIP - Killed by TR4

14 A. Mola Accordg to Horticulture Plant Protection Department (2007) reported that epidemic rates of Foc race 4 Sumatra and or provces - reach 100 km/year

15 Impact of Foc TR4 Asia: A global threat (Million Box 12-kg ) PRODUCTION AREA Indonesia MARKET EFFECTS Taiwan 1600" 1400" 1200" 1000" 800" 600" 400" 200" 0" 1434 ha 715 ha 2000" 2001" 2002" 2003" West Sumatra (Horticulture Processg and Marketg Department, 2005) Export to Japan Chao(2008) BAPNET meetg Mola, 2010

16 New entries: Jordan and Mozambique Jordan: 2006 first disease symptoms 1,500 ha Cavendish 80% affected No solution Orig?

17 Fusarium wilt of banana: Global distribution Three urgent Actions This map represents FOC distribution for illustrative purposes only and it is not based on scientific research or to be taken as an official reference.

18 Importance of diagnostic tools First set made available 140 years after first report 2008 for FOC TR1 and 2010 for FOC TR4 (Wagengen University) Available Soil, water and plants 6 hours with PCR 15 mutes with Lamp Lamp

19 Risk assessment, capacity-buildg and preparedness for Foc TR4 LAC Bioversity, MUSALAC & Na onal Plant Health Organiza ons Traed In pipele

20 A Contgency Plan for Foc TR4 - Lat American and Caribbean

21 Is eradication of TR4 possible? Good farmg practices, Biotic, abiotic factors Biofumigation Verticillium Rhizoctonia Fusarium oxysporum Nematodes Chemicals Fungicides Anti-fungals

22 Resistance is first best management option Miguel Dita

23 Banana cultivars reported with resistance to Foc TR4 Variety Resistance Market Sources FHIA 01 R Seeded Walduck & Daly 2007 Bgzhi et al FHIA 02 R Seeded Bgzhi et al FHIA 18 R Good Walduck & Daly 2007 Bgzhi et al FHIA 25 R Poor Walduck & Daly 2007 Bgzhi et al Pisan Jai Buya R NA Walduck & Daly 2007 Bgzhi et al *GCTV 119 MR Good Walduck & Daly 2007 Bgzhi et al Mola 2011 GCTV 218 MR Good Mola, 2011 M. accumata malaccensis** R Seeded Walduck & Daly 2007 ABB varieties (Saba, Tanduk) R NA Mola - unpublished * There are many GCTV, produced by TBRI, Taiwan, which are contuously replaced for new somaclons with some resistance levels **Some M.a. malaccensis are susceptibles

24 Enhancg plant health and resistance through soil management Photos taken 4 weeks after oculation

25 Integrated approach for Foc disease management and improved productivity TC plants + digenous endophytes Bio z e d /bio-for fied healthy plants acclima zed - Fitness creased Healthy plants are established on a healthy soil Use of Beneficial Microbial Diversity Use of tailored fer liza on based o n o r g a n i c a m e n d m e n t s (Biochar, manures, compost) and beneficial soil microbes Soil -health oriented prac ces And crop Integrated management Sustaable production of banana from high value, but Foc- susceptible varieties

26 Integrated crop and watershed management Generatg a toolbox of practices based on agro-biodiversity for sustaable management of Foc banana Landscape and watershed Adapted from Staver 2011 Photo ENDURE Guadalupe Local landscape & Multi-Farm Farm ecosystem Plantation ecosystem Banana Plantation Banana plant + Foc(DNA) Psudostem)strand) ~)Middle)15320)cm) Psudostem)strand) plant)base)15320)cm) h p:// ficamerican.com/ar cle.cfm?id=fd-dna--a-banana-brg-science-home

27 Is re hope for Fusarium wilt banana? Immediate: Rapid diagnostics, quarante measures Short-term: Concerted Action Plan, anaerobic soil disfestation, early warng systems, good farmg practices, agrodiversification Long-term: Varietal resistance No control measures are currently available Will Cavendish bananas survive?

28 Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations Task Force on Fusarium Tropical Race 4 The Task Force was created December Actual members are: Chiquita Dole Taste WBF Secretariat FAO Plant Protection Division Wagengen University and Research Centre Bioversity International CIRAD CALL FOR ACTION CIRCULATED All terested organizations are welcome to jo! WBF The Banana Forum The The State State of of The State of Food Insecurity Insecurity and The Banana Forum Agriculture 2009

29 Black Sigatoka

30 Population cluded: Martique? 40 Guadalupe? 30 Populations: Costa Rica 100 Colombia 100 Ecuador 100 Philippes 100

31 Management options of BLSD Deleafg, Good farmg practices Use of chemicals (aerial sprayg) Systemic Fungicides Resistance Gene clong, hybrids Phenotypg Genetic engeerg MusaRadix

32 INCIDENCE OF BLACK SIGATOKA CONTROL TO THE RETAIL PRICE Fertilizers 28% Sigatoka 32% Ors 40% 15-20% INCIDENCE 2001 (Ploetz, 2001)

33 Fungicide resistance Costa Rica Wild type

34 Hope for Black Sigatoka banana?? Immediate: Improved screens for resistance monitorg Short-term: Test & compare alternative products for disease control that do not suffer from rapid decle efficacy Long-term: True resistance

35 Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations Key conclusions 1. Industry is > 70% dependg on Cavendish bananas. The future is threatened and depends on several external variables 2. High reliability on a sgle cultivar and on dedicated high-level research work 3. Scenario A (BAU): Fusarium wilt contues to spread 3 major regions, Sigatoka control costs crease as well as fungal resistance. Production costs and price will crease medium term 4. Scenario B (improved): Diseases are controlled through improved farmg practices. Diversification of varieties medium-term. Fair price distribution value-cha. 5. Scenario C (deteriorated): Diseases become unmanageable medium term. Production area will shrk. Supply reduced, price very high. Industry will be badly damaged The The State State of of The State of Food Insecurity Insecurity and The Banana Forum Agriculture 2009

36 Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations The way forward for Cavendish 1. Menu of available options from simple to sophisticated 2. Resistant bananas are first best option but require time, adoption of good farmg practices is second-best but are immediately available from farm to landscape management 3. Develop a sustaable value cha strategy that cludes a risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis to secure supply 4. Promote smart and responsible production, strengn local capacity, raise awareness across supply cha to sustaable sourcg 5. Anticipate impacts, implement preparedness and contgency plans for Fusarium, explore alternatives to cope with fungicide resistance to Black Sigatoka 6. Industry and or stakeholders to choose scenario and foster a level playg field, takg to account that cooperation is not an option The The State State of of The State of Food Insecurity Insecurity and The Banana Forum Agriculture 2009 WBF The Banana Forum

37 Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations Thank you! For more formation: The Secretariat of Banana Forum Mr Gianluca Gondoli, Mr Pascal Liu FAO Trade and Markets Division phone: Skype ID: faowbf The The State State of of The State of Food Insecurity Insecurity and The Banana Forum Agriculture 2009