Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia

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Milo McKenzie
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1 Sugarcane Aphid: a New Invasive Pest of Sorghum in Georgia G. D. Buntin Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin Campus gbuntin@uga.edu

2 Sugarcane Aphid, Melanaphis sacchari, infestations on grain sorghum in Georgia 2014, Top: Marion County, Center: Tifton GA, Bottom Randolph County, GA. Leaves with honeydew and sooty mold

3 Original discovery near Beaumont, TX

4 Appling Atkinson Bacon Baker Baldwin Banks Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb Bleckley Brantley Brooks Bryan Bulloch Burke Butts Calhoun Camden Candler Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatham Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb Coffee Colquitt Columbia Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp Dade Decatur Dekalb Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglas Early Echols Effingham Elbert Emanuel Evans Fannin Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Gilmer Glascock Glynn Gordon Grady Greene Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper Jefferson Jenkins Johnson Jones Lamar Lanier Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Long Lowndes Lumpkin McDuffie McIntosh Macon Madison Marion Meriwether Miller Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray Muscogee Newton Oglethorpe Paulding Peach Pickens Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph Richmond Schley Screven Seminole Spalding Stewart Talbot Taliaferro Tattnall Taylor Telfair Terrell Thomas Tift Towns Treutlen Troup Turner Twiggs Union Upson Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson Worth Dawson Fayette Jeff Davis Oconee Rockdale Stephens Sumter Toombs Georgia Counties with Sugarcane Aphid Infested (Agent confirmed) 1 Nov No Sorghum or cannot confirm infestations.

5 Aphids on Sorghum Corn leaf aphid yellow sugarcane aphid Greenbug sugarcane aphid Photos: Pat Porter, Texas A&M AgrilifeExtension

SCA Biology Pest in China, Japan, India, Southern Africa, South America, Mexico Infest sugarcane Hawaii: late 1800s, 1977 in FL; 1999 in LA. 2013 host shift to Sorghum east TX.

6 SCA Biology Pest in China, Japan, India, Southern Africa, South America, Mexico Infest sugarcane Hawaii: late 1800s, 1977 in FL; 1999 in LA host shift to Sorghum east TX. Sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari = Sorghum aphid, M. sorghi (Nibouche et al PlosOne e106067) Host: Sorghum spp., grain, forage, sweet sorghum, Johnsongrass Poor / Non hosts: Corn, millet, wheat, barley, rye, sugarcane, energycane. (Armstrong et al JEE ). Anholocyclic in US.; Does not overwinter in freezing areas. Very high reproductive rate. Sampling? G. Odvody/M. Brewer, AgriLife Research

Injury to Sorghum Feed mostly on underside of leaves and stems.

Feeding at boot stage may prevent heading or cause sterile grain heads.

7 Injury to Sorghum Feed mostly on underside of leaves and stems. Phloem feeder but reported to feed in xylem some places. General desiccation of plant tissue. If a toxin is involved, but not acute. Associated reddening, purpling and necrosis of plant tissue. Kill / stunt seedlings. Feeding at boot stage may prevent heading or cause sterile grain heads. Grain Yield losses: 20 80%, sometimes complete loss; 20% med dough stage Honeydew and sooty mold, Interfere with harvest aids. Courtesy of D. Kerns, LSU AgCenter, R. Villanueva, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension

8 SCA yield loss and Economic Thresholds (M. Brewer, Texas AgLife and D. Kerns, LSU) Yield (bu/acre) Resistant Susceptible a never treated C never treated a 2X A 2X a 1X AB 2X Action threshold Winnsboro, LA 2014 UTC a 1X ABC 1X a never treated BC 1X Loss per 100 aphids/leaf: TX: 2.54 bu/ac; LA: 4.11 bu/ac; Ave: bu/ac Estimated Thresholds: TX, LA, AR: aphids per leaf. MS: up to boot: 20% infested plants & local heavy honeydew; Bloom to dough: 30% infested plants & honeydew.

9 Plant Resistance / Tolerance?

10 Natural Enemies: predatory lady beetles and syphid flies and 1 parasitoid Honeydew attracts bees, wasps, and flies Syrphus sp. hover fly Aphelinus sp. Parasitoid Photos, J. P. Michaud, TX A&M

11 Impact on Forage Sorghum?

12 Sugarcane Aphid infestations on grain sorghum on equipment, slow delay harvest. Left: Silage chopper, East Texas; Right: Aphids and sticky leaves clogging combine Courtesy of D. Kerns, LSU AgCenter, R. Villanueva, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension

14 Impact of seed treatments on SCA population development. Source: David Kerns, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Primarily alates 19 DAP 26 DAP 33 DAP 40 DAP 250 Aphids per plant Aphids per leaf Gaucho 6.4 mg-ai Poncho 6.4 mg-ai Nipsit 6.4 mg-ai Cruiser 7.6 mg-ai Untreated Gaucho 6.4 mg-ai Poncho 6.4 mg-ai Nipsit 6.4 mg-ai Cruiser 7.6 mg-ai Untreated Poncho 600 and Cruiser 5FS seed treatments have 2(ee) supplemental labels for SCA on sorghum.

15 Insecticide Control of Sugarcane Aphid Control on Grain Sorghum, Marion County, GA 2014 Percent Control day 7 day 14 day = 0% control or negative

16 Insecticide Control of Sugarcane Aphid Control on Grain Sorghum, EXPO Moultrie, GA 2014 Treatments applied Sept. 5, 2014 Percent Control % 7 day = 0% control or negative

17 Insecticide Control of Sugarcane Aphid Control on Grain Sorghum, Henry County, GA 2014, Treatments applied September 25, 2014 Percent Control Transform 1.5 fl. oz. 3 fl. oz. 5 fl. oz. Lorsban 1 pt 30 fl. oz. 2 day 7 day = 0% control or negative

18 Sugarcane aphid Insecticides for sorghum in 2015 Neonic seed treatments, Cruiser 5FS, Poncho 600. Transform WG (sulfoxaflor); Section 18. Rate: oz, Max per crop: 3.0 oz per acre and 2 applications per crop. Application volume: full coverage by ground; 5 GPA by air. PHI: 14 days for grain; 7 days for grazing, forage, and hay. Re entry: 24 hours Sivanto 200SL (flupyradifurone); Full federal label. Rate: 4 7 oz per acre (2ee supplemental label), Max per crop: 28 fl. oz per acre. Application volume: 10 GPA by ground; 2 GPA by air. PHI: 21 days for grain; 7 days for grazing, forage, and hay. Re entry: 4 hours. 2 pts before heading; PHI: 60 2 pts. DO NOT use on sweet sorghum. Chlorpyrifos + 1 pt each per acre before heading; PHI: 30 & 28 days. Dimethoate alone?; Adjuvants?

Sugarcane aphid management guidelines for sorghum in 2015 Plant early. Few tolerant hybrids? Neonic seed treatment. Scout early and often. Treat at aphid threshold.

19 Sugarcane aphid management guidelines for sorghum in 2015 Plant early. Few tolerant hybrids? Neonic seed treatment. Scout early and often. Treat at aphid threshold. Natural enemies not timely in control. Avoid pyrethroid insecticides for other pests. Sorghum midge: Chlorpyrifos, Lannate Fall armyworm in whorl: Belt; Prevathon, Lannate Headworms & stink bugs on heads Check fields 2 3 weeks before harvest for infestation

Managing sorghum-sugarcane aphid in forage sorghum

Managing sorghum-sugarcane aphid in forage sorghum Alfalfa & Forage Field Day Kearney Agricultural Research & Extension Center 9/20/17 Nick Clark, Agronomy Advisor in Kings, Tulare, & Fresno Counties 2016