Sustainability Information Services for Agri-Food Supply Networks

Transcription

1 Institut für Lebensmittel- un Ressourcenökonomik Professur für Unternehmensführung, Organisation un Informationsmanagement Sustainability Information Services for Agri-Foo Supply Netorks Closing Gaps in Information Infrastructures I n a u g u r a l D i s s e r t a t i o n zur Erlangung es Graes Doktor er Ernährungs- un Haushaltsissenschaft (Dr.oec.troph.) er Hohen Lanirtschaftlichen Fakultät er Rheinischen Frierich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt am von Richar Joachim Lehmann aus Chemnitz

2 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 82 6 Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps An information service that buils upon the existing information infrastructures as presente in chapter 5 coul provie sustainability information on numerous ifferent prouct characteristics for any enterprise or consumers at any time. Figure 31 introuces eight priority information omains, hich have been ientifie to have eman for aitional information provision. Each of these omains might be covere by an information service. All omains as ell as the foo safety an quality inicators are a result of telve semi-structure expert intervies, hich have been conucte in aition to the expert intervies for analysing the information infrastructures of European pork supply netorks (chapter 5). All intervie results are supporte by esk research. The selecte experts are practitioners coming from ifferent stages of prouction an researchers orking in the respective fiel. Ientifie information omains are systematise an structure uner the umbrella of sustainability, incorporating the previously introuce five main focus areas of agri-foo prouction. Results are publishe in Lehmann et al. (2011).

3 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 83 Figure 31: Priority information omains in European pork supply netorks

4 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 84 The folloing sections ill present a structure approach for eveloping sustainability information services for agri-foo supply netorks using ifferent application examples from the pork sector. Three information omains have been selecte as application examples: - Foo safety (representing the social imension of sustainability), - Quality (representing the economic imension of sustainability), - Global arming potential (GWP; representing the environmental imension of sustainability). For each selecte information omain, examples for integrate information service solutions are introuce, hich are builing upon respective sources, emans an gaps ithin the pork supply netork. Information sources might be intra-enterprise information system an/or netork/sector focuse information systems. Foo safety an quality information emans result from the previously escribe telve semi-structure expert intervies. Global arming potential (GWP) information emans result from a life cycle assessment (LCA) conucte by Nguyen et al. (2010). Gaps are ientifie by comparing the information emans for each information service ith the information supply presente in the information reference moels in section 5.4. For that purpose it is assume that the reference moels of information supply are alreay state of the art for all enterprises in the European pork sector. The folloing section 6.1 gives an introuction into information services for agri-foo supply netorks incluing relevant terms an efinitions. In the sections 6.2, 6.3 an 6.4 the evelopment approach is presente by means of the three selecte application examples. 6.1 Introuction into Information Services An information service for agri-foo supply netorks provies information on prouct characteristics to enterprises ithin a supply netork an to consumers. Such prouct characteristics might involve (1) prouct information, such as ingreients of a prouct, an/or (2) process information, hich might be more ifficult to quantify an might not be measurable at the final prouct, such as animal elfare information (Schiefer, 2002). It can be escribe as a service that: - Measures an evaluates social, economic an/or environmental prouct characteristics, - Might be use for ecision support, - Enables communication of prouct characteristics to customers an consumers. By using the internet, hich has alreay become the most important meium for information exchange an the core communication environment for business relations (EC

5 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 85 FIArch Group, 2010), an by builing information services upon the existing information infrastructures, information services coul provie cost- an time-saving solutions for enterprises to meet their increasing information emans, thereith improving the competitiveness of enterprises, supply netorks an the sector by satisfying customers an consumers nee for information on the sustainability of a prouct. Moreover, such integrate, computer-base services oul provie a flexible solution for also meeting future information emans, hich coul easily be implemente into an existing information service. Figure 32 illustrates the general steps of an information service, involving the four major parts information emans, information service, information sources an information provision. These steps are similar for a multitue of technical solutions, for example, the service might be approache by a person through any eb-enable evice, such as a personal computer, smart phone or PDA, or the service might also run fully automate, e.g. for every prouct passing a RFID-gate. The service user approaches the service ith one or more information emans hich first nee to be specifie. This specification of information emans etermines the type an number of queries (request an reply loops) the information service nees for proviing the information. Information emans an associate queries might be istinguishe ifferently; for example: - Regular, on eman or on exception, - Single information or specifie information clusters (e.g. all microbiological results), - Supplier-relate, subject-relate or prouct-relate information. As soon as emans have been specifie, an event, such as the prouct ientification (e.g. scanning a barcoe, reaing a RFID-tag, typing in the prouct s ID) or a preefine time, starts the service. The first step of the service is usually a traceability query, ientifying hich actors have been involve in the prouction process an coul provie the requeste information, folloe by further queries to the involve actors, hich are epening on the specifie information emans an the receive traceability information. Thereby all information queries might alternatively or complementarily make use of intra-enterprise information systems, netork/sector focuse information systems an/or external applications (applications process information; e.g. transport istance applications such as Google Maps), hich might contain reunant, processe an/or aitional information. As a next step, in some cases receive information nees to be further processe (e.g. if results first nee aggregation or ue to ifferent metrics) before it is prepare in a report an provie to the service user.

6 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 86 Figure 32: Steps of an information service The ientifie steps of an information service allo for eriving a structure approach for eveloping information services. Any evelopment of an information service shoul buil upon the folloing moels: - Information supply moels (etermining available information sources; represente by the information reference moels in section 5.4), - Information eman moels (etermining information hich is neee by a service user), - Gap moels (etermining information hich is not available ithout aitional efforts). Analysis of information emans is a basic requirement of any information system or service evelopment process an analysis of available information sources helps at fining cost- an time-saving solutions, hich is of particular importance for the agri-foo sector ith its multitue of small an meium-size enterprises an the resulting iely-sprea heterogeneous information sources. Gaps are ientifie by comparing the information eman moels ith the information supply moels. The gaps inicate here aitional efforts nee to be consiere hen eveloping an information service. Thereby three types of gaps can be istinguishe: - Information gap (information is not yet available in the information infrastructure), - Preparation gap (available information is not sufficiently complying ith actual emans), - Communication gap (information is available in the information infrastructure but is not communicate). Solutions to eliminate information an preparation gaps might be very ifferent as they might inclue various problems in information provision an processing (examples ill given in the selecte information omains). Communication gaps primarily call for agreements among involve supply netork actors.

7 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 87 The folloing sections ill present the information service evelopment approach by means of the three selecte application examples foo safety, quality an global arming potential. 6.2 Foo Safety Information Service A foo safety information service coul provie foo safety information an guarantees to customers ithin a supply netork an to consumers, hich might be use for ecision support an might help improving foo safety at all stages of pork prouction. The folloing sections ill introuce information emans for a foo safety information service (6.2.1), gaps hich nee to be consiere hen eveloping such a service (6.2.2) an an example for an integrate, computer-base information service solution (6.2.3) Foo Safety Information Demans All foo safety information emans are a result of the aforementione semi-structure expert intervies. The foo safety inicators as introuce in figure 31 (animal health, microbiological hazars an chemical hazars) are partly further specifie. Microbiological hazars are ifferentiate into pork lab results, meat temperature at slaughter/processing level an meat temperature at retail level. Chemical hazars are ifferentiate into fee lab results, fee aitives an meication/vaccination. The folloing figure 33 shos a moel of ientifie information emans at the ifferent stages of pork prouction for the foo safety information service. All information is assigne to fee, pig or pork an the four prouction stages as previously escribe.

8 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 88 Figure 33: Foo safety information emans

9 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 89 The folloing foo safety-relate information emans exist in European pork supply netorks: - Fee lab results an aitives from fee prouction are neee at pig prouction an slaughter/processing, - Animal health an meication/vaccination information from pig prouction are neee at slaughter/processing an retail, - Lab results an meat temperature generate at slaughter/processing are neee at retail, - Meat temperature generate at retail is only neee at retail Gaps in the Foo Safety Information Infrastructure The gap moel introuce in figure 34 is a result of comparing the foo safety information reference moel presente in section 5.4 (figure 28) ith information emans for the foo safety information service as escribe in the previous section (figure 33).

10 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 90 Figure 34: Gaps in the foo safety information infrastructure

11 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 91 Information neee for the foo safety information service almost completely matches ith the available information in the foo safety-relate reference moel of information supply. All neee information is available ithin the supply netork. Hoever, three communication gaps exist at retail level: - Lab results of elivere pork, - Meat temperature measure uring slaughter an processing, - Meication an vaccination of pigs. For eveloping a foo safety information service these three communication gaps nee to be consiere as they might nee agreements among slaughter/processing an retail an/or among pig prouction an retail Exemplary Service Solutions (Foo Safety) An information service as introuce in section 6.1 coul provie foo safety information to actors in a pork supply netork to meet their foo safety information emans as introuce in section Hoever, gap analysis shoe communication gaps at retail level, hich call for agreements beteen pig prouction, slaughter/processing an retail. Figure 35 shos an exemplary foo safety information service solution that integrates the intra-enterprise an netork/sector focuse information systems as previously escribe.

12 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 92 Figure 35: Integrate foo safety information service solution The foo safety information service can be approache by any of the involve actors to meet their foo safety information emans as introuce in section After emans have been specifie, an event, e.g. the scanning of a barcoe, starts the information service. The first step is a traceability query, ientifying hich actors have been involve in the prouction process an coul provie the requeste information. As soon as the ientification of involve actors is complete, one or more queries to the respective intra-enterprise information systems an/or netork/sector focuse foo safety information systems (e.g. GD atabase in the Netherlans) are initiate, requesting the

13 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 93 neee information. As soon as all requeste information is receive or no further information sources can be ientifie, the service starts to process the collecte information an generates a report (both steps are epening on the specifications of the emans), thereith proviing the neee foo safety information to the service user. 6.3 Quality Information Service A quality information service coul provie quality information an guarantees to customers ithin a supply netork an to consumers, hich might be use for ecision support an might help improving quality at all stages of pork prouction. The folloing sections ill introuce information emans for a quality information service (6.3.1), gaps hich nee to be consiere hen eveloping such a service (6.3.2) an an example for an integrate, computer-base information service solution (6.3.3) Quality Information Demans All quality information emans are a result of the aforementione semi-structure expert intervies. The quality inicators as introuce in figure 31 (inherent prouct characteristics, uniformity, feeing an bree) are partly further specifie. Inherent prouct characteristics are ifferentiate into inherent prouct characteristics (e.g. fat content, ater holing capacity) an ingreients (e.g. salt, spices) of pork an pork proucts. Feeing is ifferentiate into the feeing of the pigs at farm level (e.g. certain type of feeing) as ell as into fee composition an fee quality level at fee prouction. The folloing figure 36 shos a moel of ientifie information emans at the ifferent stages of pork prouction for the quality information service. All information is assigne to fee, pig or pork an the four prouction stages as previously escribe.

14 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 94 Figure 36: Quality information emans

15 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 95 The folloing quality-relate information emans exist in European pork supply netorks: - Fee composition an quality level from fee prouction are neee at pig prouction an slaughter/processing, - Pig bree an feeing from pig prouction are neee at slaughter/processing an retail (bree an feeing information are of particular interest for supply netorks hich inten to guarantee a certain bree an/or feeing, e.g. Iberian ry-cure ham in Spain or Mangalica proucts in Hungary), - Pork inherent prouct characteristics from slaughter/processing are neee at pig prouction an retail, - Pork ingreients an uniformity from slaughter/processing are neee at retail Gaps in the Quality Information Infrastructure The gap moel introuce in figure 37 is a result of comparing the quality information reference moel presente in section 5.4 (figure 29) ith information emans for the quality information service as escribe in the previous section (figure 36).

16 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 96 Figure 37: Gaps in the quality information infrastructure

17 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 97 Information neee for the quality information service almost completely matches ith the available information in the quality-relate reference moel of information supply, except the information on uniformity of pork. Gap analysis shos a preparation gap on uniformity of pork at slaughter/processing. Provision of uniformity information nees to be improve at slaughter/processing, hich might, e.g., inclue investments in ne equipment. The preparation gap on uniformity is associate ith a communication gap at retail level. As soon as the preparation gap has been close an appropriate uniformity information is available, this information shoul be forare to retail, hich might also nee agreements among slaughter/processing an retail Exemplary Service Solutions (Quality) An information service as introuce in section 6.1 coul provie quality information to actors in a pork supply netork to meet their quality information emans as introuce in section Hoever, gap analysis shoe a preparation gap on the uniformity of pork at slaughter/processing level an an associate communication gap at retail level. The provision of information on uniformity nees to be improve at slaughter/processing an information nees to be exchange ith retail. Figure 38 shos an exemplary quality information service solution that integrates the intra-enterprise an netork/sector focuse information systems as previously escribe.

18 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 98 Figure 38: Integrate quality information service solution The quality information service can be approache by any of the involve actors to meet their quality information emans as introuce in section After emans have been specifie, an event, e.g. the scanning of a barcoe, starts the service. The first step is a traceability query, ientifying hich actors have been involve in the prouction process an coul provie the requeste information. As soon as the ientification of involve actors is complete, one or more queries to the respective intra-enterprise information systems an/or netork/sector focuse quality information systems (e.g. atabases of quality system proviers) are initiate, requesting the neee information.

19 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 99 As soon as all requeste information is receive or no further information sources can be ientifie, the service starts to process the collecte information an generates a report (both steps are epening on the specifications of the emans), thereith proviing the neee quality information to the service user. 6.4 Global Warming Potential Information Service At all stages of pork prouction numerous processes are performe that have an impact on global arming. In livestock prouction emissions of the greenhouse gases nitrous oxie (N2O) an methane (CH4) are significant contributors to global arming in aition to carbon ioxie (CO2) emissions originating from the combustion of fossil fuels. The combine global arming potential (GWP) is commonly measure in CO2 equivalents here the effect of CH4 an N2O relative to CO2 are 25 an 298:1, respectively (Mogensen et al., 2009). Nguyen et al. (2010) performe a life cycle inventory (LCI; part of LCA) of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from typical pig farming practices in Northest Europe. The results ere use in combination ith inventory ata for slaughtering available from Dalgaar et al. (2007) to ientify the main contributors to the GWP of pork supply netorks in a prouct-base evaluation. Looking at the prouction processes, fee use is the ominant source of the GWP of pork prouction being responsible for 55 % of total emissions. On-farm emissions, hich inclue enteric CH4 emissions, CH4 an N2O emissions from manure management (hich is temperature epenent) an N2O emissions from manure application, are the secon most important contributors, accounting for 41 % of total emissions. Transport of all items associate ith the system an energy use in housing an manure management account for 8 % an 6 %, respectively. The post-farm process of slaughtering contributes only 2 % to the total GHG emissions from pork prouction. The value of the manure prouce, hich avois the prouction an use of commercial fertilizers, results in a negative contribution amounting to some 13 % of the GWP of the pork supply netork (Nguyen et al., 2010). A GWP information service coul provie GWP information an guarantees to customers ithin a supply netork an to consumers, hich might be use for ecision support an might help reucing the environmental impact at all stages of pork prouction. The folloing sections ill introuce information emans for a GWP information service (6.4.1), gaps hich nee to be consiere hen eveloping such a service (6.4.2) an an example for an integrate, computer-base information service solution (6.4.3).

20 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps Global Warming Potential Information Demans Base on the results of Nguyen et al. (2010) an Dalgaar et al. (2007) the folloing six inicators are ientifie to be most significant for the environmental impact of ifferent pork prouction systems (publishe in Lehmann an Hermansen, 2010): - Transport istance of fee (transport of fee in tons*kilometres), - Agro-ecological zone here pigs are raise (representing outoor climate conitions an manure regulations), - Manure hanling system (iniviual farm ata, e.g. stra base versus slurry), - Fee conversion (fee use per kg pork prouce), - Fossil energy use uring pig prouction an slaughter/processing, - Transport/cooling of pork. An information service that measures an evaluates the GWP of pork an pork proucts shoul be base on these six inicators to inclue the major part of the GWP of pork prouction an enable a feasible solution. The folloing figure 39 shos a moel of the ientifie information emans at the ifferent stages of pork prouction for the GWP information service. All information is assigne to fee, pig or pork an the four prouction stages as previously escribe.

21 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 101 Figure 39: Global arming potential information emans

22 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 102 The folloing GWP-relate information emans exist in European pork supply netorks: - Transport istance of fee is neee at fee prouction, pig prouction, slaughter/processing an retail, - The agro-ecological zone here pigs are raise, manure hanling system, fee conversion an fossil energy use on farm level are neee at pig prouction, slaughter/processing an retail, - Fossil energy use uring slaughter/processing an transport/cooling of pork (transport istance an cooling technology uring transport) are neee at slaughter/processing an retail Gaps in the Global Warming Potential Information Infrastructure The gap moel introuce in figure 40 is a result of comparing the overall reference moel of information supply (figure A-3 in appenix A) ith the information emans for the GWP information service as escribe in the previous section (figure 39).

23 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 103 Figure 40: Gaps in the global arming potential information infrastructure

24 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 104 The comparison of the information emans for the GWP information service an the information reference moels shos information, preparation an communication gaps at all stages of pork prouction. Information gaps exist on the fee transport istance at fee prouction, pig prouction, slaughter/processing an retail, on the agro-ecological zone at pig prouction, slaughter/processing an retail, an on transport/cooling at slaughter/processing an retail. Preparation gaps exist on the manure hanling system an fossil energy use of involve farms an on fossil energy use of involve slaughter/processing enterprises. All preparation gaps are associate ith communication gaps. After the preparation gaps have been close, information on the manure hanling system an farm level fossil energy use shoul be forare to slaughter/processing an retail as ell as information on fossil energy use of slaughter/processing to retail. Information on the fee conversion of pigs is alreay available in the information infrastructure as part of enterprise performance information at pig prouction level (see appenix C) but communication gaps on fee conversion exist at slaughter/processing an retail level Exemplary Service Solutions (Global Warming Potential) An information service as introuce in section 6.1 coul provie information on the GWP to actors in a pork supply netork to meet their GWP information emans as introuce in section After emans have been specifie, an event, e.g. the scanning of a barcoe, starts the service. The first step is a traceability query, ientifying hich actors have been involve in the prouction process an coul provie the requeste information. Hoever, gap analysis shoe several gaps at all prouction stages. For that reason the presentation of the GWP information service solution ill be ivie into six subsections ( to ) hich ill go further into etail as for the previously escribe foo safety an quality information service solutions. Figure 41 shos an exemplary GWP information service solution incluing references to the respective subsections. The traceability query only nees to be initiate once hen the service is starte; for that reason, the intra-enterprise an netork/sector focuse traceability information systems (as introuce in section 5.4) are inclue in figure 41 an not in the subsections.

25 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 105 Figure 41: Integrate global arming potential information service solution The folloing sections ill introuce examples for possible information service queries, hich aim at proviing fee transport istance ( ), agro-ecological zone ( ), manure hanling system ( ), fee conversion ( ), fossil energy use ( ) an transport/cooling ( ) information. As soon as all requeste information is receive or no further information sources can be ientifie, the service starts to process the collecte information an generates a report (both steps are epening on the specifications of the emans), thereith proviing the neee GWP information to the service user.

26 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps Fee Transport Distance The LCA shoe that the transport istance of fee has a major impact on the total GWP of pork prouction. Hoever, such information not only involves the transport istance but also the quantity of transporte fee, more precisely, it can be calculate by multiplying the quantity of the transporte fee ith the transport istance of the fee (e.g. tons*kilometres). Whereas information on the transport quantities is available in intraenterprise an netork/sector focuse logistics information systems, information on the transport istance is not available in the existing information infrastructure an nees external information sources. Figure 42 shos the fee transport istance query as part of the GWP information service solution. The query starts by using traceability information, hich is provie by the traceability query as presente in figure 41.

27 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 107 Figure 42: Fee transport istance query (part of GWP information service; maps: Google Maps, 2010) Queries for the transport istance an transport quantity can be starte simultaneously using the receive information on fee proucer s suppliers, fee proucers an pig proucers. Transport istance queries can make use existing online applications such as Google Maps, hich allo calculating the istance among specifie locations orlie. By creating an interface to such an application, aress information of involve fee proucer s suppliers, fee proucers an pig proucers can be transferre to the appli-

28 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 108 cation an transport istance information ill be replie automatically. Fee quantity information might be receive from fee prouction intra-enterprise information systems, pig prouction intra-enterprise information systems an/or netork/sector focuse logistics information systems, such as the information systems of involve logistic proviers (e.g. shipping agent). Fee proucer s suppliers are not consiere as a main prouction stage an, as a consequence, elivere quantities are not part of the reference moel; hoever, information on the elivere quantities is available at their intraenterprise information systems. As soon as all requeste information is receive or no further information sources can be ientifie, the service starts to process the collecte information (e.g. calculates an average fee transport istance per kg pork) an generates a report, thereith proviing the neee fee transport istance information Agro-Ecological Zone The LCA shoe that the agro-ecological zone, representing outoor climate conitions as ell as manure regulations, has a major impact on the total GWP of pork prouction. Hoever, such information is not available in the existing information infrastructure an, consequently, aitional external information sources nee to be approache to provie the information. An example for such an information source coul be the Common Agricultural Policy Regionalise Impact (CAPRI) moelling system. The CAPRI moelling system is originally an economic simulation tool ith a matching ata base for analysis of the European agricultural sector (Aenäuer et al., 2005) but parts of the moel s results can be use as an input for etermining environmental impacts of agricultural prouction (Britz an Leip, 2009). The system provies, among a multitue of other information, calculations on environmental inicators in the meat sector at high resolution (Pérez, 2006) involving about 250 regions, hich cover, among others, the hole EU-25 in NUTS level 2 (nomenclature of territorial units for statistics). Hoever, hereas information on outoor climate conitions is alreay part of the moelling system (Kempen et al., 2010), information on manure regulations nees to be implemente first. The system is maintaine, applie an further evelope by a netork of European researchers an is mainly fune by EU research projects. By creating an interface to an information system such as the CAPRI system, information on the agri-ecological zone in hich the pigs ere prouce coul be requeste by the information service an the system coul reply information hether the pigs come from a region here they have a lo, mile or high environmental impact. Figure 43 shos the agro-ecological zone query as part of the GWP information service solution using the

29 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 109 CAPRI system as an example. The query starts by using traceability information, hich is provie by the traceability query as presente in figure 41. Figure 43: Agro-ecological zone query (part of GWP information service; map: CAPRI, 2010) The query to the information system proviing the agro-ecological zone information can be starte as soon as traceability information of the involve pig proucers is available. For every requeste location the system replies information about the agri-ecological zone of the pig proucer. As soon as all requeste information is receive or no further information sources can be ientifie, the service starts to process the collecte information (e.g. calculates an average) an generates a report, thereith proviing the neee agro-ecological zone information Manure Hanling System The LCA shoe that the manure hanling system of pig proucing farms has a major impact on the total GWP of pork prouction. Hoever, gap analysis shoe a preparation gap for manure hanling system information since it is not yet part of the information infrastructure but it coul be retrieve at farm level after to preparations: (1) agreements on the categorisation of ifferent manure hanling systems nee to be reache (e.g. stra base or slurry, prepare for biogas or not) an (2) respective in-

30 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 110 formation nees to be integrate into the intra-enterprise information systems on farm level or into a netork/sector focuse information system. Gap analysis also shoe communication gaps at slaughter/processing an retail level. As soon as the preparation gap regaring the manure hanling system has been close an respective information can be provie, agreements on information exchange nee to be reache as ell. Figure 44 shos the manure hanling system query as part of the GWP information service solution using the farm level intra-enterprise information systems uner the aforementione assumptions that manure hanling systems have been categorise an respective information is integrate into the system. The query starts by using traceability information, hich is provie by the traceability query as presente in figure 41. Figure 44: Manure hanling system query (part of GWP information service) The queries to intra-enterprise an/or netork/sector focuse information systems proviing the manure hanling system information can be starte as soon as traceability information of the involve pig proucers is available. The service starts requesting the information an the approache systems reply information about the manure hanling systems of the pig proucing farms. As soon as all requeste information is receive or no further information sources can be ientifie, the service starts to process the collecte information (e.g. calculates an average of involve pig proucing farms) an generates a report, thereith proviing the neee manure hanling system information.

31 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps Fee Conversion The LCA shoe that the fee conversion of pigs has a major impact on the total GWP of pork prouction. Information about fee conversion is available in the existing information infrastructure as it is part of enterprise performance information (table C-5; appenix C). Hoever, gap analysis shoe that even though information on fee conversion is available at farm level, it is not communicate ith slaughter/processing an retail (communication gaps). Hence, agreements on information exchange nee to be reache to overcome these gaps. Figure 45 shos the fee conversion query as part of the GWP information service solution using intra-enterprise information systems at farm level an/or netork/sector focuse information systems. The query starts by using traceability information, hich is provie by the traceability query as presente in figure 41. Figure 45: Fee conversion query (part of GWP information service) The queries to intra-enterprise an/or netork/sector focuse information systems proviing the fee conversion information can be starte as soon as traceability information of the involve pig proucers is available. The service starts requesting the information an the approache systems reply information about fee conversion on the respective pig proucing farms. As soon as all requeste information is receive or no further information sources can be ientifie, the service starts to process the collecte information (e.g. calculates an average of involve pig proucing farms) an generates a report, thereith proviing the neee fee conversion information.

32 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps Fossil Energy Use The LCA shoe that the fossil energy use at pig prouction an slaughter/processing has a major impact on the total GWP of pork prouction. Hoever, gap analysis shoe preparation gaps for fossil energy use at pig prouction an slaughter/processing since it is not yet part of the information infrastructure. It coul be retrieve at pig prouction an slaughter/processing (ue to EU irective 2003/54/EC every energy provier is oblige to isclose such information) but the information nees first to be integrate into the intra-enterprise information systems or into a netork/sector focuse information system. Such a netork/sector focuse information system might also be the information system of the energy provier. Figure 46 shos the fossil energy use query as part of the GWP information service solution using intra-enterprise information systems at pig prouction an slaughter/processing level an/or netork/sector focuse information systems. The query starts by using traceability information, hich is provie by the traceability query as presente in figure 41. Figure 46: Fossil energy use query (part of GWP information service) The queries to intra-enterprise an/or netork/sector focuse information systems proviing the fossil energy use information can be starte as soon as traceability information of the involve pig proucing an slaughter/processing enterprises is available. The service starts requesting the information an the approache systems reply infor-

33 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 113 mation about the fossil energy use of involve enterprises. As soon as all requeste information is receive or no further information sources can be ientifie, the service starts to process the collecte information (e.g. total fossil energy use) an generates a report, thereith proviing the neee fossil energy use information Transport/Cooling The LCA shoe that the transport istance of pork an the cooling technology use uring transport have a major impact on the total GWP of pork prouction. Hoever, gap analysis shoe an information gap since such information is not available in the existing information infrastructure. Information on the pork transport istance coul be receive from external information sources, such as the online applications escribe in section (e.g. Google Maps), an information on the cooling technology coul be integrate into the slaughter/processing intra-enterprise information systems, retail intra-enterprise information systems an/or netork/sector focuse logistics information systems, such as the information systems of involve logistic proviers (e.g. shipping agent). Figure 47 shos the transport/cooling query as part of the GWP information service solution. The query starts by using traceability information, hich is provie by the traceability query as presente in figure 41.

34 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 114 Figure 47: Transport/cooling information query (part of GWP information service; map: Google Maps, 2010) Queries for the pork transport istance an cooling technology can be starte simultaneously using the receive traceability information on involve slaughter/processing enterprises an retailers. Pork transport istance queries can make use of existing online applications such as Google Maps (see also section ). For information on the cooling technology the service starts requesting information from intra-enterprise an/or netork/sector focuse information systems an the approache systems reply

35 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 115 information about the cooling technology. As soon as all requeste information is receive or no further information sources can be ientifie, the service starts to process the collecte information an generates a report, thereith proviing the neee transport/cooling information. 6.5 Remaining Solution Deficiencies As pointe out in the introuction, consumers an enterprises ithin agri-foo supply netorks sho increasing interest in numerous aspects of sustainability, an in turn, on the availability of relate information an guarantees (e.g. Schiefer, 2002; Beulens et al., 2005; Wolfert et al., 2010). Enterprises are facing these ne expectations an are seeking to communicate social, economic an environmental characteristics of their proucts an processes to customers ithin their supply netork an to consumers (French, 2008). Ne solutions for etermination an communication of sustainability, such as the presente integrate, computer-base information services, are neee for agri-foo supply netorks (e.g. ten Pierick an Meeusen, 2004; van er Vorst et al., 2005; GS1, 2011). Hoever, ue to the variety of solutions an inicators that are iscusse regaring the sustainability of the sector an its actors (Onersteijn et al., 2006; Sonesson et al., 2010), enterprises fin it ifficult to ientify their specific nees, to etermine technologies an resources require to meet those nees, an to unerstan ho to balance organisational responsibilities ithin their supply netork (Hart, 1995; Starik an Rans, 1995). The previous sections presente the existing information infrastructures in European pork supply netorks, service users information emans an occurring gaps to etermine here aitional efforts an investments in information provision an processing are neee. Three types of gaps are istinguishe: - Information gaps inicate information that is not yet available in the information infrastructure, - Preparation gaps inicate information that is available but not sufficiently complying ith actual emans, - Communication gaps inicate information that is available but not communicate among ifferent actors in a supply netork. Solutions for eliminating information an preparation gaps might be very ifferent as they might inclue various problems in information provision an processing (e.g. insufficient equipment, technical stanars). Communication gaps primarily call for agreements among involve actors in a supply netork.

36 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 116 The results sho that European pork supply netorks have a consistent infrastructure regaring logistics an traceability, hich is a prerequisite for aitional exchange of information among supply netork actors. Hoever, improvements in information exchange as ell as the implementation of the presente information services require improvements in technical infrastructures an collaboration among actors ithin a supply netork. Such collaboration oul not only enable the aforementione benefits of an information service, it oul also offer further potentials for increasing the competitiveness of the entire supply netork (e.g. Cox, 1999; Christopher, 2000; Lambert an Cooper, 2000; Yu et al., 2001; Vickery et al., 2003; Narayanan an Raman, 2004). Or in other ors, as For an co-authors (2001) phrase it: co-operate-to-compete. Even though a cooperative approach in the agri-foo sector oul not be trivial, it oul be feasible (Beulens et al., 2005). Problems in collaboration an implementation of an information service are mainly relate to the transparency level of an enterprise or supply netork. To this circumstance it is also referre to as T-reainess (Fritz an Schiefer, 2010). Thereby, the most pressing issues are relate to enterprises ifferent levels of E-reainess (enterprises ability to aopt ne technologies) an their lack of illingness to share information. As presente in section 5.3, the use of ICT shos significant ifferences ithin an across European pork supply netorks (see also appenix B). To enable the implementation of an integrate, computer-base information service, actors first nee to reach agreements on technical stanars an relate processes. For etaile information about intra- an inter-enterprise integration of processes, applications, ata an physical infrastructures see Wolfert et al. (2010), Verou (2010) an Jahn (2011). For further information about enterprises ability to aopt ne technologies see Bryceson (2008) an Reiche (2011). In aition to the technical barriers, the implementation of such information services is also aggravate by the lack of illingness to share information ith other actors ithin a supply netork (see also Fritz an Hausen, 2009). Enterprises still perceive possible risks of sharing information, such as the risk of unauthorise use of information, uncertainty about aitional profits or cost savings, or the loss of inepenence (Beulens et al., 2005). Even though enterprises are starting to see the benefits of sharing specific information (see also Bunte et al., 2009), further measures to reuce the perceive risk are neee for the agri-foo sector. The thesis focuses on eficiencies regaring the informational elements in pork supply netorks. Hoever, further eficiencies exist regaring the technical implementation of integrate, computer-base information services as previously escribe. Such implementation eficiencies apply for all stages an all information omains. Consequently, after ientifie information, preparation an communication gaps are eliminate, avail-

37 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 117 able intra-enterprise an netork/sector-focuse information systems nee to be integrate into a computer-base information service, in orer to provie requeste information to a service user in a user-frienly an real-time moe. As soon as all gaps are eliminate, hich implies appropriate physical infrastructures, interfaces an ata stanars, an integrate service solution that uses netork-ie information sources nees to be evelope an implemente. Exemplary solutions for such integrate, computer-base information services are given in sections 6.2.3, an for the foo safety, quality an GWP information omains. The folloing table 9 summarises the ientifie information, preparation an communication gaps in the pork supply netork information infrastructure for the three presente information omains foo safety, quality an GWP. Gaps are assigne to the previously introuce main prouction stages fee prouction, pig prouction, slaughter/processing an retail. Table 9: Gaps in information infrastructures assigne to prouction stages Fee prouction Pig prouction Slaughter an processing Retail Foo safety Communication gaps Quality Preparation gap Communication gap Global arming potential Information gap Information gaps Preparation gaps Information gaps Preparation gap Communication gaps Information gaps Communication gaps The results of the foo safety information omain sho communication gaps at retail level regaring meat lab results, meat temperature uring slaughter/processing an meication/vaccination of pigs. All information is available at slaughter/processing but is not communicate ith retail, hich calls for agreements among these actors. In the quality information omain a preparation gap exists at slaughter/processing regaring the uniformity of meat. Provision of uniformity information nees to be improve at slaughter/processing, hich might also inclue investments in ne equipment. The preparation gap is associate ith a communication gap at retail level. As soon as appropriate uniformity information is available, the information shoul be forare to retail, hich might nee agreements among slaughter/processing an retail.

38 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 118 In the GWP omain information gaps exist at fee prouction, pig prouction, slaughter/processing an retail regaring the fee transport istance, at pig prouction, slaughter/processing an retail regaring the agro-ecological zone of pig prouction, an at slaughter/processing an retail regaring the transport/cooling of meat. Information nees to be provie, hich might also inclue investments in ne information systems. Preparation gaps exist on the manure hanling system an fossil energy use of farms an on fossil energy use of involve slaughter/processing enterprises. Information on manure hanling an fossil energy use nees to be implemente into the existing information systems. The preparation gaps are associate ith communication gaps. As soon as the preparation gaps are eliminate, information on the manure hanling system an farm level fossil energy use is neee at slaughter/processing an retail as ell as information on fossil energy use of slaughter/processing is neee at retail. Information on the fee conversion of pigs is alreay available at pig prouction but relate communication gaps exist at slaughter/processing an retail. The communication gaps call for agreements among the involve actors. The folloing table 10 summarises the ientifie information, preparation an communication gaps for the three presente information omains foo safety, quality an GWP assigne to the previously introuce prouct categories fee, pig an pork. Table 10: Gaps in information infrastructures assigne to prouct categories Fee Pig Pork Foo safety Communication gap Communication gap Quality Preparation gap Communication gap Global Information gap Information gap arming Information gap Preparation gap Preparation gap potential Communication gap Communication gap In the foo safety information omain a pig-relate communication gap regaring meication/vaccination an to pork-relate communication gaps regaring lab results an meat temperature at slaughter/processing exist. All these communication gaps call for agreements among the involve actors. In the quality information omain a pork-relate preparation gap regaring the uniformity of meat an an associate communication gaps exist. Provision of information nees to be improve, hich might inclue investments in ne equipment at slaugh-

39 Chapter 6: Information Services for European Pork Prouction Closing the Gaps 119 ter/processing. As soon as appropriate uniformity information is available, the information shoul be forare to retail, hich might nee agreements among the involve actors. In the GWP omain a fee-relate information gap exist on the fee transport istance an a pig-relate information gap exists on the agro-ecological zone here pigs are raise. Both gaps nee aitional information provision. Pig-relate preparation an associate communication gaps exist on the manure hanling system an fossil energy use of farms. Information on manure hanling an fossil energy use of farms nees first to be implemente into the existing information systems, an then be communicate ith slaughter/processing an retail. Information on the fee conversion of pigs is alreay available at pig prouction but communication gaps exist at slaughter/processing an retail. A pork-relate information gap exists on transport/cooling of meat, hich nees aitional information provision. A pork-relate preparation gap an an associate communication gap exist on fossil energy use of involve slaughter/processing enterprises. Information nees first to be implemente into the existing information systems, an then be communicate ith retail, hich might also nee agreements among involve actors.

40 Chapter 7: Summary an Conclusions Summary an Conclusions Several global evelopments as ell as sector-ie crises cause by animal iseases or foo contaminations have le to a changing attitue of society toars the consequences of the agri-foo system s activities for social, economic an environmental issues. Consumers, an especially those in countries ith abunance of foo, sho increasing interest in the characteristics of foo, such as origin, safety, quality or the environmental impact of its prouction, an in turn, on the availability of relate information an guarantees. As a consequence, provision of appropriate information has alreay become an important competitive factor. Enterprises in agri-foo supply netorks are facing these ne expectations an are seeking to communicate sustainable performance of their business to customers ithin their supply netork an consumers as the final customers. The appropriate communication of sustainable practices coul increase the perceive value of sustainably prouce foo for consumers, expresse as illingnessto-pay, an, in turn, coul offset potential aitional costs that enterprises might face on their ay to improve sustainability. Ne solutions for etermination an communication of sustainability, covering sustainability in a broaer sense, incluing social, economic an environmental issues, an also more narroly, incluing only single aspects of sustainability, are neee for the agrifoo sector. Integrate, computer-base information services, since they are mainly builing on existing intra-enterprise an netork/sector focuse information systems, coul provie flexible, cost- an time-saving solutions for enterprises to measure an evaluate social, economic an environmental characteristics of agri-foo proucts. Gaine information might be use for ecision support ithin enterprises as ell as for pro-active communication of sustainable practices to customers an consumers, resulting in increase competitiveness of enterprises, supply netorks an the sector by satisfying customers an consumers nee for transparent information on characteristics of a prouct. The present octoral thesis introuces a structure approach for eveloping sustainability information services for agri-foo supply netorks an presents a generalise moelling frameork, hich enables an integration of gaine information an guarantees into existing netork-ie prouction an ecision processes. To exemplify the approach, European pork prouction is selecte for emonstration. It is presente using the three application examples foo safety (representing the social imension of sustainability), quality (representing the economic imension of sustainability) an global arming potential (representing the environmental imension of sustainability). The

41 Chapter 7: Summary an Conclusions 121 approach involves (1) information supply moels, ientifying available information sources, (2) information eman moels, proviing the base for eveloping sustainability information services by ientifying service users information emans an (3) gap moels, ientifying information, preparation an communication gaps, hich call for aitional efforts hen eveloping an information service. Thereby information gaps inicate information that is not yet available in the information infrastructure, preparation gaps inicate information that is available but not sufficiently complying ith actual emans, an communication gaps inicate information that is available but not communicate among ifferent actors in a supply netork. Solutions to eliminate information an preparation gaps might be very ifferent as they might inclue various problems in information provision an processing. Communication gaps primarily call for agreements among involve supply netork actors. Base on the ientifie information supply an eman, as ell as on resulting gaps, examples for integrate, computerbase information service solutions that coul cover the service users information emans are presente for each application example. The thesis approaches the research objectives by first ientifying agri-foo specific challenges for ecision making an ecision support, hich are subsequently incorporate into a generalise moelling frameork. As a next step, case stuies are presente, analysing as-is information availability an information exchange in eight pork supply netorks in five European countries. Base on the case stuy results, prouct-relate information reference moels (fee, pig an pork) an subject-relate information reference moels (logistics, traceability, foo safety, quality an other aspects of sustainability) are introuce, shoing best practice in European pork prouction an serving as template for enterprises an supply netorks in the European pork sector in the proper meaning of the term reference moel. Hoever, the reference moels are also use as information supply moels for presenting the information service evelopment approach, assuming the reference moels are alreay state of the art for all enterprises in the European pork sector. Aitional information emans of possible service users are etermine, representing future ( to-be ) information emans relate to social, economic an environmental issues, an compare to the information reference moels to ientify information, preparation an communication gaps. Exemplary information service solutions, hich integrate intra-enterprise an netork/sector focuse information systems into a computer-base information service, are presente to exemplify the approach. The presente information reference moels provie an aggregate overvie on state of the art of information availability, exchange an eficiencies in European pork supply netorks an serve as a template for eveloping netork- or enterprise-specific infor-

42 Chapter 7: Summary an Conclusions 122 mation moels for the pork sector. Moreover, the moels can be use as a base for eveloping information reference moels for other agri-foo sub-sectors or for eveloping a generic agri-foo information reference moel. The moels support involve stakeholers, such as service evelopers, enterprise ecision makers an management consultants, in eveloping enterprise- an supply netork-specific solutions that meet customers an consumers emans by proviing appropriate information an guarantees about a prouct. The results sho that European pork supply netorks have a consistent infrastructure regaring logistics an traceability, hich is a prerequisite for aitional exchange of information among supply netork actors. Consierable achievements have alreay been obtaine regaring the provision of foo safety an quality information, but eficiencies still exist in the preparation an communication of information among slaughter/processing an retail. On other aspects of sustainability, such as the global arming potential, provision of information, incluing eficiencies in information availability, preparation an communication, is still insufficient an nees to be improve. Further eficiencies exist regaring the technical implementation of information services. Such implementation eficiencies apply for all stages an all information omains. After ientifie information, preparation an communication gaps are eliminate, available intraenterprise an netork/sector-focuse information systems nee to be integrate into a computer-base information service, in orer to provie requeste information to a service user in a user-frienly an real-time moe. In aition to the ientifie gaps, problems in implementing a sustainability information service are mainly cause by ifferent technical stanars an a lack of illingness to share information throughout agri-foo supply netorks. Supply netork governance structures nee to be aligne to overcome these eficiencies by inciting enterprises to intensify their collaboration an information exchange. Due to their important role an their high market penetration in the agri-foo sector, quality systems might be an appropriate instrument for implementing such supply netork strategies. Further research is neee to ientify challenges for policies an to set priorities for improvement actions, hich promote the illingness to share information an the integration of enterprises processes, technical infrastructures, ata an applications, an to operationalise the presente service evelopment approach for specific situations in the agri-foo sector, such as the elivery of environmental or social guarantees. In aition, also the presente generalise moelling frameork nees to be operationalise by integrating an information service as ell as provie information an guarantees into alreay existing prouction an ecision processes of enterprises an supply netorks.

43 Chapter 7: Summary an Conclusions 123 The complexity of agri-foo prouction ith its heterogeneous, poorly integrate information systems makes the implementation of a netork-ie, integrate service solution ifficult. Hoever, the use of netork/sector focuse information systems offers potential for reucing complexity by stanarising information hich is similar for efine groups of enterprises an is not changing on a regular basis. For example, employees orking conitions are mainly etermine by a prouct s country of origin an the prevalent conitions in that country, such as the legislative frameork. By taking a prouct s country of origin as an inicator for the orking conitions uring its prouction instea of etermining the actual local conitions, an by linking the country of origin to a sector atabase that evaluates the prevalent conitions in the country of origin, the complexity to provie such information coul significantly be reuce. While it might be easier to first implement an integrate sustainability information service in a close supply chain or netork environment, the long term vision is to have a multitue of ifferent services, hich provie information to actors in a multiimensional open supply netork ith changing supplier-customer relationships, as it is the rule an not the exception in the agri-foo sector. Probably not all enterprises ill irectly see the benefits in participating in such a netork an in using sustainability information services, since it might also be relate to aitional costs, such as financial or employee resources. Hoever, not investing in such evelopments to protect short-term interests seems to be the greater risk for the economic situation of enterprises. As soon as a critical number of enterprises are using such information services an are creating benefits by sharing aitional information, the pressure on enterprises, that are not proviing aitional information to customers an suppliers, might increase rapily. In such an environment even enterprises hich are by then not illing to share aitional information ill also have to fin agreements on an appropriate level of information exchange, leaing to a competitive avantage for the first movers implementing sustainability information services in the agri-foo sector.

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59 Buy boars Insemination Cooperative/Inustry Insemination Cooperative/Inustry Sell boar semen Buy boar semen See Inustry See Inustry Breeing Breeing Sell see Sell piglets Buy chemical fertiliser Buy see Buy manure Buy piglets Certification Certification Buy feestuffs Buy boar semen Buy byproucts Crop Prouction Buy aitives Crop Prouction Buy resources Multiplying of Sos Multiplying of sos Buy compoun feestuffs Sell feestuffs Sell gilts Sell crops Pig Prouction Pig Prouction Treat animals Buy see Buy crops Buy byproucts Buy feestuffs Buy gilts Veterinary Veterinary Buy chemical fertiliser Sperma kaufen Buy proucts Sell manure Agricultural Trae Agricultural Trae Buy compoun feestuffs Buy supplements Piglet prouction Piglet prouction Fee animals Sell proucts Sell feestuffs Sell chemical fertilisers Sell piglets Sell crops Sell see Sell compoun feestuffs Sell byproucts Sell slaughter pigs Buy crops Buy byproucts Buy piglets Association Association Buy feestuffs First Processing Secon Processing Buy proucts Sell proucts Buy proucts Sell proucts Buy aitives First Processing Sell surplus/rejections Fee Prouction Fee Prouction Piglet Rearing Piglet Rearing Sell feestuffs Sell foo proucts Sell byproucts Buy surplus/rejections Sell compoun feestuffs Sell piglets Inspect feestuffs Inspect animal health Buy foo proucts Buy crops Buy byproucts Buy piglets Government Agency Government Agency Zeitverarbeiter Sell surplus/rejections Inspect foo proucts Fattening Fattening Inspect meat Sell foo proucts Sell byproucts Sell porkers Broker slaughter pigs Broker porkers Broker slaughter pigs Broker porkers Buy slaughter pigs Buy porkers Trae Cooperative Trae Cooperative Farmer Cooperative Farmer Cooperative Private Livestock Trae Private Livestock Trae Sell porkers Sell porkers Broker piglets Broker gilts Broker piglets Broker gilts Bunling Bunling Buy slaughter pigs Buy porkers Sell slaughter pigs Sell porkers Buy slaughter pigs Buy porkers Slaughter Slaughter Slaughter pigs Processing Sell carcasses Buy carcasses Sell meat/meat proucts Sell meat/meat proucts Sell byproucts Buy/broker manure Market for Liqui Manure Market for Liqui Manure Buy byproucts Sell manure Processing Inustry Inustry Sell petfoo Sell pharmaceuticals Buy manure Sell byproucts Preparation of Liqui Manure Preparation of Liqui Manure Buy meat/meat proucts Sell manure Foo Wholesale Foo Wholesale Sell meat/meat proucts Waste Disposal Waste Disposal Buy meat/meat proucts Butcher Butcher Foo Retail Foo Retail Large Scale Consumer/Gastronomy Large Scale Consumer/Gastronomy Sell meat/meat proucts sell meat/meat proucts Retail an Catering Retail an Catering Buy meat/meat proucts Sell meat/meat proucts Buy meat/meat proucts Consumer Consumer Appenices 139 Appenices Appenix A: Supply Netork Moels Figure A-1: Functional pork supply netork moel using UML use case iagrams (see page 31-33)

60 Appenices 140 Fee Prouction Sees Crops Crops Foo Proucts See Inustry Crop Prouction Agricultural Trae First Processing Secon Processing Feestuffs Feestuffs Byproucts Surplus/Rejections Byproucts Surplus/Rejections Feestuffs Feestuffs Fee Prouction Feestuffs Compoun Feestuffs Pig Prouction Pig Prouction Porkers Insemination Cooperative/Inustry Breeing Multiplying of Sos Piglet Prouction Piglet Rearing Fattening Slaughter an Processing Boar Semen Piglets Gilts Piglets Piglets Meat/Meat Proucts Slaughter Porkers Pigs Retail Meat/Meat Proucts Meat/Meat Proucts Bunlin Bunling Foo Wholesale Retail an Catering Consumer Porkers Carcass Meat/Meat Proucts Trae Cooperative Farmer Cooperative Private Livestock Trae Meat/Meat Proucts Butcher Foo Retail Large Scale Consumer/Gastronomy Meat/Meat Proucts Processing Figure A-2: Informational pork supply netork moel using UML class iagrams (see page 33-35)

61 Appenices 141 Figure A-3: Reference moel of information supply in European pork supply netorks