Gender Equality Report Reporting Period 1

Transcription

1 Gender Equality Report Reporting Period 1 Author: Heleen Claringbould Report number: 16 Report type: Scientific Report Issue date: 12/12/2016 Project partner: COREPAGE, Netherlands Version: 1.0 RECARE PROJECT REPORT

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3 DOCUMENT SUMMARY Project Information Project Title: Project Acronym: Preventing and remediating degradation of soils in Europe through Land Care RECARE Call Identifier: FP7 - ENV : Sustainable land care in Europe Grant agreement no.: Starting Date: End Date: Project duration 66 months Web- Site address: Project coordinator: EU project representative & coordinator: Wageningen University Prof. Dr. C.J. Ritsema - (coen.ritsema@wur.nl) Project manager: Dr. Rudi Hessel (rudi.hessel@wur.nl) Report Information Report Title: Gender Equality Report, Reporting Period 2 Principle Author(s): Principle Author Heleen Claringbould Heleen@corepage.nl Deliverable Number: - Work Package: WP Leader: Nature: Dissemination: Editor (s): WP1 ALTERRA, Netherlands Public Document Rudi Hessel E- Mail(s): Rudi.hessel@wur.nl Telephone Number: Report Due Date - Report publish date: Copyright 2016 the RECARE project and Partners Copyright notice and disclaimer: ii

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5 RECARE partner list No Name Short name Country Country 1 WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY WU Netherlands NL 2 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CRETE TUC Greece GR 3 AARHUS UNIVERSITET AU Denmark DK 4 UNIVERSITAT DE VALENCIA UVEG Spain ES 5 THE CYPRUS INSTITUTE LIMITED CyI Cyprus CY 6 NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF BIOECONOMY RESEARCH NIBIO Norway NO 7 UNIVERSIDADE DE AVEIRO UA Portugal PT 8 LANDGRAEDSLA RIKISINS SCSI Iceland IS 9 EVENOR TECH SL EVENOR TECH Spain ES 10 UNIVERSITAET BERN UNIBE Switzerland CH 11 UMWELTBUNDESAMT GMBH EAA Austria AT 12 STICHTING INTERNATIONAL SOIL REFERENCE AND INFORMATION CENTRE ISRIC Netherlands NL 13 JRC -JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE- EUROPEAN COMMISSION JRC Belgium IT 14 ECOLOGIC INSTITUT gemeinnützige GmbH EI Germany DE 15 UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS UNIVLEEDS United Kingdom UK 16 STICHTING WAGENINGEN RESEARCH WEnR Netherlands NL 17 CONSULT AND RESEARCH ON PARTICIPATION AND GENDER - COREPAGE - CLARINGBOULD HELEEN ELSA COREPAGE Netherlands NL 18 SVERIGES LANTBRUKSUNIVERSITET SLU Sweden SE 19 AGENCIA ESTATAL CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTIFICAS CSIC Spain ES 20 SLOVENSKA TECHNICKA UNIVERZITA V BRATISLAVE STUBA Slovakia SK INSTITUTUL NATIONAL DE CERCETARE-DEZVOLTARE PENTRU PEDOLOGIE, AGROCHIMIE SI PROTECTIA MEDIULUI INSTYTUT UPRAWY NAWOZENIA I GLEBOZNAWSTWA, PANSTWOWY INSTYTUT BADAWCZY ICPA Romania RO IUNG Poland PO 23 UNIVERSITY OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE UOG United Kingdom UK 24 RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS BV RIKS Netherlands NL 25 CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY CU United Kingdom UK 26 UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA UNIPD Italy IT 27 KONGSKILDE INDUSTRIES AS KONGSKILDE Denmark DK 28 UNIVERSITY OF READING READING United Kingdom UK 29 AGRO INTELLIGENCE APS AGRO INTELLI Denmark DK iv

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8 Summary This is the second reporting period of gender within the RECARE EU project from the 7 th Framework program. With the RECARE project the consortium wants to develop and validate prevention, remediation and restoration measures to restore soil functions and ecosystem services and to promote sustainable land management and land care, to stimulate renewed care for European soils!. The gender dimension here is to understand the differences in positions, roles and approaches of men and women and prevent biases in these gendered roles and positions when changing the approaches towards soil threats into sustainable land use. The emphasis in the 2 nd period was put on the gender equality among the stakeholders at the study sites. Following the suggestion from the EU review about the communication of gender equality in the project, a separate page in the RECARE website was made, where also the gender equality report can be downloaded. In the study site stakeholder pages in the HUB website from RECARE a gender and stakeholder workshop phrase was added and several phrases were translated in the local languages for the stakeholder platform pages. The project stakeholder participation in WP 4.2. gives a useful floor to learn about gendered approaches in land use. In the evaluation the positions and opinions from the stakeholders were asked about land ownership, role division of men and women, valuation of the land use and decision making about sustainable land management. The response to the evaluation came from 9 Study sites, 75 men and 34 women stakeholders. The results show differences in roles and responsibilities by the men and women, where men show a majority in farming roles, both men and women stakeholder were quite unanimous about willing to change the land use for soil improvement and willing to invest in more sustainable land management. Something to wonder about is that a higher percentage of the women say there are no typical roles for men and women in land use although the numbers tell something else. Another approach to understand and discuss the gender equality issues within RECARE were the open interviews we had with local stakeholder and/or key persons, which was done in Iceland and on Cyprus. Also, they were asked about the roles and responsibilities of men and women, the land ownership and inheritance rights and their drive for sustainable land management and their valuation of the soil functions. The interviews inform us about the division of roles and mutual respect among genders. In the following project period gender disaggregated data will be gathered from the stakeholders involved in WP 4.3 about Ecosystem Services. Also more interviews with stakeholders will be done. This RECARE gender project information will be integrated in the policy development, in the communication, in a follow up strategy and in reporting and dissemination. 1

9 Content Summary Introduction Gender equality approach and first results research teams Gender equality among Stakeholders Study sites Stakeholder roles Sustainable Land Management Communication RECARE web gender page Gender and workshop phrases in the HUB website Diversity Interviews with stakeholders in Iceland and Cyprus Iceland interviews Working together in terrace reconstruction in Cyprus Analysis and plans References Annex 1: Questions about gender in the 1st reporting period Annex 2: RECARE partners and positions Annex 3: Gender disaggregated evaluation questions and results Annex 4: Stakeholder Study site numbers Annex 5: Study Sites with gender paragraph on HUB pages Annex 6: Iceland closing the gender gap in numbers and rules

10 1. Introduction RECARE 2nd period reporting June October 2016 As we know the EU also has a gender ambition in Horizon 2020 noting that: Gender is a cross-cutting issue and is mainstreamed in each of the different parts of the Work Program, ensuring a more integrated approach to research and innovation. Fostering gender balance in research teams, decision making and integrating the gender dimension in research and innovation content, helps improve the scientific quality and societal relevance of the produced knowledge, technology and/or innovation. The expected impact is the increase of the scientific quality and societal relevance of produced knowledge, technologies and innovations by integrating an in-depth understanding of both genders needs, behaviors and attitudes. It also contributes to the production of goods and services better suited to potential markets. (EC 2014) The RECARE gender equality plan makes the EU ambition concrete by integrating gender aspects through the innovative trans-disciplinary project approach in order to to develop and validate prevention, remediation and restoration measures to restore soil functions and ecosystem services and to promote sustainable land management and land care. The gender aspects here include mobilization, collection and and analyzing gender disaggregated data, from research teams and stakeholders in the case study sites, communication and dissemination of the renewed insights. The approach is about explaining it to the researchers and showing them the existing differences even within the project. Also advising on possibilities to close gaps within the project context. In the research teams the number of men and women are well balanced, the positions however are out of balance because there are more women among the early researchers and more men among the experienced researchers and higher positions. Reporting about gender equality in the research teams was done in May 2015 after the plenary in Padua where some of the results were presented. (Chapter 2. Gender equality in the research teams) In the second reporting period we gathered more gender disaggregated data from the stakeholders in the study sites in close cooperation with WP4 and WP5. The evaluation of Stakeholder workshop 2 was gender disaggregated so we could have a detailed look at the data and opinions from the men and the women about sustainable land management. (Chapter 3. Stakeholder data) Communication together with WP11 and the coordination team resulted in the gender page on the website, and together with the case study site leaders we prepared gender paragraphs on the HUB stakeholder pages and some translated the gender paragraphs on their HUB website gender platform pages. (Chapter 4. Communication about gender) Next to the data gathering from the study site stakeholders in numbers we gathered qualitative information through interviews with study site stakeholders from Cyprus and Iceland. (Chapter 5. Stakeholder interviews). In the analysis the results are considered and plans to continue about gathering more gender disaggregated data from the stakeholders in close cooperation with WP 4.3 and how to integrate this information in the follow up strategy and in reporting and dissemination. (6. Analysis and plans). 3

11 2. Gender equality approach and first results research teams Gender equality in RECARE is about equal opportunities for qualified men and women to work in the project teams (mobilization). It is also about gathering gender disaggregated data and analysing them to keep or improve the gender equality among the research teams and the stakeholders of the project that are involved or should be given the opportunity to be involved. In this chapter 2 the results of the gender equality among the research teams is given. In the first project period a questionnaire about the project teams was send (Annex1). The results were as follows: There are about 158 people working for RECARE 75 women and 83 men in percentage 47 % and 53 % of which you can say that it is a group with a gender balance considering amounts of men and women. However, in the higher positions are more men represented and that is evident in most science research. In 2012, the European Commission recognized that, despite accounting for nearly 60 % of all university graduates in the European Union, women were still severely under-represented at the higher levels of the academic career path and in decision-making positions (European Commission, 2013). (EU 2016, She figures) For those reasons the European Commission is trying to improve the gender balance by adopting strategies on equal opportunities for women and men within the Commission, setting targets for gender balance in senior management as well as in other posts. The European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) is working closely with JRC on the Gender Equality Index, which is a unique measurement tool developed specifically for the EU, presents gender equality gaps, adjusted to levels of achievement of Member States over time and across geographical areas, which makes the trend in the general situation of women and men in Member States more visible. (EIGE 2016) 1= other staff 2= early researcher, < 4 years and/or PHD student 3= experienced researcher, 4 years>and/or PhD holder 4= scientific team leader or WP leader 5= scientific manager/coordinator The numbers of staff and positions per partner are in Annex 2. The experience tells that changes within the teams are minor during the project, so the questionnaire will be held after the first and after the third reporting period. While gender equality has proven on the work floor that it leads to better company results (Mazumdar 2015), not much is known yet about the influence of gender performance on the content 4

12 and results of scientific research. Gender disaggregated data gathering will be necessary to know more about gendered impact. 3. Gender equality among Stakeholders Study sites From the first stakeholder workshops the gendered information was gathered through the study site leaders about the numbers of men and women stakeholders involved in the workshop and about their role in soil threat /land use, about their valuation of ecosystem services and about the impact of change of the land use for their roles. Result from the first workshop is: in total 102 women and 295 men were joining the first RECARE stakeholder workshops. With a total of 397 stakeholders it makes 26% women and 74% men joining the first workshops. Although women are involved, the numbers show that there is no gender balance among the participating stakeholders in the first study site workshops. Nobody was especially prepared to involve a balance of men and women. The roles of the stakeholders according to the respondents from the first Stakeholder workshop differ from farmer to mayor and are mostly occupied by men and women. With some accent towards women roles in the institutional and public sector and some accent towards the men s roles among farmers, land owners and in the private sector. Conclusion in this first stakeholder workshop is that the case study site respondents do not see a possible impact of the changes in land use methods on the roles or a gender bias that could occur through the changes to more sustainable land use. In the second workshop, we added an evaluation form in the guidelines for the 2 nd stakeholder workshop (ISRIC, CDE 2015). The form was asked to be filled by the stakeholders. This gendered addition and the gender report are also mentioned in the delivery of Work package 5 (D 5.2) about the second stakeholder workshops (ISRIC 2016). The questions are also about their role. Also about their valuation of the actual land use and whether the change of land use would have an impact on these roles. And if he or she would change the land use to improve the soil and if they would invest in more sustainable land use. (Annex 3) The response to these questions came from 9 Study sites, 119 stakeholders of whom 75 men and 34 women stakeholders so far and 10 that didn t mention if they are a man or a woman and therefore cannot be used for this analysis. Counting with the 109 gendered response 69% is a man and 31% a woman. From: Switzerland (M7, W0), Portugal (M10, W3), Cyprus (M8., W3), Crete (M9, W3), Norway (M5, W2), Slovakia (M8, W5), Italy (M9, W2), Guadiamar in Spain (M14, W8) and Romania (M5, W8). (Annex 4). In the reporting of the workshops in WP 5.2 the numbers of participants differ mainly because the local stakeholders only filled the forms Stakeholder roles The responses show differences in roles and responsibilities by the men and women, like a higher percentage of the stakeholder men are farmer. Interesting is that both men and women stakeholder were quite unanimous about willing to change the land use for soil improvement and willing to invest 5

13 in more sustainable land management. Something to wonder about is that a higher percentage of the women say that there are no typical roles for men and women in land use although the numbers tell something else. Overview of numbers, percentages and specific m/w roles mentioned by stakeholders 2 nd WS Roles Men (N=75) Women (N=34) land user/ farmer 36 (48%) 5 (15%) land owner 39 (52%) 11 (32%) do farm administration 32 (43%) 7 (21%) make decisions about the land use 48 (64%) 9 (26%) Gender specific roles Men Women Total No 36 (48%) 21 (61%) Total Yes 29 (39%) 11 (32%) SH Portugal: Cutting and transport timber M SH Switzerland: technic M bureau W SH Italy: pragmatic M more sensitive to changes W SH Spain: Gauaderia M Agricultura M W deportivo M recogida frutas W culture W SH Romenia: mechanici agricoli M administrator M tractorism M muncitor W do you think your role would change with different land use 28 (37%) 10 (29%) role will not change 31 (41%) 17 (50%) In fact, there are similarities in the outcome of this second stakeholder workshop compared to the first: More men than women are farmer, and /or landowner, more men do the farm administration and more men make the decisions about the land use. Still there is a minority of women farmers, women landowners and decision makers. More stakeholder women than men (in percentage) say however that there are no specific roles for men and women concerning land use. And if the use of the land will change many of the women don t think their role would change. This maybe because for them this is the normal situation. These are interesting issues for open interviews. Would the potential solutions or changes in SLM have an impact on the roles the women and men are used to have? The question was first asked in an early stage of the project where choices still are to be made and with the intention to keep the case study site partners aware and alert on this issue. 6

14 That is why the gender equality and awareness issue should be included from the beginning and not create a gender bias throughout the course of the research. 7

15 3.2 Sustainable Land Management In the first stakeholder questioning it was concluded that for both men and women sustainable crop production means a lot and they want it especially if it has a positive effect on farm management, on profit and when it is time saving and reduces soil degradation. Some women respond also with the issues of awareness raising, training, legislative approaches, health and future generation. Men stressed farm efficiency but also biodiversity, legal framework and sustainability. One remarkable answer here was: When organic farming or other changes into a more sustainable land use is done, women are strongly supporting them more than men. Although we are not talking about big data, the gender differences deserve attention because broadening the perspective may help to convince about the importance of sustainable management of the land and soil. The responds to the (gender disaggregated) questions in the second Workshop turned out that: Knowing from the former question that more men than women take the decisions on the land management, most of the men say they do base their decisions on long term sustainable land use; More men think the actual land use improves the value of the land (60% yes, 33% no), where half of the women confirm that and half do not (50% yes and 47% no) men and women equally want to improve the soil and want to invest in more sustainable land management. As can be seen in the numbers and percentages below. Overview of the results 2 nd SH Workshop questions: Stakeholders from 9 RECARE Study sites 2016 Men (n=75) Women (n=34) Yes Yes base your decisions on long term sustainable land use 57 (76 %) 15 (44 %) think the land will improve in value with the actual land use 45 (60 %) 17 (50 %) change the land use for soil improvement 61 (81 %) 26 (76 %) invest in more sustainable land management 73 (97 %) 32 (94 %) Although using a different stakeholder strategy as implemented by WP4 and 5 and therefore not comparable, some gender disaggregated data were mentioned in the workshop report from Olden Eibergen (CS13), as below: Olden Eibergen 2 nd Workshop report: 44 men, (of whom 36 male land users), 3 women (of whom 1 researcher, 1 municipal and 1 from the province). The overall strategy of the stakeholders in the area is to continue the implementation of measures to manage soil organic matter. Land users who will apply the Technology tick one option per line -Mainly women mainly men mixed (WUR 2015) In the next project period we will gather more gender disaggregated data about the valuation of the soil, the ecosystem services, the possibilities for sustainable land management and to invest in soil improvement in close cooperation with the other work packages, especially WP

16 4. Communication RECARE 2nd period reporting June October 2016 In response to the questions of the EU review committee about communication of gender issues we decided to make a separate page about gender issues on the RECARE website. Also, we asked the study sites to add a paragraph on stakeholder workshops and gender equality to put on the RECARE HUB study site pages. Several study site leaders or their workshop moderators supplied us with text or agreed with the proposed text. Also, several translated the workshop and gender paragraph in the local language. These can be read in the RECARE HUB Stakeholder platform webpages, these are especially for the stakeholders in their own language. See numbers in Annex RECARE web gender page 9

17 4.2 Gender and workshop phrases in the HUB website The HUB website is for those people who are interested in learning about the threats to our soils and measures to prevent and remediate soil degradation. The site is linked to research that is being undertaken by the EU RECARE project. The different study site information also about stakeholders was uploaded here. The phrases can be changed, they are now as follows: 1. Frienisberg, Switzerland Gender and stakeholder workshops Both men and women are invited to the RECARE stakeholder workshops, although in practice the participation of women in the workshops is lower than the participation of men. The workshop s content, in relation to the treatment of soil and sustainable land management, is of particular interest to the men who apparently are more likely to be farmers. In a questionnaire, all male respondents were explicit that there is no typical role for men or women. If there are women involved, they are institutional, cantonal or federal representatives, functions that are also performed by men. 2. Caramulo, Portugal Gender and stakeholder workshops Both men and women stakeholders are invited to the study site workshops. Most of the participants are men representing landowners, land managers and the private sector. Both men and women represent research, governmental and non-governmental organizations. All participants said they would greatly benefit from changes in SLM. 3. Peristerona, Cyprus Gender and stakeholder workshops The participatory activities are split up into stakeholder workshops (1st held in 2014 and 2nd in 2015) and Mountain Terrace Rehabilitation Workshops, held in 2015 on 14 July, 12 October and 14 November. The Terrace Rehabilitation Workshops are announced on Facebook and by posters and flyers in the mountain communities. They have attracted people from all over the island and of all ages! Women attended all the workshops, although about two thirds are men, and in the terrace rehabilitation more men than women showed up to undertake the heavy work. Still both women and men do technical, practical and scientific tasks. Good vibes at the 2nd Participatory Workshop, (22 July 2015) Cyprus' RECARE case-study site! We had 25 stakeholders (excluding ourselves) with local and external experts for each of our SLM option. Overall, a successful event; we've reached a consensus on what and how we are implementing next, after voting and scoring our criteria and SLM options! 4. Timbaki, Crete Gender and stakeholder workshops In a significant number of small and medium-size agricultural enterprises in Timpaki, Crete, Greece, women are actively involved in collecting, packaging and the standardization of agricultural products. These tasks require increased organizing capacity, dexterity and perseverance. Male farmers are mostly committed to heavier manual agricultural labour, which requires greater physical strength and endurance. In recent years, motivated by the modern way of life, financial hardships and government incentives, a few women farmers are also actively involved in management and leadership tasks of agricultural enterprises. In the first stakeholder workshop, held in Timpaki, the agricultural sector was mostly represented by male stakeholders, whereas the local government sector, NGOs, the research sector and the local press did include female representatives as well. Values from local soil related ecosystem services (ESS) mentioned by women in the stakeholder workshop were health and conservation for the next generations. Concerning a Sustainable land management approach against 10

18 soil salinization, women stakeholders were enthusiastic about the potential of adopting production methods that would respect the local environment and promote nature conservation thus offering direct and indirect benefits for them as well as the next generations. Women seemed more aware of a circular economy including a better lifestyle for the producer and a healthier product for the consumer while respecting the environment. The men in the workshop mostly valued those approaches that promised to promote sustainability while preserving overall efficiency and profits. Thus male stakeholders seem to focus more on the realistic aspects of day-to-day challenges. 5. Aarslev, Denmark Gender and stakeholder workshops In the first workshop, of the 35 participants, 7 were women. Their roles as stakeholders in the workshop were as a farmer consultant (3), as regulation and community authorities (2), and as scientists (2). The men belonged either to these three stakeholder groups or to groups of landowners, political interest organizations, NGOs, and private companies. 6. Vansjø-Hobøl Catchment, Norway Gender and stakeholder workshops The first study site workshop had a gender equal balanced group of 13 women and 11 men participating. Their roles were also equally divided, both men and women are water board- members, farmers association, local and regional authorities. The 2nd Stakeholder Workshop was hosted on Monday (23 November 2015). It took place in Ås, which is quite close to the Norwegian case study area; Vansjø. Eleven people attended all together (a small, but good group!) The group consisted of 4 women and 7 men. Here are a few pictures showing the stakeholders in action evaluating measures to prevent floods and landslides. 7. Myjava catchment, Slovakia Gender and stakeholder workshops In Slovakia both stakeholder workshops had a gender balanced group of 5 women participating and, respectively,7 and 8 men. A typical role for women was representing an NGO, whilst the men were farmers, the roles of mayor and a water authority were represented by both men and women. For the women an increase in soil fertility was considered an important issue, whilst the men mentioned the increase of crop production as an important value of soil as an Ecosystem Service. In relation to different sustainable land management approaches, the women mentioned legislative approaches, whereas the men were more concerned with the technical, agronomic and management changes in a farming system. 8. Sweden Gender and stakeholder workshops In our first study site RECARE workshop, 4 women and 9 men were involved, and at the second workshop 6 women and 8 men attended. What we wanted to know is the impact on the life of the stakeholders of sustainable land management and if the approach helps men and the women. By understanding their gender-specific valuing of local ecosystem services and knowing what approaches they will favour in the future to change their land use because of gender, should help to ensure a diversity of sustainable approaches are considered. 9. Veneto, Italy Gender and stakeholder workshops The first workshop in Veneto had 16 participants of whom two were women (+4 University staff members). They were from the regional government and the agricultural private sector. Men were land owners, land managers, private sector advisors to public enterprises and providers of information. In the second workshop with 13 participants still two women attended (+4 University staff members), neither was a land owner but both were involved in the decisions about the land use. 11

19 Both women said their role would not change with a change in land use. In the evaluation it was generally ignored that there are typical roles for men and women in the region. It was mentioned in the questionnaire that men are more pragmatic and women more sensitive to changes. All participants admitted that they want to change the land use to improve the soil and that they would invest in more sustainable land management. 10. Copsa Mica, Rumania Gender and stakeholder workshops At the first workshop, there were invited 7 women and 10 men, in order to achieve a good gender balance. Both men and women are land owners, providers of information to the general public, land managers, land workers and representatives of local authorities. Representatives of public institutions, whose role is to provide and monitor funds for landowners, were mainly men. Regarding the choice of how to ensure sustainable management of land in order to reduce soil degradation in the region, participants had different options depending on their gender. Therefore women had considered as the most appropriate approach is "organizing training activities to increase understanding and acceptance related to land use change in order to reduce human exposure to contaminants through the food chain (replacing annual crops with biofuel crops, afforestation etc.) On the other hand, developing alternative sources of income for private individuals (tourism, manufacturing of raw materials, etc.) could be another solution to change the agricultural use of contaminated land. The alternative approach suggested by men, was an initiation of lobbying in order to improve the legal framework for contaminated land use (granting compensatory payments to landowners from contaminated areas, etc.). Six study sites made translations in their language on their Stakeholder platform pages. For example, the stakeholder platform page from Slovakia: Diversity The RECARE stakeholder identification process in WP4.1 was new and interesting for a publication. In this publication diversification was more stressed than gender equality which however sometimes was mentioned in the process like: Try to make sure that your replacement stakeholder keeps the gender balance. Diversity was put for example in the instructions for the partners, that had to identify stakeholders in their study sites, ( ) If you have identified a diverse range of stakeholders in your own form, ( ) Make sure your 6 stakeholders represent as much diversity in topic, role and sector as possible. In the publication about the Stakeholder identification we used diversity as a broader perspective for gender. Like in: ( ) Thus stakeholder identification should seek to cover a diversity of stakeholders around a problem in order to allow range of opinions, priorities and options to emerge and be discussed (Prell et al. 2009). Such diversity in perspectives is not necessarily synonymous with diversity in sectors or areas of interest (Cuppen et al. 2010). ( ) The primary aim of the stakeholder will influence how they interact with each other and the particular soil threat; for example it matters whether they seek agricultural production or biodiversity conservation (Fisher et al. 2009). While our questionnaire seeks to increase and diversify the stakeholders known to the research team, there remains potential for bias to be introduced by the implementing researcher. We don t know the extent to which their individual values or existing networks have influenced the identification process, and therefore influences the perspectives (Lang et al. 2012)( ). (Leventon 2016) 12

20 The term diversity covers more categories than gender, (like age, race, culture). We started working on gender equality within the soil threats approach, which is an ongoing process to be worked out. 5. Interviews with stakeholders in Iceland and Cyprus To get more information and reasons why people act like they do, an open interview is an interesting method. It gives a direct insight in the local circumstances and habits. 5.1 Iceland interviews Iceland mostly scores very high on the gender equality rates: the gender gap rankings from the World Economic Forum (WEF, 2016). As in 2015, when we did the interviews, the WEF shows that the gender equality gap (based on economy, health, education and politics) is smallest in the Nordic countries, starting with Iceland. They have a law and rules for gender equality (Annex 6), but what do RECARE stakeholders say? Gender and farming in study site Gunnarsholt in Iceland In Iceland, we interviewed a few people, first there is the farmer couple from a sheep/horse farm. The woman is Dutch, but she lives about forty years in Iceland. She married an Icelandic man and got two daughters. The woman: In Iceland everybody has to work to survive. Women and man work often on the farm as a joint business. There is no typical women role, women do everything on the farm. Here I do the horses, men often do the sheep. But I help fencing the meadows and in time of lambs the women help also the sheep getting their lambs. That is also practical because women have small hands. And I do the farm administration. The man: I make the decisions for example about buying fertilizers which is paid with lambs. We couldn t live without our sheep. The sheep get the good hay, ¾ of a roll, the horses get the rest. I help my wife with the hay for the horses. Last year the hay was bad because of a lot of rain. The weight of the sheep went dramatically down. I think in the former generation the roles between men and women were more divided. When I went to the farmer school there were no women. Now the women also go to farming schools. That is an improvement. It is also not so long ago that women didn t drive. We are happy they do so now. It is a fight to survive here therefore we have to share the tasks. For me it is important that the women are qualified and interested. Through the window from the farm we can see the highlands. The highlands are common lands, they are state owned, most farmers have sheep there, they pay for the number of sheep they send. These are almost all men that go up there with their sheep. There is an ongoing discussion between farmers and the government about the sheep on these lands. The government institution says we should uphold the quality of the land, therefore we cannot allow too much grazing. But the sheep are there already for ten years, are they responsible for the land degradation? Are the sheep the cause of the problem? 13

21 Farmers want to use more organic fertilizer on the common grounds. They also want to produce enough meat. Now there is an agreement on the time when they can keep the sheep on the common lands. Not too early in the season because the vegetation or grass needs time to grow and recover. We don t think it is the sheep that degrade the land, we even think it is better when the sheep are on the land. With the government we still negotiate about the amounts of sheep to bring up. What is the perfect solution? We will never agree on not using the land. We still have the right to bring up the lambs to the highlands. The project may have an intermediate role here. We might use the stakeholder workshops to decide where to go. Man continues: To my opinion men and women don t think different about sustainable land management. Our money goes to collect sheep. Although women are more thoughtful and brave, they use different methods. Men are more risk-taking, fighting. It is better to take a young boy to train restless horses. Men however are also tolerant, they accept differences. Iceland is doing well in gender equality rates compared to other countries, how do they organize that? There is since 2008 an act especially for gender equality, elaborated in a centre for gender equality there is a gender equality complaints committee, a gender equality council and a gender equality forum. (See annex 6.2). Interview with a woman researcher Older women are more traditional, they do influence men, but younger women are more equal with men. Among our RECARE case study site stakeholders are several women representatives from farms. The younger ones are active in farming, in restauration and also in advising. Sheep are more a men thing, even that may change. In time of lamb births the men and women need to work both in turn, because that goes on in the nights. We made a big shift towards gender equality in the seventies, labour was needed because of economic prosperity that brought women access to more education, loan systems, day care and maternity leave options. The loan for example is personal, even when if you are married. In 2000 we even got the right to maternity and paternity leave and keep 80% of our income. Only the salaries are showing a gender gap. There is a glass roof. We have gender quota. The board should be equal, 50%. Although we have several women in our team, even our Soil Centre team is still male dominated. Young farmer woman Here is no difference between men and women. We plant trees and take care of them we get funds for that. The government owns the land. The lambs are a woman thing but for the rest men and women are equal. Former farmer (older) woman Men are proud of their women. They talk nice about each other. However, times are changing. More people start an urban life. It is hard for farmers to get an own income, they can get subsidies to survive. 14

22 5.2 Working together in terrace reconstruction in Cyprus Interview with Lambros Achilleos, business man and stakeholder in the RECARE Case study area From: Lambros Achilleos, FB 8 October 2016 Most people that live in this study site area are the elders. Younger people want to live here, but cannot make a living, so they are attracted to make their living in the cities. The new generation does however understand Sustainable Land Management. They return to the country in the weekends to work in the orchards. They want to protect the lands from their parents. Except from an intrinsic validation of the soil being part of their nature, part of their hearts, being the ground of their ancestors, it has an economic value to them. Most of the owners of the lands are men. In the agronomy we have more women. The director of the agronomic institute is a woman. The study site area is fruitful we have all types of fruit trees, cherries, apples and olive trees, and berries. I want to help the people that try to make a living in the country side. For example, I am looking for loans and subsidies for a women group that run a coffee shop in the area and make local products like clothes and cloths by knitting wool, making jam and camomile tea. With the terrace reconstruction, we make the area more attractive with vital orchards and beautiful views which will attract tourists. Men and women are used to work on the land here. Older women often know how to do the construction of the terraces, this is more than building a wall with heavy local stones, it is about culture, land use and drainage. It is very useful that they want to be involved in the reconstruction of our terraces. 15

23 From: C. Zoumides, Cyprus institute 6. Analysis and plans Resuming, in RECARE we monitor gender equality, equal opportunity for qualified men and women, within the research teams and we promote equal opportunities for case study site stakeholder men and women to be involved. We are gathering gender disaggregated data from research teams and stakeholders to know more about their situation and possibilities towards soil (research) improvement. Understanding the stakeholders roles in land use and land management makes it easier to actively approach them for their knowledge, their interest in the project or their influence. Knowing what the stakeholders think about valuation of the soil in connection to land use and about Sustainable Land Management and their willingness to invest in SLM, also may open opportunities to collaborate or find additional useful stakeholders. From the first workshop questions seemed that men are more interesting in technical improvements where women mentioned health and sustainability. From the responses to the second workshop questions men appear to be more the land users, land owners, making the land use decisions and doing the farm administration. Still there is a minority of women doing these things as well. Both women and men are unanimous about willing to change their land use if it improves the soil and to invest in sustainable land management. So, this promises good possibilities in cooperation and sustainable developments. Considering the results the next step in the gender equality approach for RECARE is to gather more gender disaggregated data about valuation of the soil and of the ecosystem services, the possibilities to invest in soil improvement. This in close cooperation with WP 4.3. This information will be integrated, where appropriate, in the communication canals and in the deliveries from WP 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 about stakeholders, in the policy- and follow up strategy and in reporting WP1 and dissemination. Gender equality is about organization and about content. Where gender equality is about amounts, it shows if the involvement gives equal opportunities without discriminating because of gender. Where we gather insight in the different reasoning for men and women to make decisions about the land use, and the value of the soil, it shows the power of diversification and possibilities to complement one another and cooperate towards improvements. Thanks to all who cooperated so far! 16

24 References (All mentioned webpages were available on November 30th 2016) EC 2016: EU 2016: She Figures 2015: Gender in research and innovation, p.126/ EIGE 2016: ISRIC, CDE 2015: RECARE WP4/WP5 Project Guidelines SH workshop2, SLM practices to be tested and evaluated, ISRIC, CDE June 2015 p. 40 ISRIC 2016, Thomas Caspari, Maria Ruiperez-Gonzalez, Godert van Lynden, Zhanguo Bai, p.12 report-12-d5-2-participatory-decision-making-thomas-caspari-isric/file IUCN 2016: Environment and gender framework: Mazumdar 2015: Mazumdar-Shaw, K., CMD at Biocon Limited. Blog published in Leventon 2014: Dr. Julia Leventon, RECARE deliverable 4.1: Stakeholder and institutional analysis p.5 Leventon 2016: Leventon, J., Fleskens, L., Claringbould, H., Schwilch, G. and Hessel, R., An applied methodology for stakeholder identification in transdisciplinary research. Sustainability Science, 11(5), pp (Open acc) Prages 2009: Guidelines for Gender Equality Programs in Science, Prages, Roma 2009, p. 43 Faber, S. T., Schmidt, E. K., Cacace, M. & PRAGES, T p. UNFPA: UNESCO: WEF 2016: WUR 2015: RECARE Olden Eibergen SH workshop 2, p. 7 A. Smit, S.Verzandvoort en W.Rienks

25 Annex 1: Questions about gender in the 1st reporting period Participant number. / Name institute 1. What is the type of position within your RECARE research team? 1st project year, November 2013 until January 2015 Number of Women Number of Men Scientific manager/coordinator Scientific team leader / work package leader Experienced researcher (> 4 years and/or PhD holder) Early researcher (<= 4 years and/or PhD student) Other staff Total number of women and total number of men in your team working for the RECARE project 2. Did you actively try to achieve and to keep a gender balanced project research team (involving men and women)? If so, how? If not, why not? Is there a difference between the salary scales of the men and women in similar positions working in your team? If so, how come?... Questions for the RECARE teams with a case study site (please put your responds in the table below); 4. About the stakeholders that will be/are invited for the 1st Workshop (4.1) How many women and how many men will be/are invited? (4.2) What role do the women and the men have in the approach of the soil threat and/or the land use? Considering the roles of men and women stakeholders in the project: (4.3) What values would women and men consider in local ecosystem services (ESS)? (4.4) Which approach would women and men chose in changing their land use to Sustainable Land Management (SLM), considering the local soil threats? (4.5) What impact would the potential solutions or changes in SLM have an on the roles the women and men are used to have? Responses to question 4 women men 4.1 Number invited to 1st WS? 4.2 Role in soil threat /land use? 4.3 Values of ESS? 4.4 Approach in SLM choice? 4.5 Impact changes on roles? 18

26 Annex 2: RECARE partners and positions RECARE Organisation Nov '13- March '15 women 1 Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek (DLO-Alterra) Technical University of Crete (TUC) Aarhus University (AU) 1 4 1* University of Valencia (UVEG) The Cyprus Institute (CyI) Norwegian Institute for Agriculture and Environmental Research (Bioforsk) University of Aveiro (UAVR) 1 1* 5 1* Soil Conservation Service Iceland (SCSI) Evenor-Tech Universität Bern (UNIBE) Environment Agency Austria (EAA) ISRIC World Soil Information (ISRIC) 1 1* Joint Research Centre (JRC) Ecologic Institut gemeinnützige GmbH (EI) Leeds University (UNIVLEEDS) Wageningen University (WU) Corepage Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) 1 1 1* 1* Institute of Natural Resource and Agrobiology (IRNAS-CSIC) Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava (STUBA) Research Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry (ICPA) Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation Poland State Resea University of Gloucestershire (UoG) Research Institute for Knowledge Systems (RIKS) Cranfield University (CU) University of Padova (UNIPD) Kongskilde Industries (Kongskilde) Totals (women in red numbers) Totals (men) *1*: same person, different roles (5) w-scientific manager (5)m-scientific manager (4)w-scientific teamleader/work package manager (4)m-Scientific team leader/work package manager (3)w-Experienced researcher (> 4 years and/or PhD holder) (3)m-Experienced researcher (> 4 years and/or PhD holder) (2)w-Early researcher (<= 4 years and/or PhD student) (2)m-Early researcher (<= 4 years and/or PhD student) (1)w- Other staff (1) m- Other staff total 15 19

27 Annex 3: Gender disaggregated evaluation questions and results To be filled in by all participants of the Stakeholder Workshop Case study site.. Are you a man / women /? (Please circle) RECARE stakeholder Yes* No* 1. Are you a. a land user/farmer? b. a land owner? 2. Do you c. do the farm/household administration? d. make decisions about the land use? e. base your decisions on long term sustainable land use? 3. Do you think f. the land will improve in value with the actual land use? g. there are typical roles for men and women in land use? Examples...(men). (women) roles h. your role would change with a different land use? 4. Would you i. change the land use for soil improvement? j. invest in more sustainable land management? Remarks. Guideline RECARE SH workshop 2, June 2015; Selection of SLM practices to be tested and evaluated Results 9 Study sites, 109 responds, 75 men and 34 women %m %m %w %w Colours: to be noticed interesting for SLM gender bias? Y N Y N Y N a. Are you a land user/farmer? x> m b. Are you a land owner? > m > w c. Do you do the farm/household administration? x> m > w d. Do you make decisions about the land use? x> m x> w e. Do you base your decisions on long term sustainable land use? x> m x> w f. Do you think the land will improve in value with the actual land use? > m > w g. Do you think there are typical roles for men and women in land use? > w h. Do you think your role would change with a different land use? > m i. Would you change the land use for soil improvement? equal equal j. Would you invest in more sustainable land management? equal 3 6 equal 20

28 Annex 4: Stakeholder Study site numbers Case study sites (Partner number) soil threat Women 1 st ws Men 1 st ws 2nd SH ws held ¹ Evaluation 2nd SH ws m/w ² 1: (10) Frienisberg, Switzerland Soil erosion by water 7 12 Y 18 (7L) Y (7m, 0w) 2: (7) Caramulo, Portugal Soil erosion by water 8 14 Y 15 (10L) Y (10m, 3w) 3: (5) Peristerona, Cyprus Soil erosion by water 6 18 Y 31 (16L) Y (8m,3w,7u) 4: (2) Timbaki, Crete, Greece Salinization 3 17 Y 13 (10L) Y (9m, 3w) 5: (3) Aarslev, Denmark Compaction 3 43 y N 6: (22) Poznan and Wroclaw, Pol Sealing 3 7 N N 7: (4) Canyoles River Basin, Spain Desertification N N 8: (8) Gunnarsholt, Iceland Desertification Y 9 N 9: (6) Vansjø,HobolCatchnt, Nrw Flooding Y 11 (7L) Y (5m, 2w) 10: (20) Mjava, Slovakia Flooding 5 7 Y 24 (13L) Y (8m, 5w) 11: (1) Veenweidegebied, Neth Loss organic matter in org soils 12: (18) Broddbo, Sweden Loss org. matter in org. Soils 13: (16) Olden Eibergen, Neth Loss org matter in mineral soils 14: (26) Veneto region, Italy Loss org. matter in min. Soils 30% 70% before N 4 9 Y 14 (8L) N 0 20 before N 2 23 Y 13 (3L) Y (9m, 2w) 15: (19) Guadiamar, Spain Contamination 7 27 Y 26 (3L) Y(14m, 8w,3u) 16: (21) Copsa Mica, Romania Contamination 7 10 Y 17 (4L) Y (5m, 8w) 17: (25) Isle of Purbeck, UK Soil biodiversity 4 7 N N participants 102 W (26%) 295 M (74%) T1 st 397 T 2 nd 191 (86L) 34 W, 75 M, (31%, 69%) T 2nd 119;10u ¹ Study sites that held the second stakeholder (SH) workshop (ws). Between brackets are numbers of local (L) the others are external stakeholders involved, the numbers are total SH involved per study site. ² Study sites that returned the filled questions about gendered approaches related to the 2nd stakeholder workshop. Between brackets in this column are numbers of men (m), women (w) and unknown (u) SH that filled the form 21

29 Annex 5: Study Sites with gender paragraph on HUB pages Case study Site HUB SH gender¹ HUB SH Pf ² number 1 Frienisberg, Switzerland yes No 2 Caramulo, Portugal yes yes 3 Peristerona Watershed, Cyprus yes yes 4 Timpaki, Crete, Greece yes yes 5 Aarslev, Denmark yes yes 6 Wroclaw & Warsaw, Poland No No 7 Canyoles River Basin, Spain No No 8 Gunnarsholt, Iceland No No 9 Vansjø-Hobøl Catchment, Norway yes No 10 Myjava Catchment, Slovakia yes yes 11 Veenweidegebied, The Netherlands No No 12 Broddbo, Sweden yes No 13 Olden Eibergen, The Netherlands No No 14 Veneto region, Italy yes No 15 Guadiamar, Spain No No 16 Copşa Mică, Romania yes yes 17 Isle of Purbeck, UK No No Totals study sites 10 Yes, 7 No 6 Yes, 11 No ¹ Study sites that put a gender paragraph on the HUB website Stakeholder page ² Study sites that made a translation from the gender paragraph in the own language for the HUB website Stakeholder Platform page 22

30 Annex 6: Iceland closing the gender gap in numbers and rules 6.1. Numbers 23