DETERMINING THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF RICE GENOTYPE JAJAI 25/A EVOLVED AT NIA, TANDO JAM, PAKISTAN

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1 Pak. J. Bot., 42(5): , DETERMINING THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF RICE GENOTYPE JAJAI 25/A EVOLVED AT NIA, TANDO JAM, PAKISTAN PARVEZ KHAN *, MUHAMMAD ASLAM, MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON, MUHAMMAD IMTIAZ, JAVAID AHMED SHAH AND NIZAMUDDIN DEPAR Soil Science Division, Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tando Jam-70060, Pakistan * parvez_08@yahoo.com Abstract Field studies on rice genotype Jajai 25/A were carried out to investigate the effect of different nitrogen and phosphorus levels on its growth during kharif 2006 and 2007 at experimental farm NIA, Tando Jam, Pakistan. Three levels of nitrogen i.e., 60, 90 and 120 kg ha -1 and 7 levels of phosphorus i.e. 15, 23, 30, 40, 45, 60 and 90 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 alongwith control were employed to see their effect on its yield and yield components. The results revealed that the number of productive tillers per hill, number of grains per panicle, 100-grain weight and paddy yield showed increasing trend up to 90 kg N and 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1, while the plant height and straw yield showed the increasing trend up to 120 kg N and 90 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1. The highest average paddy yield (4780 kg ha - 1 ), number of grains per panicle (122.3), 100-grain weight (2.16 g) and productive tillers per hill (26.6) were recorded at 90 kg N and 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1, while the tallest plant (109.9 cm) and straw yield (5657 kg ha -1 ) were obtained at 120 kg N and 90 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1. It would suggest that 90 kg N and 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 could be the optimum dose for this genotype under the agro-climatic condition of Tandojam, Pakistan. Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important food crop in the world. It is the staple food in South-East-Asia and at present more than half of the world population depends on this crop. Rice is also one of the most important cereals in Pakistan and occupies second position in cultivation after wheat. In Pakistan, it is grown on an area of 2.51 million hectares, with an annual production of 5.56 million tons giving an average yield of 2211 kg ha -1 (Anon., ), which is far below than the other rice producing countries of the world. There are a number of factors contributing to this yield gap, including poor fertility of our soils. In fact there is no other alternative, than to use more and balance plant nutrition for high productivity (Ahmad, 1992). Since the fertilizer is an expensive input, determination of its economical and appropriate dose to enhance crop productivity is imperative to fetch the maximum profit for the growers. At present, the world is facing the shortage of major fertilizers especially nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers. Even when their supply is satisfactory, importance of increasing use efficiency cannot be underestimated. The optimum use of fertilizer nutrient, particularly nitrogen plays an important role in boosting the yields (Mandal et al., 1999). It is a fact that improper use of nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers, instead of giving yield advantage, may reduce the same (Bajwa & Rehman, 1998). Different varieties may have varying responses to N and P fertilizers depending on their agronomic traits. The application of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer either in excess or less than optimum rate affects both yield and quality to a remarkable extent (Manzoor et al., 2006). Hence proper management of crop nutrition is of immense importance. Rice grain yield was recorded highest in case the N application ranged between kg ha -1 (Bali et al.,

2 3258 PARVEZ KHAN ET AL., 1995). The present study was, therefore, designed to find out the most suitable and appropriate combination of nutrients to enhance the productivity of rice under the agroclimatic condition of Sindh. Materials and Methods These studies were carried out during kharif season of two consecutive years (2006 and 2007) at NIA, experimental farm Tando Jam to study the nutritional requirements of rice genotype Jajai 25/A. The experimental site was silty clay in texture, non-saline in nature (ECe, 1.3 and 1.0 ds m -1 ), low in organic matter (7.2 and 6.1 g kg -1 ), Kjeldahl N (0.055 and 0.042%) and Olsen s P (6.7 and 6.3 mg kg -1 ) at 0-15 and cm. Urea, triple super phosphate (TSP) and sulfate of potash (SOP) were used as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium sources, respectively. Three levels of nitrogen i.e., 60, 90 and 120 kg ha -1 and 7 levels of phosphorous (15, 23, 30, 40, 45, 60 and 90 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 ) formed the treatment variables, whereas potash was applied at constant rate of 25 kg ha -1 in each treatment except control where no fertilizer was used. The experiment was laid out according to randomized complete block design with four replications. The unit plot size was 3 x 4 meter. The required quantity of TSP and SOP were applied at transplanting, whereas urea was applied in three equal splits (1/3 at transplanting, [1/3 at 50% tillering (8-12 tillers/hill) and remaining 1/3 at panicle initiation]. Rice genotype Jajai 25/A evolved at NIA, Tando Jam was transplanted as two plants per hill at interrow and inter plant distance of 20 x 20 cm.. The requisite agronomic and plant protection measures were adopted uniformly for all the treatments throughout the growing period of crop. The crop was sampled at maturity, separated into straw and grains and dried in an oven at 70 o C to a constant weight. A uniform sub portion of the dried material was ground in Willey s mill and required quantities of the ground material were digested in HNO 3 : HClO 4 mixture prepared in 5:1 ratio. The digested material was analyzed for total P by metavanadate yellow colour method as described by Jackson For N determination the material was digested by modified Kjeldahl s method in which N is converted in NH 4 + form by digestion with H 2 SO 4. The NH 3 is distilled into boric acid and determined by titration with standard H 2 SO 4 (Jackson, 1962). The soil samples were subjected to analysis for ph, EC, (Jackson, 1973). The mechanical analysis for soil separates to determine the texture was made using mechanical shaker and hydrometer, according to the method described by Bouyoucos (1962). The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using standard method of analysis (Steel & Torrie, 1986) and treatment means were compared by employing Duncan s multiple range test at 5% level of probability (Duncan, 1955). Results and Discussion Plant height and productive tillers hill -1 : The data showed that the plant height varied significantly with the fertilizer treatments (Table 1). The maximum plant height of cm was recorded where 120 kg N and 90 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 were applied, which was statistically at par with that obtained by 90 kg N ha -1 and 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1. However, the minimum plant height of 87.5 cm was observed in control. Singh & Sharma (1987) reported that application of 180 kg N ha -1 resulted in higher plant height of rice. Manzoor et al., (2006) reported the maximum plant height ( cm) with application of 225 kg N ha -1 in rice variety Basmati Similar results were also reported by Kausar et al., (1993). The increase in plant height with increased N application might primarily be due to enhanced vegetative growth by increasing nitrogen supply to the plant (Manzoor et al., 2006).

3 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF RICE GENOTYPE JAJAI 25/A 3259 Table 1. Effect of N & P on agronomic parameters of rice genotype Jajai 25/A. Treatments Plant height (cm) Tillers hill -1 (N & P kg ha -1 ) Control 85.3 g 89.7 d 87.5 f 16.1 e 16.0 e 16.0 f f 92.3 d 92.3 e 22.8 cd 19.2 d 20.9 e de c d 24.5 abc 21.3 cd 22.9 cde cde c d 23.7 bc 22.7 bc 23.2 cd e c 99.9 d 20.4 d 22.3 bc 21.4 de cde bc cd 23.3 bc 24.3 ab 23.8 bc bc a ab 27.1 a 26.0 a 26.6 a bcd ab bc 25.8 ab 24.0 abc 24.9 abc ab a ab 24.7 abc 26.3 a 25.5 ab a a a 25.0 abc 26.7 a 25.8 ab lsd Table 2. Effect of N & P on agronomic parameters of rice genotype Jajai 25/A. Treatments 100 grain weight (g) No. of grains Panicle -1 (N & P kg ha -1 ) Control 1.25 d 1.27 f 1.26 e 74.8 f 74.8 h 74.8 f c 1.58 e 1.57 d e 94.7 g 99.0 e c 1.66 d 1.58 d d fg d b 1.88 c 1.92 c cd ef d b 1.94 bc 1.92 c abcd de c ab 2.00 b 2.02 b a cd 118.4ab a 2.18 a 2.16 a ab a a ab 1.93 bc 1.98 bc abc bc bc b 1.95 bc 1.93 c abc ab ab b 1.96 b 1.92 c bcd ab abc lsd Number of productive tillers per hill was significantly influenced by different nitrogen and phosphorus treatments (Table 1). Rice plants yielded more number of productive tillers per hill (26.6) when 90 kg N and 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 were applied, all these values remained statistically at par with 120 kg N and 90 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1,. Least productive tillers (16.1) were recorded in control. Enhanced tillering by increased nitrogen and phosphorus application might be attributed to more nitrogen supply to plant at active tillering stage. These results are in conformity with those of Manzoor et al., (2006). 100-grain weight and grain panicle -1 : Data regarding 100-grain weight presented in Table 2 revealed that grain weight was significantly affected by the application of different levels of nutrients. Fertilization of the crop treatments resulted in significantly higher grain weight than unfertilized crop. The maximum 100-grain weight (2.16 g) was recorded in plots where N and P 2 O 5 were applied at 90 kg and 60 kg ha -1. Control gave minimum 100-grain weight at 1.26 g. Similar results were reported earlier by Bali et al., (1995) and also by Singh & Sharma (1987). Increase in grain weight at high nitrogen and phosphorus rates might be primarily due to increase in chlorophyll concentration in levels which led to higher photosynthetic rate and ultimately plenty of photosynthates available during grain development (Kausar et al., 1993).

4 3260 PARVEZ KHAN ET AL., Maximum number of grains per panicle (122.3) was recorded at 90 kg N ha -1 and 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 and it did not differ statistically up to 120 kg N ha -1 and 90 kg P ha -1. The lowest value of this parameter (74.8) was recorded in control. Marazi (1993) also reported similar findings. The more number of grains per panicle in higher N and P rates were probably due to better N and P status of plant during panicle growth period (Manzoor et al., 2006). Paddy and straw yield: The paddy yield data (Table 3) revealed a positive response to N and P fertilizer treatment. The pooled data of paddy yield revealed that rice crop responded significantly to nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers application. The highest paddy yield (4780 kgha -1 ) was recorded where N and P were applied at 90 and 60 kg ha -1, which was statistically at par with 120 kg N and 90 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1. The lowest paddy yield (2463 kg-ha -1 ) was recorded in control. Phosphorus fertilization increased average grain yield (1Mg ha -1 ) by 20% (Georage et al., 2001). The higher paddy yield at higher nitrogen and phosphorous rates were also reported by other workers (Khan et al., 2008). The reason might be that phosphorous contributed substantially to the root development as a result of which nutrient and water absorption was increased, thus resulting in increased paddy yield. A significant decline in paddy yield at 120 kg N and 40 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 level might be due to imbalance ratios which reduced the number of grains per panicle and 100-grain weight at this N and P levels. Rice straw yield was significantly enhanced with the addition of N and P fertilizer (Table 3). The highest straw yield 5657 kg ha -1 was recorded where 120 N and 90 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 was used which was statistically identical to that produced by 90 N and 60 kg P 2 O 5 but different from rest of the fertilizer treatments. The better growth and higher straw yield with increasing N and P levels can be attributed to the most important functions of the N, in enhancing the vegetative growth (Ma et al., 2004). Phosphorus seems to have an additive effect on crop growth provided it is supplied in a balanced proportion to that of applied N (Brink, 2001). Nitrogen and phosphorous uptake (kg ha -1 ): The nutrient uptake by rice plants was increased significantly with increasing N and P levels (Table 4). The highest N uptake in rice crop was escalated from 23.3 to kg ha -1 when N was applied from 0 to 120 kg ha -1. The highest total N uptake (114.6 kg ha -1 ) was recorded with the application of 120 kg N ha -1, whereas the lowest N uptake (23.3 kg ha -1 ) recorded in the control. These results are similar to those recorded by Mandal et al., (1999) who reported that appropriate proportion of nutrients in soil facilitates their uptake by the plants. Successive increase in N at each level showed a tendency to increase N uptake in plants (Hossain et al., 2005). Consecutive increments in P fertilization at each N dose significantly improved the efficiency of N usage, which reflects strong synergism between both elements. Khan et al., (2008) observed that nitrogen uptake by rice was escalated from 46.1 to kg ha -1 when N application rate was increased from 0 to 150 kg ha -1. Total Phosphorus uptake was influenced significantly by the levels of P application (Table 4). Phosphorus uptake increased linearly with the corresponding increase in P application rates. The highest total P uptake of 15.5 kg ha -1 was recorded with 90 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1, which was statistically at par with 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 and the lowest was noticed (2.6 kg ha -1 ) in the control. Similar results were found by Hossain et al., (2005) who observed that the application of 25 mg P 2 O 5 kg -1 in soil significantly increased phosphorous uptake by wheat crop. Khan et al., (2009) observed that the highest phosphorus uptake of 17.9 kg was recorded with 135 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 and the lowest (4.2 kg) in the control in wheat. Khan et al., (2008) also observed highest P uptake of 12.3 kg ha -1 with 120 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 and the lowest (4.9 kg) in control in rice. Phosphorus fertilization increased P uptake (4.1 kg ha -1 ) by 53% (Georage et al., 2001).

5 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF RICE GENOTYPE JAJAI 25/A 3261 Table 3. Effect of different fertilizer levels and ratios on the yield of rice genotype Jajai 25/A. Yield kg ha -1 Treatments Paddy Straw (N & P kg ha -1 ) Control 2287 d 2639 f 2463 f 2719 e 3750 d 3235 f c 3833 e 3835 e 3578 d 4567 c 4072 e c 4278 d 4031 de 3958 c 5622 b 4790 d bc 4694 bc 4333 b 4089 c 5561 b 4825 d bc 4444 cd 4186 d 4367 b 5203 b 4785 d bc 4722 bc 4313 b 4419 b 5556 b 4986 c a 5167 a 4780 a 4956 a 5867 ab 5411 ab c 4694 bc 4174 d 4953 a 6239 a 5596 ab c 4722 bc 4217 cd 4917 a 6355 a 5636 a a 4805 b 4534 ab 4953 a 6361 a 5657 a Lsd Table 4. Total nitrogen uptake as influenced by different N & P application. Total N uptake (kg ha -1 ) Total P uptake (kg ha -1 ) Treatments (N & P kg ha -1 ) Control 25.2 g 21.3 h 23.3 f 2.6 g 2.7 e 2.6 h f 44.4 g 46.9 e 6.0 f 6.7 d 6.4 g e 52.3 fg 55.8 e 8.8 d 8.9 c 8.8 e d 64.4 f 68.9 d 10.6 c 9.0 c 9.8 d d 66.2 ef 71.6 d 7.5 e 7.7 d 7.6 f c 81.9 de 84.1 c 12.3 b 10.7 b 11.5 c b 90.8 cd 94.3 b 14.1 a 16.6 a 15.4 a bc bc 94.6 b 10.8 c 11.6 b 11.2 c bc ab b 12.2 b 15.9 a 14.0 b a a a 15.0 a 16.0 a 15.5 a lsd Nitrogen and phosphorous recovery (%): Nitrogen recovery was significantly affected by different levels of nitrogen (Table 5). The highest total N recovery of 75.0 was recorded where N and P were applied at 90 and 60 kg ha -1, which was statistically identical to that produced by 120 N and 90 kg P 2 O 5. These findings are in close conformity with those reported by Hossain et al., (2005). Recoveries of fertilizer N however, decreased with the subsequent increase in N application rates. The lowest values of N recovery 38.9 % was recorded with 60 kg N and 15 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1. The highest P recovery recorded was 24.7% at 15 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 (Table 5), while the lowest value of 14.3% was recorded with 90 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1. Similar findings have been reported by Brink et al., (2001) and Mahabari et al., (1996). Conclusion The rice genotype (cv. Jajai 25/A) performed efficiently with increasing N and P 2 O 5 levels. The maximum yield was produced by 90 kg N and 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 hence, it can be considered as the most economical dose for this genotype when grown on silty clay soil.

6 3262 PARVEZ KHAN ET AL., Table 5. Nutrient recoveries as influenced by different N & P application. Total N Recovery (%) Total P Recovery (%) Treatments (N & P kg ha -1 ) Control 0.0 e 0.0 e 0.0 f 0.0 f 0.0 e 0.0 e d 37.5 d 38.9 e 23.1 a 26.6 a 24.7 a c 50.0 cd 53.4 d 20.7 bc 20.7 bc 20.7 bc a 69.6 ab 75.0 a 17.8 d 14.0 d 15.9 d c 44.8 cd 51.2 d 21.4 ab 21.8 b 21.5 b b 59.5 abc 63.7 bc 21.6 ab 17.6 cd 19.6 bc a 69.4 ab 75.0 a 19.3 bc 23.2 ab 21.2 b c 57.5 bc 55.4 cd 20.6 bc 22.1 b 21.3 b c 66.5 ab 60.5 cd 16.1 d 22.0 b 19.0 c b 75.7 a 72.6 ab 13.8 e 14.7 d 14.3 d Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge the contribution of Mr. Hafeez ur Rehman Bughio, Scientist for providing the seed of rice genotype Jajai 25/A. Pr. References Ahmad, N Efficient use of plant nutrients. Proc. 4 th Nat. Cong. Soil Sci., May, 24-26, Islamabad. p Anonymous Pakistan Economic Survey, Govt. of Pakistan, Finance Division, Economic Advisor s Wing, Islamabad, p.13. Bajwa, M.I. and F. Rehman Customized Complete (Compound) Fertilizer. Proc. Seminar Plant Nutrition Management for Sustainable Agricultural Growth Dec. 8-10, 1997, NFDC, Islamabad. p Bali, A., S.M. Siddique, B.A. Ganai, H.V. Khan, K.N. Singh and A.S. Bali Response of rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes to nitrogen levels under transplanted conditions in Kashmir valley. Indian J. Agron. 40(1): Bouyoucos, G.J Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis of soil. Agron. J., 54: Brink, G.E., G.A. Peterson, K.R. Sistani and T.E. Fairbrother Uptake of selected nutrients by temperate grasses and legumes. Agron. J., 93: Duncan, D.B Multiple range and multiple F-test. Biometrics, 11: George, T., R. Magbanua, W. Roder, K.V. Keer, G. Trebuil and V. Reoma Upland rice response to phosphorus fertilization in Asia. Agron. J., 93: Hossain, M.F., S.K. White, S.F. Elahi, N. Sultana, M. H. K. Chaudhry, Q. K. Alam, J.A. Rother and J.L. Gaunt The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer for rice in Bangladeshi farmers field. Field Crops Res., 93(1): Jackson, M.L Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J. pp Jackson, M.L Soil chemical analysis. Prentice hall of India, New Delhi. pp Kausar, K., M. Akbar, E. Rasul and A.N. Ahmad Physiological responses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth and yield of wheat. Pakistan J. Agric. Res., 14: 2-3. Khan, P., M. Imtiaz, M. Aslam, M. Y. Memon, M. Suleman, A. Baby and S. H. Siddiqui Studies on the nutritional requirements of candidate rice genotype IR6-25/A evolved at NIA, Tando Jam. Soil & Environ., 27(2):

7 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF RICE GENOTYPE JAJAI 25/A 3263 Khan, P., M. Imtiaz, M.Y. Memon and M. Aslam Response of wheat genotype MSH-14 to different levels/ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus. Sarhad J. Agri., 25(1): Ma, B. L., W. Yan, L.M. Dwyer, J. Fregeau-Reid, H.D. Voldeng, Y. Dion and H. Nass Graphic analysis of genotypes, Environment, Nitrogen Fertilizer and their interaction on spring wheat yield. Agron. J., 96: Mahabari, M.B., D.S. Patil and S.D. Kalke Yield and uptake of nutrients as influenced by the method and time of application of nitrogen fertilizer under flood prone rice. Soils and Crops, 6(1): Mandal, B., P.L.G. Velk and L.N. Mandal Beneficial effects of blue-green algae and Azolla, excluding supplying nitrogen, on wetland rice fields: a review. Bio. Fertil. Soils, 24: Manzoor, Z., T.H. Awan, M.E. Safdar, R.I. Ali, M.M. Ashraf and M. Ahmad, Effect of nitrogen levels on yield and yield components of basmati. J. Agric. Res., 44(2): Marazi, A.R., G.M. Khan, K.H. Singh and A.S. Bali Response of rice (Oryza sativa) to different N levels and water regimes in Kashmir Valley. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 63(11): Singh, K.N. and D. K. Sharma Response to nitrogen of rice in sodic soil. IRRI NL, 12(3): 45. Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie Principles and Procedures of Statistics (2nd Ed). McGraw Hill Book Co; New York. (Received for publication 26 November 2009)