Local Seed Business Project

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1 Local Seed Business Newsletter Issue 9; November 2011 Editorial Seed sector development in Oromia East This is the 9 th issue of the LSB newsletter, and the penultimate for Despite that, I don t believe it s too soon to conclude that 2011 was a year marked by success. This year draws to an end Phase I of the ISSD programme in Ethiopia. To highlight a few accomplishments, the ISSD programme provided expert advice and foreign (African) examples of seed proclamations which were used to tailor the Ethiopian Seed Proclamation to the ISSD context. The strength of the private sector in lobbying and advocacy has been strengthened. Thirty-four farmers groups engaged in local commercial seed production have been supported in their organizational set-up and LSB activities. Twelve MSc students conducted research in topics relevant to LSB, 20 are currently active and such research supports development. Twenty-four local MoUs have been signed by stakeholders supporting LSB partnerships. This approach plays a vital role in shaping an enabling environment for regional seed sectors hence, it supports the objectives of the Growth and Transformation Plan. Not to mention, the programme has initiated countless occasions and several platforms for sharing experiences and learning interactively. However, taking a more concentrated approach, this issue focusses predominantly on the achievements of the ISSD team of Oromia East. The current issue has been compiled by Nigussie Dechassa, Dandena Gelmesa, and Reta Wegary of the Oromia East team and Walter de Boef, Mohammed Hassena, Marja Thijssen and Gareth Borman of the Centre for Development Innovation. On behalf of the editorial team above, I d like to thank all the contributing authors to this issue, Gareth Borman. Outline of this issue In the first contribution to this issue, Nigussie Dechassa, ISSD Coordinator for Oromia East, discusses how ISSD has strengthened the link between Haramaya University and society. Nigussie continues with the next contribution on matching research and extension agendas to farmers needs, using the example of potato seed tubers. In the very next submission, Nigussie sticks the same topic but addresses it in the context of groundnut and onion seed. We then move to a series of contributions from Dandena and Reta. In their first, they examine the potato seed marketing strategies of Raaree Horaa SPC. In their following contribution, the authors describe the LSB project s role in an EU funded joint initiative and how this has provided the opportunity to forge partnerships for innovation. In their final contribution, we read about Haramaya University s colourful engagement of the public through the Ginbot 20 exhibition. Next up we have 2 postgraduates of Haramaya University, Anteneh and Mergia, sharing their MSc research results on characterizing the groundnut seed system at Babile innovation site and the importance of local potato varieties for successful LSB development in Haramaya, respectively. In the following contribution, Dawit Alemu of EIAR reports on his experiences at a recent international conference entitled, Sustainable seed system in Ethiopia: challenges and opportunities. Walter and Mohammed report back on the ISSD National Seed Seminar and round-tables of earlier this year. Gareth then shares his report on the ISSD Africa Synthesis Workshop. ISSD Africa is an international seed sector assessment involving six African countries in support of the African Union s ASBP programme. In the final contribution to this newsletter, Jenny Rafanomezana, on behalf of Self Help Africa, shares her reflections ISSD as a whole. LSB project The LSB project is a joint effort of Bahir Dar University, Haramaya University, Hawassa University, Mekelle University, Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Oromia Seed Enterprise and the Wageningen UR Centre for Development Innovation. Partners include several organizations within Regional Government (BoARD and RARIs), Federal Government (EIAR and ESE) and NGOs (EOSA, ORDA, REST, SHDI and several others). The project is funded by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation and the Directorate General for International Cooperation through the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Addis Ababa. Local Seed Business Project

2 LSB project strengthening the link between Haramaya University and society By Nigussie Dechassa The Agricultural Growth Programme (AGP) of the government of Ethiopia focuses on attaining national food security that is expected to fuel growth of industry and the economy at large. Enabling smallholder farmers to access improved seed is a key requirement for enhancing household food security, which is a vital precursor to attain national food security in the country. The launching of the Local Seed Business Project in Ethiopia is a significant milestone towards this end, and could be a catalyst for achieving the goals of the AGP. Universities and the LSB project The explicit objective of the LSB project within the Integrated Seed Sector Development (ISSD) programme in Ethiopia is to increase availability of improved seed through supporting organized, entrepreneurial, and innovative seed production and distribution by smallholder farmers locally. Universities, taking a major share in coordinating the project, have been deriving significant side-benefits that strengthen the quality of the education, research, and extension they provide. Mandate areas further embedded in society Education, research, and extension are the triple public mandates of Haramaya University. Investment of public money on the three key undertakings is contingent upon performance. Therefore, we have been making considerable efforts to enhance our achievements in these areas. It is interesting to note that the LSB project has synergized achievements of our research and extension work. In two articles, one on potato research and another on groundnut and onion research, among other articles in this newsletter, we share and further highlight this synergy. Enhanced role of farmers in university research The project has also led to a wider opportunity for engaging post-graduate students in research relevant to addressing problems that constrain seed sector development. Farmers have been brought on board to identify research problems, formulate research questions, and conduct research in partnership with our researchers. This has inspired post-graduate students and our research staff to not aspire to simply re-invent the wheel, but rather solve farmers problems by thinking out-of-the-box. Thereby, they are vital to the innovation process of the ISSD programme, striving for a pluralistic and vibrant seed sector. LSB enhancing our return to formal responsibility in delivery of early generation seed Before the start of the LSB project, Haramaya University was virtually inundated with requests for basic and certified seed of improved varieties of crops including potato, sorghum, groundnut, beans and maize. The requests often came spontaneously from Bureaus of Agriculture, individual small scale farmers, NGOs and others. We should not normally be expected to supply farmers with the bulk of certified seed of improved varieties other than early generation seed. However, chronic shortages of basic and certified seed, and difficulties in accessing them from the other formal or informal seed systems often compelled farmers and other stakeholders to resort to our support. With the launch of the LSB project, most of this burden has been removed. Farmers of the LSB innovation sites organized into Seed Producer Cooperatives (SPCs) are increasingly producing considerable quantities of quality-declared seed of our improved varieties. Our innovator team provides the SPCs with technical, organizational, managerial and marketing backing. Through these efforts, the SPCs are ever becoming efficient in their production of certified seed, with the potential to take up responsibilities in producing basic seed from the formal public sector. SPCs, through their linkage with the our breeding programmes, are entering niche and premium markets, marketing improved and proven locally-adapted varieties. They are typically engaged in seed production through contractual agreements with NGOs and other stakeholders, but are also now entering the seed market as independent and autonomous local seed businesses. LSB transforming relations with stakeholders Interactive relationships have significantly improved the linkage between our research and extension work and the farming communities of eastern Ethiopia. The enhanced relationship has also heightened Haramaya University s standing in the public eye, thereby advocating for further and continued funding from the government. Local Seed Business Newsletter 9 (November 2011) 2

3 LSB project: strengthening our position in society The LSB project in eastern Oromia has increased the availability and access to quality seed of improved varieties in the East and West Hararghe zones. It has also eased the burden of seed demand by farmers as this is increasingly being met by SPCs. The project has also improved the relevance of the agricultural research conducted by the university, making it more actionoriented and enforcing our extension and development mandates. Furthermore, it provides a greater evidence-base for the rationale of the project. The LSB project has increased the number and strength of the University s partnerships with farmers and other stakeholders. In conclusion, the project has improved the standing of Haramaya University in the public eye as it accentuated our performance on community engagement. The name LSB Project has now become almost synonymous with our extension wing of the University, which has recently been complemented by the launch of the CASCAPE programme (In partnership with Wageningen University and Research Centre, The LSB project team members are now widely viewed as prominent research and extension ambassadors for Haramaya University. On the whole, the University and the community both perceive the LSB project as great asset in our development. Dr Nigussie Dechassa is Vice-President for Research at Haramaya University and Coordinator of the Oromia East ISSD Programme Dr Nigussie (centre) celebrating with his ISSD colleague to his left, Kedir Nefo, the conclusion of the National Workshop in Haramaya at the beginning of this year. LSB matching potato research and extension to farmers demands By Nigussie Dechassa Haramaya University s profile in potato research Haramaya University is a pioneer of potato research and extension in Ethiopia. The University has so far developed a number of high yielding potato varieties and distributed them to small scale farmers in the eastern highlands of the country. The salient features of most of these varieties are early maturity, disease resistance (particularly late blight), long dormancy, and less sensitivity of the tubers to skinning or bruising during handling. Each of these characteristics imparts particular appeal to producers and consumers. Key topics in potato research Early maturity enables the crop to escape end-of-season drought, resulting in a reasonably high yield. Drought-resistant varieties perform reasonably well under moisture stress conditions. Late blight is a disease that afflicts potatoes grown as a rain-fed crop. Resistant varieties could produce high yield under prevalence of the disease. Long tuber dormancy and less sensitivity to skinning prolongs shelf life and reduces postharvest losses during long storage and transport. Limited understanding of potato farmers interest in local varieties Before the start of the LSB project, Haramaya University continued promoting the cultivation of its improved potato varieties, distributing foundation (or basic) seed tubers to farmers through the University s extension wing. Meanwhile, potato researchers were less aware of the presence of wellmaintained local varieties. The researchers consistently believed that these local varieties were inferior, with low inherent yield potentials. Farmers were consistent and determined to continue their cultivation of both improved varieties from the University and their own local varieties. Haramaya University s potato researchers wondered why farmers did not completely switch to Local Seed Business Newsletter 9 (November 2011) 3

4 improved potato varieties but continued to cultivate the allegedly inferior local varieties despite their anticipated low yields. Farmers challenging researchers perspectives of potato varieties During the annual research and review meeting held early 2010, farmers associated to LSB sites presented claims that their local varieties were no less productive than the University s improved germplasm. They demanded an explanation from the University s researchers why no empirical study had been conducted to evaluate the comparative yield and quality advantages of the local and improved potato varieties. After lengthy discussions it emerged that potato researchers had taken it for granted that the local varieties were inferior and were no match for the improved ones. The farmers insisted that their local varieties could not only parallel but may even beat the improved ones in terms of yield and tuber quality attributes. Follow up LSB research bringing preliminary evidence to farmers claims Following the annual research and extension review meeting, evidence emerged that farmers had good reasons to preserve and cultivate their local varieties with such enthusiasm. A preliminary survey by potato researchers and the LSB project team revealed that most of the local varieties could, in fact, yield as high as the improved ones. The salient features of the local varieties proved to be short tuber dormancy, high yield (when cultivated during off-seasons using irrigation), compact tuber setting (which eases harvesting), less skinning and bruising of tubers during handling post-harvest, good culinary quality, but a high susceptibility to late blight. Researchers argumentation for longer tuber dormancy One of the major characteristics of the highly valued local varieties is short tuber dormancy (a maximum of about one month). Researchers selected against this characteristic with the objective to forestall early sprouting during storage. Short tuber shelf-life was considered undesirable for consumption or even planting. Similarly, short tuber dormancy was assumed to lead to rapid tuber ageing resulting in lack of viable and vigorous seed tubers for planting as a rain-fed crop at the onset of the rainy season. Availability of healthy and vigorous seed tubers for cultivation as a rain-fed crop would often require maintaining the seed tubers under diffuse light store for a period of seven to eight months. This could be met only by varieties with longer tuber dormancy such as the ones the University releases. Farmers desire to use both local and improved varieties The short tuber dormancy characteristic of the local varieties is the most effectively exploited merit of the crop by the farmers of East Hararghe. Potato is their cash crop which is exported to Somalia and Djibouti throughout the year. The export of potato is dependent upon intensive cultivation during the dry season through small-scale irrigation using water from lakes or aquifers. Thus, the tubers that are harvested at the end of the rainy season (July-October) are required to sprout as early as possible to plant in December or January for irrigated cultivation. During the dry season, which spans six to seven months, two rounds of planting and harvesting are possible. Coupled with one harvest obtained from the rainy season, the two harvests afforded by irrigation during the dry season enables the farmers to produce the crop intensively and market the crop throughout the year. On the other hand, farmers incur higher costs producing local varieties under rain-fed conditions as they need to spray the plants with fungicides several times during the growing season. The inherent vulnerability of the local varieties to late blight disease is a challenge. Therefore, during the rainy season, farmers scale down production of local varieties, producing only enough to use as seed tubers at the beginning of each dry season. For sale as ware potato, the farmers cultivate the improved varieties that do not succumb to late blight, thereby incurring less cost for plant protection. Interestingly, the farmers have been harnessing the synergy of cultivating both the local and the improved potato varieties. LSB initiating participatory research To test the observations of the LSB team and the claims of the farmers, Haramaya University have re-evaluated their research agenda and have started conducting participatory potato research led by post-graduate students. The research focuses on the evaluation of local and improved variety performance and their response to various agronomic practices. Out of the three students engaged in the research activities, one has been funded by the LSB project and the other two by the Swedish International Development Agency for Agricultural Research (SIDA-SAREC). Chairman of Raaree Horaa SPC displays local varieties of potato. Local Seed Business Newsletter 9 (November 2011) 4

5 LSB matching groundnut and onion research to farmers realities By Nigussie Dechassa Groundnut: important crop in seed production in Babile Farmers of Bishan Babile Seed Producers Cooperative are espoused by the LSB project. They are engaged in production and distribution of groundnut seed. Groundnut is an important cash crop in East Hararghe. However, the productivity and quality of the crop is blighted by a number of constraints. Initial research response to groundnut root rot It has emerged that a disease (root rot) is the most serious problem afflicting production of the crop in the area. Before launching the LSB project, plant pathologists of Haramaya University studied the problem and recommended treating the seed with a fungicide before planting. The recommendation was widely advocated and accompanied by supplying the fungicide Mancozeb. LSB identifying and validating local innovations for controlling root rot With the launch of the LSB project, quite a few new ideas have surfaced. It was learnt that the recommended practice of seed treatment was not very effective in controlling disease. Consequently, farmers conducted their own research at community levels. Working closely with the farmers, the LSB project team finally managed to identify and validate those farmer innovations, which were claimed to be 100% effective in controlling the disease. Livestock urine is collected in a bucket and fermented for fifteen days. Groundnut seeds are soaked in the fermented urine just prior to sowing. Exploring farmers innovations for technology development This is an experience of great value, which emphasizes that doing agricultural research with the participation of farmers can significantly increase the performance of technological innovation. The experience has prompted the LSB team to conduct more participatory experiments, which are currently underway. Researchers, including post-graduate students, will be involved in these participatory experiments to generate scientific evidence for both innovative and traditional farming practices. Onion seed production in Rift Valley Onion seed production is a very lucrative business for small scale farmers in the Rift Valley of central Ethiopia. A kilogram of onion seed sells for between 400 and 700 Ethiopian Birr (approximately Euro). As of yet it is not well commercialized in the country and only practiced by smallholder farmers. The bulk of onion seed is imported from abroad using hard currency. In addition, onion as an agricultural product is in high demand for preparation of typical cuisine in Ethiopia as well as abroad. With the technical support from Melkassa Agricultural Research Centre (MARC), a number of farmers in the Rift Valley have been able to produce onion seed, generating millions of Birr. These farmers, through their linkage to a research centre, have effectively extricated themselves from poverty. Onion seed production in eastern Ethiopia Farmers in eastern Ethiopia have less experience in the lucrative scheme of onion seed production although they are more market-oriented and entrepreneurial than their colleagues in the Rift Valley. The LSB project introduced the business of onion seed production into eastern Ethiopia through linking farmers of the LSB innovation sites in Haramaya, Qarsa and Tullo districts with MARC. Haramaya University first sent two farmers and one development agent for training at MARC. Upon their return, onion bulbs were introduced into the innovation site and the LSB team supported farmers to produce the quality onion seed. The first seed production has been successful and farmers have generated a reasonable income from seed sales. Availability of onion seed boosting a new cash crop in eastern Ethiopia The farmers have appreciated the economic benefits accruing from onion seed production and are poised to expand the practice. This has a huge advantage for eastern Ethiopia as it will enable small-scale farmers to produce onion bulbs. They get access to onion seed at affordable local prices, and this enables them to diversify avenues of income generation. Matching cultural practices to local reality Farmers of the SPCs expressed their reservations on some of MARC s recommended practices. They expressed misgivings over the methods of replanting the bulbs without first cutting off the necks, planting the bulbs without treating with ash or a fungicide and wide spacing arrangement. The farmers have modified the recommendations and used their own methods. Consequently, we decided that one MSc student take up this topic for her research project and set out to do experiments through a fund allocated by the LSB project. This research has not yet concluded. Local Seed Business Newsletter 9 (November 2011) 5

6 Raaree Horaa SPC: diversified marketing strategies targeting future business opportunities By Reta Wegary and Dandena Gelmesa Raaree Horaa Seed Producers Cooperative (SPC) was established with the objectives of increasing farmers access to seed of improved and local varieties. The SPC was legally registered in early 2010 through the district Cooperative Promotion Office facilitated by the LSB project. Currently, Raaree Horaa SPC is showing great progress to enhance its entrepreneurship and autonomy. Major efforts are still required to raise the awareness of the benefits of using high-quality seed produced locally by the SPC. The growth of this demand is important to ensure sustainable business. Marketing strategy: wide portfolio of improved and local varieties Increasing production of a wide portfolio of both improved and local quality varieties of potato seed tubers is the main marketing strategy. Farmers, NGOs and governmental organizations are all clientele, however, the demand for local varieties is almost exclusively among small-scale farmers, and not NGOs and public enterprise. Promotion and marketing strategies The SPC promotion mechanism consists of various alternatives for informing the customer about the product and attempting to convince them to purchase quality seed. One such mechanism is extensively reporting about the product in mass media such as radio, television, newspapers and magazines. Another important strategy is the organization of field days. The cooperative seizes various opportunities for field tours and conferences, which are often facilitated by government, in order to promote quality seed potatoes. Another marketing strategy is approaching different institutions. This is complemented by positive testimonials from NGOs, government organizations and seed unions. Flattering word-of-mouth regarding the quality of the potato seed tubers produced and sold by the SPC is important. Written letters marketing the quality features of seed potato varieties as well as quantifying the availability of said seed are another mechanisms. This helps customers take the necessary preparations for purchasing seed based on this information. Enhancing seed producers income while increasing seed security Potatoes, relative to other vegetables, are ranked first by farmers in terms of realizable yields and potential for income generation. Hence, since the start of the LSB project in East and West Hararghe zones, Raaree Horaa SPC has contributed to a significant increase in the income of individual members. It has also improved seed security in the area, which could increase crop production and food security. Due to attractive potato seed market prices, Raaree Horaa SPC has earned an income of more than half a million Birr. Individual members earned between 14 and 32 thousand Birr per household from small-scale potato seed production. Table 1 illustrates this increase. Table 1. Analysis of the comparative advantage of seed over consumption potato production by Raaree Horaa SPC during 2011 Variety Area (ha) Seed produced (qt) Average growth return ( 000 ETB) Benefit in seed production 000 % ETB Seed Tuber value value Zemen Gabbissa Badhasa Chiro Chaala Batelocal Total Raaree Horaa SPC s diversified and propoor marketing strategies The executive committee is able to lead the day-to-day managerial activities of the SPC effectively and also facilitates the linkage to stakeholders for obtaining technical, financial and marketing support. The SPC is autonomous in selecting its pricing strategy. It takes into consideration the income and awareness levels of local poor farmers, and adapts prices to their purchasing power accordingly. This process helped to introduce seed potatoes to the market and easily attracted local farmers in getting involved in the production of potato as a cash crop. Additionally, the SPC sells potato seed to NGOs and government organizations at a relatively high price. Furthermore, the SPC decides on the benefits for the cooperative s individual members, and on funds to be allocated towards social services, independently. Reta Wegary is Agri-Business Innovator and Dandena Gelmesa is Seed Innovator of the LSB team at Haramaya University. Local Seed Business Newsletter 9 (November 2011) 6

7 Local partnership accelerating LSB development in Kersa By Dandena Gelmesa and Reta Wegary Partnerships promoting LSB development Hararghe is a drought-prone area and crop failures are common. Consequently, seed insecurity is a critical problem afflicting farmers and has led to incessant food and seed aid. Most seed available through relief operations originates from other regions and fails due to limited adaptability which results in further constraint to production and productivity. This situation framed the rationale to initiate various projects like the EU funded Joint Implementation of Up-Scaling the Existing On-Farm Seed Multiplications of Improved Drought Resistance Food Crop Varieties. The project is a joint effort of Haramaya University, Ethiopian Catholic Church Social and Development Coordinating Office of Harar (ECC-SDCOH), International Committee for the Development of People (CISP) and East Hararghe zone office of Agricultural Development. The objective of the project is to strengthen the capacity and technical skills of beneficiary households and to improve the availability of quality seed for different crops at Kersa, Gorogutu and Fedis districts of East Hararghe. The partner institutions have pooled their resources to strengthen community based seed multiplication to achieve a wider impact on the sustainable improvement of seed production and seed availability in East Hararghe. The LSB project is aligned to this initiative. Kersa LSB innovation site Kersa woreda hosts one of the LSB innovation sites. Farmers that are organized into primary cooperative or are linked to primary cooperatives have better access to technology, inputs, supervision and training, and can be more effective marketing their product. Haqan Gudina Multipurpose Cooperative has mobilized its members resources and contracted non-member farmers for seed production and marketing. It has relatively good infrastructure, farmers have access to potentially irrigable land and have previous experience with seed production for several crops and varieties. Moreover, the LSB project has supported the cooperative in its marketing strategy. The EUproject facilitated further support in storage and processing infrastructure, and access to potential customers. How partners work together The four partner intuitions agreed to work together in various aspects. For instance, CISP and ECC-SDCOH work in material and input support, strengthening the organization of farmers, facilitating contractual agreements, providing financial support and setting up of market outlets. The Bureau of Agricultural provides overall coordination, mobilizes woreda offices to actively support the activities, assists in organizing field days, leads the impact assessment and disseminates information. Haramaya University s main role is the provision of basic seed, technical assistance, extension and training on various aspects of seed production. Haramaya University supports the SPC in its quality management as this constitutes a vital element to guarantee the SPC gaining a significant and sustainable market share. Establishment of an out-grower scheme Incorporating more farmers in production is required due to the sheer volume of seed potato tubers needed to simply meet the rapidly expanding demand locally. The SPC was advised to identify new seed producing farmers for potato seed production. Member farmers increased the proportion of their individual land dedicated to potato seed production, but the SPC has also opted to set up an out-grower scheme. Ninety one farmers were selected and each of them was given 100 kilograms seed potato tubers, a package of fertilizers and some necessary chemicals. The costs for these inputs was covered by the SPC, however, at the time of harvesting, the costs for these was subtracted from price paid for product. This dividend was then included in a revolving fund to be used to motivate other farmers becoming engaged in commercial seed production. Once selected, out-growers must sign a contract. The SPC itself has to ratify a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), outlining roles and responsibilities of the SPC and its members commitment to quality seed production and marketing within the local partnership. Strengthening technical skills and accelerating market access The first and most important thing was the recognition of the SPC as a legal entity. The project conducted training in farmer organization, quality management, agronomic seed production and processing. It further provided field supervision and extension services in the use of improved technologies and production techniques. Different organizations took responsibility for providing the SPC with market access and information. They guaranteed that the quality declared seed produced by the SPC found a market in the area. Improve sustainability and commerciallyoriented seed production Potato and wheat seed produced in 2011 was sold to NGOs and government institutions at prices exceeding the normal crop/grain price by up to 20%. Farmers produced seed of improved varieties with a better yield potential than the local Local Seed Business Newsletter 9 (November 2011) 7

8 varieties when applying the complementary improved farm management promoted by the project. Farmers did not produce seed potatoes during the rainy season for fear of fungal diseases such as late blight. They did produce potato seed during the off-season using furrow irrigation. However, through providing the farmers with disease resistant-improved varieties, fungicides, and training, the farmers have been able to produce potato seed during the rainy season. High quality potato seed tubers that are being produced have become an additional seed source for off season potato production by many farmers in the region. Potato seed production is now an all-year-round commercial activity, improving the income of farmers in the zone. Photo right: SPC members proudly display their financial record keeping. Quality potato seed tuber production can be an important livelihood for Hararghe farmers. Oromia East LSB Project s successful promotion at Haramaya University exhibition By Dandena Gelmesa and Reta Wegary Ginbot 20 was colourfully celebrated at Haramaya University in May this year with different activities including agriculture and technology shows. The objective of the celebration was to mark the 20th anniversary of the downfall of the Dergue. This year s Ginbot 20 was celebrated with exhibitions by student clubs and various academic units of Haramaya University. The exhibitions included handicrafts, technological innovations and also shared various Ethiopian culinary traditions. The LSB project of the Oromia East used this opportunity to display its achievements to a wider public. Items displayed The project coordinator and innovators produced banners and photo prints which described local seed issues. The team shared information on the project s objectives, implementing institutions, the role of Haramaya University, achievements obtained in the country and future directions. Different documents such as books, newsletters, manuals prepared for seed production and magazine were displayed. Leaflets introducing the LSB project activities were distributed to the public at large and also to government organizations and NGOs working in the East and West Hararghe zones. The information was also dispatched to other LSB project coordinating institutions like Bahir Dar University and Oromia Seed Enterprise. We displayed seed of various crops produced by the local SPCs including five local potato varieties (Bate, Daddafa, Mashena ilili dimtu, Mashena Ilili adi and Samune), an improved onion variety (Bomby Red), four groundnut varieties (2 local Sartu and Oldhale; and 2 improved Roba and Were-961), the improved wheat variety Kulkulu, a high yielding sorghum variety (Teshela) and a local carrot variety. Output of the promoting the project during the exhibition The exhibition was dubbed as one of the most interesting and attractive events for the University and the community at large. The LSB project displayed eye-catching innovative technologies as a result of which most visitors expressed satisfaction and admiration over our achievements. Our participation in the exhibition, thus, served to publicize the project which places a greater impetus on scaling up its activities. The documentation of the project activities displayed as books, manuals, posters, magazines and flyers, resembled a miniature library, inspiring the University s President, Prof Belay Kassa, to recommend that the considerable collection of information be duplicated and entered into the University library s catalogue. Promotion of onion seed business The other most striking result of the exhibition was that some of the visitors had not even known how onion and carrot seed are produced and what they look like. Some of the visitors expressed surprise at the relatively high prices ( Birr Local Seed Business Newsletter 9 (November 2011) 8

9 per kilogram) that onion and carrot seeds fetch in the market, and showed an interest in onion seed business. However, most of the farmers also realised, that unlike onion bulb production, onion seed would not be simple to produce and they would require technical training to become engaged. The desire to work with the LSB project was evident. The LSB team that onion seed production is only possible in a specific growing season and requires thorough knowledge on crop management, including post-harvest. Recognition of our contribution to the event Informal feedback from some visitors indicated that the exhibition was successful in revealing the innovative work of the project. The LSB team manning the exhibition station were evaluated by a technical team using criteria such as innovativeness, contribution to research and development, exhibition display and arrangement and visitor entertainment. It was gratifying to learn that the LSB team came runner up to the University s multi-media team, and won a congratulatory prize for the extraordinary quality of the exhibit. Follow-up promotion activities Promotion of the LSB project had a significant boost from this exhibition. Furthermore, a report on the exhibition promotion entitled LSB Project development in Hararghe zone was published in the University newsletter for the May 2011 student graduation ceremony. In general, it showed that public communication is a powerful way for promoting project activities and raising awareness of seed issues. Such media should be covered in other regions of the LSB project too. The Haramaya University LSB project team would like to acknowledge the University for the unreserved cooperation, material and financial support it provided for printing leaflets, posters and photographs that enabled the team to colourfully present its experiences. Below, a gallery of photos taken at the Ginbot 20 exhibition of the LSB stand. Local Seed Business Newsletter 9 (November 2011) 9

10 Characterization of the farmers groundnut seed system at Babile LSB site By Anteneh Girma Groundnut seed systems in developing countries indicate that most seed is farmer-saved, except for the small quantity produced by specialized seed producing farmers and those who are supplied by seed brokers. The quality of such seed does not measure-up to the required standards which could be a major limiting factor for yields. In this investigation, which formed part of my MSc research, supported by an LSB research grant, an attempt was made to generate information on the quality of informal groundnut seed, to draw evidence-based recommendations for LSB development at Babile innovation site. Methodologies followed Three groundnut varieties were considered in the study. These included: Roba (late-maturing, large-seeded), Werer-962 (medium maturation, medium-seeded) and Oldhale (late-maturing, largeseeded). The first two varieties were released by Werer Agricultural Research Centre (WARC). Oldhale is a local variety. All three have bunchy growth habits. Seed of all three varieties was obtained from local farmers. The study area in Babile woreda was purposively selected based on its relatively high status of groundnut seed production in the district. Three Peasant Associations (PAs), namely: Al-Arer; Bishan Babile; and Tulla, were identified as renowned producers of the selected groundnut varieties. Assisted by development agents, a list of the names of those engaged in groundnut production were prepared and households were selected for inclusion in the study. The main instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire. Key informant interviews with development agents were also used to generate primary data. A seed sample of 1 kg from each farmer was collected for quality analysis. A total of 25 submitted seed samples from the three PAs were used for quality analysis. The seed samples were packed in airtight polythene bags. The samples were assessed in the seed science and plant pathology laboratory of Haramaya University, in terms of physical purity, seed moisture content, seed germination, and seed health. Outputs of the questionnaire and interviews The survey was conducted in the 2010 cropping season. During this period, the informal seed system was the only source for seed in the study area. This included farmer-saved seed (80%) and seed from other farmers through exchange (20%). These proportions were confirmed during interviews with targeted key informants, including development agents. In the study area, farmers select seed for the next season from the harvested pods and/or from fields with good crop stands. The selection criteria are relatively similar among the sampled households, which includes characteristics like fully-filled pods, big pod size and pod yield. The main purpose of seed cleaning is to improve the physical quality of the seed by removing inert matter, other crop seeds and damaged seeds, prior to storage. Farmers in the study area clean their seed by winnowing. Farmers in the study area make clear distinction between grain and seed. They linked these differences mostly to the boldness and physical purity of the kernels. Outputs of the laboratory tests The moisture content of collected seed samples ranged from 4% to 11%. The national standard for groundnut seed is 8%. The average physical purity was higher than 97%. Almost all seed samples maintained the analytical purity percentage. It is known that the national minimum standard for certifying seed purity is 95%. This clearly demonstrates that the purity of seed produced under farmers condition is acceptable. The mean germination rates for varieties Roba, Werer-962 and Oldhale were 76.7%, 48.7% and 45.7%, respectively. The seed samples collected from farmers who produced seeds of variety Roba showed remarkably higher germination percentage. However, only 3 samples met the national minimum germination percentage ( 80%). Implication for LSB Project development in the region The national seed system is based on the production of certified seed, however, the majority of farmers use farmer-saved seed of local varieties. A new scheme of seed production, based on optimizing farmers practices and indigenous knowledge, may be able to realise higher seed quality for the majority of farmers. The premise of this system is that farmers use seed declared of acceptable quality rather than officially certified. The value of this is that, at present, formal seed production and marketing of local varieties is illegal and the supply of certified seed of improved varieties of groundnut is unreliable. Neither public nor private companies appear interested in groundnut seed production, thus opening opportunities for local seed business to play a vital role in the dissemination of improved varieties. Furthermore, the marketing of quality seed of both improved and Local Seed Business Newsletter 9 (November 2011) 10

11 local varieties for increasing production and productivity of this crop is important for food and nutritional security, both from a perspective of local consumption and income generation. Anteneh Girma conducted his MSc research at the post-graduate programme on Seed Science and Technology of Haramaya University. He conducted his MSc with a research grant from the LSB project. Local potato varieties important for successful LSB development in Haramaya By Mergia Tolla Potato production in Haramaya District Potato is largely produced for the market as a source of income for smallholder farmers in Haramaya district. The potato seed system in Haramaya district is characterized by both formal and informal seed supply. Haramaya University is the formal channel that supplies clean potato tubers for multiplication of quality tuber seed by farmers and cooperatives. Farmer-saved seed stocks, tuber exchange, purchase through local grain markets and organized seed producer cooperatives constitute the informal seed system in Haramaya. Haramaya University, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) and NGOs are formal players. Dominance of the informal seed system In potato seed systems, the major constraints to the production and utilization of quality seed are lack of starting material for commercial seed (basic seed), low multiplication rate, high costs of seed, inadequate storage facilities, high storage losses, high degeneration rate, and difficulty in maintaining cultivar purity. Farmers interest in both improved and local varieties The local seed system is found to be an important source for improved and local potato varieties. Moreover, the bulky nature and low multiplication rate of the crop as well as variability and local specificity to needs and preferences contributed its share to enhancing the local seed system. It is, therefore, important to strengthen the local system by strengthening local seed producers through access to foundation seed and extension services on seed production, processing, treatment, storage and marketing. A diversified demand exists for both local and improved potato varieties. Currently, the majority of potato growers depend on either local or improved potato tubers obtained from local markets, other farmers and Haramaya University. From a sample of households, 56% were users of local varieties. In general, seed flows are highest at the community level with the involvement of relatively limited numbers of formal institutions such as universities and research centres. Farmers continued interest in local varieties The local variety (Bate) was found to be significantly used by farmers. A significant number of farmers use this local variety through purchasing its seed. Farmers variety choices are dependent on their attributes (yield and marketability). Farmers cared not only about the productivity of the crop varieties but also about the adaptability to the environment and consequent yield stability. This is perhaps one major reason behind the consistent use of local potato varieties; it demonstrates how important the environmental adaptability and yield stability attributes are in motivating farmers to include local potato varieties in seed production. This result has important implications for how local seed businesses are targeted, as illustrated in the articles of Dr Nigussie, on matching potato research to farmers demands, and Reta and Dandena, on the Haramaya innovation site. An increase in the use of local varieties will be one contributor towards the autonomy and sustainable marketing of SPCs and farmers. It will enable farmers to provide others with seeds of preferred varieties without depending on external sources for seed. Potato, an excellent crop for LSB business High transportation costs hinder farmers from delivering seed to faraway markets and it is very unlikely that potato will attract private investment in supply of quality seed of improved varieties in the Hararghe zones. Public enterprises and private investors in the seed sector are also not interested in the production and distribution of potato varieties adaptable to this area. This contributes immensely to the viability of commercial seed production and trade for smallholder farmers at a local scale. In addition, it encourages local seed producers to multiply and distribute seeds on a timely basis and at prices acceptable to farmers. For this reason, seed supply arrangements should focus on improving the capacity of farmers and existing SPCs Local Seed Business Newsletter 9 (November 2011) 11

12 for the multiplication and distribution of seed of requested potato varieties. SPCs: building upon informal seed systems Furthermore, SPCs operate at the community level between households within a small number of communities. Farmers have easy access to seed and often personally know the farmer from whom they are obtaining seed, which would make seed sources easily traceable. This is useful for holding individuals accountable and for providing swift feedback from customers regarding the quality of seed. Promoting potato LSBs In general, local seed business through SPCs should be strengthened and encouraged with consistent supply of quality seed potato tubers. Concerted efforts are required to augment seed supply, improve seed quality of local varieties and promote new high yielding varieties adaptable to the cultivation area and adapted to the market. Innovative, community based seed production and distribution strategies, coupled with efficient support systems for SPCs, will have positive effects on smallholder access to quality potato seed of both local and improved varieties. Mergia Tolla is Partnership Facilitator for Oromia, based at Oromia Seed Enterprise. He is a former MSc Student rewarded for his research contribution to the LSB project. The seed system: the hot-potato in the agricultural development debate in Ethiopia By Dawit Alemu An international conference by the title of, "Sustainable Seed System in Ethiopia: challenges and opportunities", was held from the 1st to the 3rd June 2011, in Addis Ababa, hosted by EIAR in partnership with the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Future Agricultures Consortium s Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Team. The main objective of the conference was to mainstream issues emerging from debate into the political and economic processes of the Ethiopian seed system. Some 90 participants took part in the event, including senior officials from national and regional governments, academics from universities, and professionals from international research and development organisations. This article gives an overview of the major issues discussed for further strengthening the seed system in Ethiopia. During the conference, the more recent positive trends in the development of Ethiopia s seed system were well recognized, mainly in terms of the: (i) political emphasis given to improving the sector both at federal and regional levels; (ii) further decentralization of the seed system and emergence of regional seed enterprises; (iii) increased participation of the private sector in the form of both local and foreign companies; and (iv) considerable increase in the volume of seed being supplied. However, it was also acknowledged that the performance of the sector is poor compared with the expectation of its contribution towards realizing the Growth and Transformation Plan, specifically, doubling agricultural production from the current 18 to 39 million tons by 2014/15. The main issues that have been discussed related to enhancing the sector were: (i) the institutional setup in managing the sector considering the production, marketing, and regulatory aspects; (ii) strengthening research and development linkages for prompt delivery of newly released varieties; (iii) the role and relationship among the public seed enterprises; (iv) potential for liberalizing pricing and marketing of seed; (v) increasing the role of cooperatives as business entities in seed production and marketing; (vi) promoting seed retailing through agro-dealers; and (vii) efficient regulatory and certification mechanisms. The institutional setup The need for strong coordination to handle the growing diversity Local Seed Business Newsletter 9 (November 2011) 12

13 of players, both public and private, was discussed as an important aspect that needs immediate attention. The experience of the Input Agency (formerly the National Seed Industry Agency) and the experiences of other countries like Kenya were discussed. A central regulatory authority for seed production, marketing, and certification should be effective Accelerating prompt transfer of newly released varieties The issue of research extension in Ethiopia has long been discussed and is well acknowledged in the policy and development arenas. Nevertheless, the penetration process of newly released varieties is very slow. A main aim of the agricultural research system has been the development of crop varieties specific to different agro-ecologies. Breeding programs for different agro-ecological conditions are performed. As a result, the agricultural research system has generated more than 500 varieties of different crops. However, the multiplication and dissemination of these varieties is constrained. In general, most formal seed production is for only two crops, bread wheat and maize. Newly released varieties are not reaching the farmers. The role and relationship among the public seed enterprises The other issue discussed was the need to clearly identify the role of respective public seed enterprises and their relationships. Currently, in addition to the federal Ethiopian Seed Enterprise, there are three regional seed enterprises in Amhara, Oromia and SNNP regions, which are producing seed of the same crops and varieties, using the same approach. There is interest shown from other regions to establish respective regional seed enterprises, however, in order to minimize the competition for resources and a market, it was clearly expressed during the conference that the role of the federal and regional seed enterprises be clearly identified. Liberalization the marketing of seed Under the current system, the entire seed marketing risk is carried by the public enterprises and some private seed companies. The nationally planned distribution systems attempt to reduce competition among the different seed producers, but such competition may have led to improved efficiency. The seed companies do not invest in their marketing activities, except for Pioneer Hi-Bred, who is promoting agro-dealership that will contribute to enhanced marketing efficiency. Therefore, it was agreed to gradually liberalize the marketing system. Promoting cooperatives as business entities Many studies associate the low adoption of modern varieties among small-scale farmers in developing countries, like Ethiopia, to the inability of formal and centralized seed systems to meet farmers complex and diverse seed requirements. Among the different alternative strategies proposed, farmer seed enterprises or seed producer cooperatives are widely promoted. It is expected that these will help to meet the dual objectives of sustainably distributing and promoting modern crop varieties whilst simultaneously establishing a regular source of good seed of either local or modern varieties. In the Ethiopian context, cooperative unions and their primary cooperatives have been serving mainly grain marketing and seed distribution. Seeing to it that cooperatives become independent business entities for seed production and marketing can improve the performance of the seed system. Promoting seed retailing through agrodealers The other strategy for meeting farmers complex and diverse seed requirements is through promotion of agro-dealers. The Kenyan experience was presented and discussed as for this type of alternative strategy. Promotion of efficient regulatory and certification mechanisms Two major weaknesses in current seed quality regulation were identified: (i) the focus on quality assurance during seed production with limited involvement during seed marketing, and (ii) ignorance to the quality assurance for seeds from the informal sector. In general, quality problems can emerge in both the production and marketing processes of the seed system. If the country is to promote decentralized and competitive seed systems, the institutionalisation of a vibrant regulatory and certification system for a diversity of seed marketing chains is mandatory. Similarly, the absence of a mechanism for promoting seed quality control in the informal sector has resulted in the poor integration of the formal and informal seed systems. In summary, the conference brought together experts from different national and international organizations to discuss the emerging trends, opportunities and challenges faced by the Ethiopian seed sector. It is intended that the issues discussed above will contribute to existing knowledge and to a better informed policy forum. Dr Dawit Alemu is researcher with the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR). He was responsible for the organization of the international conference with the title Sustainable Seed System in Ethiopia: challenges and opportunities to which the ISSD Programme made a financially contribution. Local Seed Business Newsletter 9 (November 2011) 13

14 Seed Seminar for sharing experiences and round-tables for exploring future partnerships in ISSD By Walter de Boef and Mohammed Hassena Partners in the ISSD programme jointly organized a Seed Seminar and a series of round-tables for its NGO, public and private sector partners in March 2011 in Addis Ababa. The purpose of the seminar was to share ISSD Programme achievements to a wider audience of high level officials, stakeholders and donor representatives. During the round-tables, discussions were started with specific stakeholder groups for elaboration on specific components, being LSB scaling up (NGO and public sector), and the two private sector components for the second phase of the ISSD Ethiopia Programme. Seed seminar The opening remarks of the seminar were shared by both HE Hans Blankenberg (Ambassador of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) and HE Ato Wondrad Mendafro (State Minister of Agriculture). HE the Ambassador indicated the importance of food security within the current development policy of the Government of the Netherlands. Reaching food security in combination with economic development, seed sector development is a crucial strategy. HE Ato Wondrad indicated the importance of seed sector development in order to reach the envisaged production and productivity gains as indicated in the Transformation and Growth Plan. The seminar was chaired by Prof Belay Kassa (President of Haramaya University) who emphasized the importance of the integrated approach and bringing together several stakeholders at all levels for seed sector development. This includes creating a level playing field, business ethics, seed system development and effective coordination of the seed system in the country. Members of the ISSD coordination team shared background and achievements of the ISSD programme in several presentations. The LSB project supports farmers groups in 33 innovation sites among which a variation based on several factors. Considering the starting point of the farmer groups, engaging in seed production and marketing, establishing linkages to NGOs, and participating in varietal selection or farmer research and extension groups defines to a large degree and advances in LSB development. The private sector component of the ISSD programme has contributed to exploring the complementary roles of the public and private sector. This component aims to address limitations that exist for private seed sector development. The partnership programme has used a highly consultative process for bringing together key stakeholders in defining key factors limiting the performance of seed sector. The key factors have been translated into partnership innovation projects that aim to innovate in the structure and organization of the seed sector in relation to seed quality, access to early generation seed and marketing. The way in which the programme is build facilitating interactions between the farmers and the formal seed system was emphasized in one presentation. A panel including Dr Tesfaye Kumsa (General Director, Anno Agro-industry) and Dr. Adafris Teklewold (Crop Director of EIAR) reflected upon the presentations and discussions; they stressed the importance of achieving quality standards in the sector. The panel further indicated the importance of using an approach that supports several sectors as envisaged in the ISSD. The seminar was concluded by a Prof Tekalign Mamo (State Ministry of Agriculture), who in an earlier comment stressed that the achievements in the ISSD programme should be accompanied by clear quantitative and economic indicators showing its effectiveness in contributing to raising productivity and production. Moreover, Prof. Tekalign emphasized the importance of the integrated nature of the agricultural system, including soil fertility management to make the system complete. In his closing remarks he expressed, on behalf of the Ethiopian Government, the appreciation for the long term commitment of the Netherlands Government in supporting agricultural and seed sector development in the country. NGO round-tables for scaling up LSB The NGO round-tables aimed to share the achievements in the ISSD programme and the LSB project. Participants further explored the strategy to be used for scaling up LSBs. Two groups of NGOs participated, which included those with either a national (CARE, SHA) or a regional presence (ORDA, REST), and then those which are more active in specific localities (ACDS, CRISP, LIVIA, and Mercy Corps). The first group expressed an interested to establish a total of more than 80 LSBs country wide (20-30 per organisation), whilst the more location specific NGOs indicated mostly to support the establishment of 5 LSBs. Public sector round-tables for scaling up LSB During a likewise public sector round-table, three EIAR centres expressed a convincing interest in enforcing the LSB component of the ISSD Programme. Representatives of MARC, KARK and HARC indicated that in the first year they intend to each support Local Seed Business Newsletter 9 (November 2011) 14

15 10 LSBs. Likewise, OARI indicated to support a total of 10 LSBs among its five research centres. The EIAR centres and OARI would cover a wide range of crops and agro-ecologies. The multi-stakeholder group comprised of representatives from Tigray expressed an interest of scaling up a total of 30 LSBs within the region. Since public entities of Amhara and SNNP Region were not present, individual consultations had to be organized to explore the potential for LSB scaling up with public entities in those regions. Follow up actions in scaling up LSBs It can be concluded that with both public sector and NGO partners, the ISSD programme will be able to initiate scaling up LSBs in 2012, to a tentative number very early on, which is close to the first year target of 135 LSBs in collaboration with 20 partner organizations. In that sense the round-tables have been a very successful instrument to initiate and enforce nationwide partnerships. Private sector round-tables: companies and producers The aim of this round-table was to share with members of the Ethiopian Seed Trade Association and other seed companies and producers, the advances in the first phase of the ISSD programme. Several issues required to strengthen the sector were discussed. The participants discussed modalities for the components that firstly aim to strengthen seed enterprises in their contribution to seed supply, and secondly, reinforce the emerging private seed producers in their professionalism and market-orientation. Potential working modalities for the ISSD approach to strengthening the private sector, including target areas such as: institutional linkage; consultancy and training targeting ESTA, seed enterprises and seed producers, were explored as an initial step for shaping this component of the ISSD programme. The round-table was successful as a first step towards supporting, in a structured approach, the private seed sector in Ethiopia. Walter de Boef is Advisor to the ISSD Ethiopia programme and Mohammed Hassena is National Partnership Facilitator. Both are associated to the Wageningen UR/Centre for Development Innovation. Comparison of seed sectors among African countries identifying common features By Gareth Borman During May 2011, 37 participants from more than 10 countries, shared experiences in seed sector development at the Synthesis Workshop, Addis Ababa in the context of the African Seed and Biotechnology Programme and Integrated Seed Sector Development Africa project. The African Union (AU) in partnership with Wageningen UR Centre for Development Innovation and Self Help Africa (SHA), with the support of Oromia Seed Enterprise (OSE), facilitated this, the international workshop, to initiate dialogue regarding the strengths and weaknesses of a pluralistic and integrated seed sector for agricultural development in Africa. Participants from six countries and regional organizations Delegations representing public sector, private sector and civil society involved in seed production, marketing and development from Ethiopia, Malawi, Mali, South Sudan, Uganda and Zambia were invited to share experiences. In addition, seed experts from regional economic communities (ASARECA and COMESA/ACTESA) and facilitators from the AU ASBP, Wageningen UR ISSD and SHA were in attendance. Countries were selected on the basis of generating a wide diversity of conditions in seed sector development with regard to the current distribution of public, private and farmers roles in seed production; the institutional arrangements and strengths; and the available detail on formal seed policies and strategies. African Seed and Biotechnology Programme The African Seed and Biotechnology Programme (ASBP) has been proposed to provide a strategic approach for the comprehensive development of the seed sector and related biotechnology in Africa. It will pursue an integrated approach to enhance capacities for seed policy development and implementation, strengthen linkages between informal and formal seed sectors, ensure further adherence to international norms and standards, stimulate transfer of appropriate technologies including biotechnology tools and products applicable to the seed sector, and also to encourage publicprivate partnerships to stimulate local seed enterprises. The ISSD Africa project is meant both to strengthen these processes of the ASBP and to make an initial start with the implementation Local Seed Business Newsletter 9 (November 2011) 15

16 of the programme at the level of national policies. Furthermore, the ISSD Africa project supports regional economic communities in their contribution to the ASBP objectives. This makes this workshop timely and well connected to a continental and regional context. Synthesis concluding an multi-country assessment and consultative process The programme has initiated debates on the concept of integrated approaches to seed sector development based on an assessment; shared and discussed within the six countries in multistakeholder workshops. The ASBP-ISSD Synthesis Workshop provided the opportunity to take these experiences to an international arena and share lessons among participants from the different countries and with the ASBP programme. Having facilitated the ISSD Africa international dialogue on integrated approaches to a pluralistic seed sector, a communiqué was prepared with the participation of all attendees; concluding the proceedings. Country specific features During the individual country reports, some key issues emerged. Mr Mohammed Hassena shared the results of the seed sector assessment in Ethiopia, describing the strong public orientation of the seed sector. Ms Grace Kaudzu shared the outcomes from the Malawi assessment highlighting the strength of the formal seed sector due to the guidance by well-established policies and regulations. Its formal seed sector is strengthened by wellfunctioning public-private partnerships in all components of the value-chain. Dr Marthe Diallo highlighted that special attention to improved varieties is given in Mali. Quality seed of a range of crops is primarily available for crops with commercial value on the food market. Increasingly, national policy makers acknowledge the importance of seed sector development to national food and nutrition security. Dr Leju George emphasized that the seed sector in South Sudan is in a process of rehabilitation. He acknowledges that institutional arrangements are crucial for the introduction of improved germplasm to South Sudan and ultimately for agriculture development and food security. In Uganda, Ms Flavia Kabeere recognizes that seed quality control is a major issue, which may be addressed by both the development of an autonomous quality control authority and also the development of the capacities of individuals within such an organization. Ms Bethel Nakaponda states that in Zambia, the seed certification system does not allow farmers seed to be certified, which hampers commercialization of the informal sector. She further observes that entrepreneurship and marketing among small-scale farmers requires stimulation, and that current efforts by NGOs in the country do not focus on developing such capacities. Synthesis of country reports With reference to the ISSD Africa synthesis, the above-mentioned observations from the country assessments are relevant to, and embedded within the concepts of integrated seed sector development. Dr Niels Louwaars reflected upon several themes during his synthesis. Cropping systems vary along agroecologies, thus development is characterized by a diversity of situations and objectives. He concluded that the seed sector can be distinguished foremost, by its formal and informal subsectors. Seed sector development requires an integrated approach that is promoted at every step of the value-chain. Hence, development is both securing food and becoming more market-oriented. Essential for its success is partnership and the development of the capacities of key actors for entrepreneurship and marketing. Dr Janet Edeme expressed in her concluding remarks that the ISSD Africa programme, as implemented in six countries, and the joint communiqué formulated based on the assessment and multistakeholder consultations, are crucial for shaping the ASBP. Gareth Borman is assistant coordinator of the ISSD Programme. He is associated to the Wageningen UR/Centre for Development Innovation, the Netherlands. Above, ISSD country consultants for the respective seed sector assessments, from left to right: Dr Leju George (S. Sudan); Ms Flavia Kabeere (Uganda); Ms Bethel Nakaponda (Zambia); Dr Marthe Diallo (Mali); Dr Janet Edeme (Chair - AU); Ms Grace Kaudzu (Malawi); and Mr Mohammed Hassena (Ethiopia). Local Seed Business Newsletter 9 (November 2011) 16

17 ISSD a pathway for Self Help Africa contributing to seed security and sovereignty By Jenny Rafanomezana Seed at the heart of much Self Help Africa s work Some of you will be familiar with Self Help Africa s (SHA) work on increasing access to improved seed, which is linked to the LSB project. In Ethiopia, we work with 19 primary SPCs that in 2010 had a total of 1,230 members, producing seed on 1,100 ha in 8 woredas and 4 zones. SHA also works in other African countries supporting farmers to develop local seed enterprises and improve access to quality seed of superior varieties. As an organisation we believe that supporting farmers to produce more and better seed is key to our mission, which is to develop enterprising solutions that enable smallholder farmers to achieve a better quality of life. We are currently working to scale up our initiatives in this area, to reach more farmers and to bring experiences from practice into the policy arena. SHA s interest in ISSD SHA s increasing organisational focus on smallholder seed businesses has taken place at the same time as Wageningen University and Research Centre has been promoting integrated seed sector development (ISSD). The concept of ISSD makes a lot of sense to us, as it recognises the potential of different seed systems to contribute to seed security in a country. It enables us to see where our initiatives - that focus on community-based or local seed enterprises fit within a wider picture and to identify potential areas where we can support actions that address bottlenecks and improve linkages between the systems. The multi-sector stakeholder approach makes sense; by bringing civil society organisations, government service providers and the private sector players together, we can develop solutions that have the potential to be both sustainable and scalable. Our participation in ISSD Africa During 2011, SHA has been actively engaged in the series of national multi-stakeholder seed sector assessments that have taken place in the African countries where we also work. We were instrumental in bringing Zambia on board in this process. In Zambia, SHA works with 10 Seed Growers Associations, as well as a cooperative, and we saw the relevance of the ISSD concept to facilitate a dialogue there on the challenges to increasing access to improved seed. Whilst the context is very different in Zambia to Ethiopia, with a significant private sector engagement, the situation for smallholder farmers in rural areas is similar; they cannot access improved varieties of adapted seed. The process of dialogue at national level has been important in building recognition of local seed businesses as viable entities contributing to seed security. ISSD Africa Synthesis workshop: finding further confidence in our approach It was interesting to then take part in the synthesis workshop in Addis, where it was clear that the approach was useful in understanding the issues in many different contexts and highlighted the potential for integrated seed sector development to address the huge gap in meeting the demand for quality seed. The resulting AU Communiqué (May 2011) recognised the need for targeted policies and programmes to enable the communitybased entrepreneurial seed sector to flourish. It is valuable for us to be able to reference this kind of high-level statement, to inform policy positions as well as in justification for the expansion and resourcing of our work on seed. The synergies between the challenges in different countries was evident: addressing the limited availability of early generation seed, access to improved and adapted varieties of food security crops, need for appropriate seed quality control mechanisms (including certification, accreditation and Quality Declared Seed) and the transformation from Government and NGO distribution or relief seed provision to sustainable market-based systems. Many of these priority areas are being built into new programmes. In both Ethiopia and Zambia for example SHA is working with breeders and researchers to enable farmers to produce early generation seed of specific crop varieties. An ambitious new regional seed proposal is also being developed which SHA hopes to secure funding for to implement in partnership with Wageningen UR and others. The commonality of issues also reinforced the organisations belief in the value of sharing learning and experience between different countries. Our role as innovation intermediary towards more equitable seed sector development It is through engaging with the ISSD approach that SHA has developed its thinking around our work on seed and making seed value chains work for farmers. Staff at both head and field office level have benefitted from the exposure to the technical/intellectual debates and looking at seed issues from a more holistic perspective. It has also helped us to more clearly articulate our own role as innovation intermediary in enabling smallholder farmers to engage in seed multiplication and Local Seed Business Newsletter 9 (November 2011) 17

18 establish local seed enterprises. This is based on the development of farmer organisations - seed grower associations, seed multiplication cooperatives etc fostering entrepreneurship and the facilitation of interactions both up and down the value chain. Establishing functional and sustainable roles and relationships seems to us to be key to integrated seed sector development. ISSD guiding to develop a coherent programme As an NGO it is really important for SHA to look beyond islands of success and that we have a coherent programme approach, that is more than a sum of discrete projects. Engagement in thinking around ISSD has really helped us to do this in the area of seed. At a project level outcome is illustrated in terms of increase in availability of quality seed of improved varieties and increases in crop production and productivity. Impact on farmers incomes and food security are evident. Incomes have risen significantly for seed growers to two to three times the average household income. For farmers using quality seed of improved varieties, yields are generally double those traditionally used, the period that own production lasts increases significantly and greater production from a limited area of land is important in increasing sales to enable households to purchase more food. ISSD: integrative pathway to seed security and sovereignty When we work at a more systemic level outcomes are related to integrating formal and informal seed systems and impacts are then at the level of seed security and seed sovereignty. As an organisation we can only play a small part in contributing to such changes, but ISSD provides a pathway for impact at this level for all actors. Jenny Rafanomezana is Policy and Research Advisor at Self Help Africa in the Shrewsbury, UK, office. Photo above: Local variety Batte Under multiplication at Haramaya University. Photo right: Raaree Horaa SPC supply potato seed tubers to NGOs Local Seed Business Newsletter 9 (November 2011) 18