LUCERNE - agronomy and grazing management
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1 LUCERNE - agronomy and grazing management Dr Derrick Moot Professor of Plant Science
2 Tall fescue Cocksfoot Perennial ryegrass
3 MaxClover Rg/Wc Lucerne CF/Sub CF/Balansa CF/Cc CF/Wc
4 MaxClover Total DM Yields (to 30 March 2011) Total annual accumulated DM yield (t DM/ha/y) Year /03 Year / Year / Year / Year /07 Date Year / Year /09 Year /10 Year /11 Jan03 Jan04 Jan05 Jan06 Jan07 Jan08 Jan09 Jan10 Jan mm 493 mm 635 mm 601 mm 643 mm 651 mm 767 mm 612 mm +435 mm Luc CF/Sub RG/Wc Source: Moot 2012
5 RG/Wc pastures Spring Year 2 Unsown species <5% in Year 1. >45% in Year 6 Summer Year 4 Annual grasses Taprooted dicot weeds
6 Lucerne pastures Spring Year 5 Spring Year 7
7 Spring WUE: legume = (nitrogen) Accumulated DM (t DM/ha) Lucerne 28 kg DM/ha/mm Ryegrass / clover Ryegrass only 20 kg DM/ha/mm 13 kg DM/ha/mm Water use (mm) Source: Moot et al. 2008
8 These are urine patches 400 kg N/ha 15 t DM/ha/yr 30 kg DM/mm water this is GRASS 6 t DM/ha/yr 10 kg DM/mm water N deficient grass
9 Nitrogen deficient pasture 1000 kg N/ha
10 Nitrogen fertiliser use 400 N applied (1000's of t) / / / / / / / / / /06 Source: New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers' Research Association
11 Photo: WR Scott Lincoln University Water and nitrogen = ryegrass
12 Clover content & milksolids production Relative yield (grass = 100) DM (kg/ha) MS (kg/ha) MS (kg/cow) Clover (%) Source: Cosgrove 2005
13 Photo: Jo Grigg Tempello Sheep prefer 70% legume, 30% grass
14 Resistance to Pests and Diseases Cultivar Grasslands Kaituna Grasslands Otaio Grasslands Torlesse P54Q53 P54V09 Runner Wairau WL 325HQ Dormancy BGA PA SAA BW SN PRR VW LD I I D D D D SD I R R HR MR - - S R R R R MR HR - S R R R R MR R - S R R R R HR HR R S R R R R HR HR - S MR R R R HR HR S S R HR - S - MR S MR S - BGA = Blue-green aphid PA = Pea aphid SAA = Spotted alfalfa aphid BW = Bacterial Wilt SN = Stem nematode PRR = Phytopthora root rot VW = Verticillium wilt LD = Leaf diseases D = Dormant HR = 50%+ resistant R = Resistant = (31-50%) SD = Semi-dormant MR = 16-30% S = Susceptible Updated from : Dunbier & Easton 1982
15 1. Lucerne establishment Soils - deep free draining - ph rg/wc fertility Sowing - inoculated mm - bare or coated 8-10 kg/ha - spring or autumn (grass grub) - cultivated or direct drilled - after fallow?
16 Photo: DJ Moot Lincoln University
17 Photo: DJ Moot Lincoln University
18 Photo: DJ Moot Lincoln University
19 Pre-development - browntop - hieracium - sweet vernal - <5% legume Source: Kearney et al. 2010
20 Low palatability Low production Low legume Source: Kearney et al. 2010
21 Lime and Fertiliser Application Lime 3-5 ton/ha Fertiliser kg/ha Source: Kearney et al. 2010
22 Typical 0.15 m soil test results for pre (2008) and post (2010) fertiliser applications from three Central Otago farms. ph Olsen P (μg/ml) Potassium (QTU) Sulphur (μg/g) Aluminium (mg/kg) Pre-Development (2008) Hills Creek Huntleigh Styx Post-Development (2010) Hills Creek Huntleigh Styx Source: Kearney et al. 2010
23 Soil ph & exchangeable Aluminium Exchangeable Soil Aluminium (me/100g) y = /(1+(x/5.5) 23.5 )) R 2 = 0.73 Change Point Soil ph Source: Moir & Moot 2010
24 Photo: V Fasi Lincoln University
25 Lucerne root ~8 months after sowing > 1.5 m length Photo: D Hollander Lincoln University
26 Autumn Spraying Timing is Critical Most important tool Glyphosate, granstar, penetrant Key Results Conserve soil moisture Kill mass root systems Source: Kearney et al. 2010
27 2 nd Spray Spring Glyphosate, insecticide, penetrant Result from Autumn spray, photo taken 1 November 2010 Source: Kearney et al. 2010
28 Drilling seed with fertiliser Direct drilling = seed + fertiliser Source: Kearney et al. 2010
29 Sown 21/11/2007 Photo taken 1/11/2010 Styx Station Source: Kearney et al. 2010
30 Pasture growth 8 Unimproved Ryegrass/white clover Lucerne Yield (t DM/ha) M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J Year and month Source: Kearney et al. 2010
31
32 Photo: V Fasi (LU) Lees Valley
33 Seasonal grazing management Spring 1 st rotation aided by root reserves to produce high quality vegetative forage. can graze before flowers appear (~1500 kg DM/ha) ideally ewes and lambs but Never lamb on or set stock lucerne
34 Vegetative growth Above ground growth rate (kg DM/ha/d) July Spring Autumn Mean temperature ( o C) Jan Feb Source: Moot et al. 2003
35 Blocks 38 days resting 4 days grazing Block 4 L S_L L_S S Block 3 L L_S S_L S Block 2 S_L S L_S L Block 1 S L S_L 18 m L_S 3.7 m lane 17.5 Photo: Edmar Teixeira Lincoln University 25 days resting 3 days grazing
36 Partitioning to roots Tap root dry weight (t/ha) day 28-day A S O N D J F M A Month Source: Moot et al. 2003
37 Photo: Edmar Teixeira Lincoln University
38 Doug and Fraser Avery Bonavaree
39 Seasonal grazing management Spring/summer (Nov-Jan) Priority is stock production (lamb/beef/deer) graze 6-8 weeks solely on lucerne 5-6 paddock rotation stocked with one class of stock (7-10 days on) allowance kg DM/hd/d increase later in season
40 Resident pasture Lucerne mixture Bonaveree Marlborough July 2010
41 Bonaveree Marlborough July 2010
42 Maximize reliable spring growth high priority stock
43 Rotation 1 Pre-graze Plot 1 (21/9/07) 2.3 t DM/ha cm tall Photo: M Smith Lincoln University
44 Rotation 2 Pre-graze Plot 1 (2/11/07, 38 d) 2.9 t DM/ha cm tall Photo: M Smith Lincoln University
45 Grazing Rotations at Lincoln University DM Yield (t/ha) Monthly rainfall (mm) 0 0 Jul07 Sep07 Nov07 Jan08 Mar08 May08 Jul08 Date Moot & Smith 2011 Practical Lucerne Management Guide
46 Metabolisable energy of lucerne 16 ME (MJ/kg DM) Leaves Stem Yield (t DM /ha) Source: Brown & Moot 2004
47 Photo: Bonaveree
48 Photo: Bonaveree
49 Photo: DJ Moot Lincoln University
50 Grazing Rotations at Lincoln University DM Yield (t/ha) Monthly rainfall (mm) 0 0 Jul07 Sep07 Nov07 Jan08 Mar08 May08 Jul08 Date Moot & Smith 2011 Practical Lucerne Management Guide
51 Photo: M Smith Lincoln University Rotation 4 Pre-graze Plot 6 (28/2/08) 2.0 t DM/ha produced in 51 d Post-graze (4/3/08) 0.6 t DM/ha UTILISATION = 70%
52 Creating a net of opportunity Any autumn rain grows high quality feed Photo: Bonaveree
53 Seasonal grazing management Late autumn/winter (May-July) hard grazing once growth stops (frost) decrease aphid population spray for weeds days after winter graze - grazing/spraying early July - nodes developing at low temperatures
54 3. Animal health Redgut: problem on high quality feeds fibre Bloat: cattle more than sheep capsules Na def. (0.03%): salt licks/fence-line weeds/pasture Require 0.11% Na - sheep/beef/dairy (13%)
55 3. Animal health (cont d) Clostridial bacteria: 10 in 1 vaccine Cobalt: vitamin B12 injection Worm haven: Camping on small area river edge? Leaf spot in autumn: avoid flushing on older lucerne - new regrowth or tops only are O.K.
56 Forest conversion ha
57 Photo: Bonaveree
58 Photo: Bonaveree
59 Photo: Bonaveree
60 Ewe hoggets grown on lucerne 54 kg ave Photo: Bonaveree
61 Photo: Bonaveree Corriedale 2th flushed on wilting lucerne
62 Lucerne (is not grass!!!) - flushing at Bonaveree
63 Photo: DJ Moot Lincoln University
64 4. Fertilizer Higher requirement from cutting than grazing 2% K = 20 kg/ha/t DM removed 50% K super = 80 kg/ha/t DM removed Or KCL = 40kg/ha/t DM removed + P and S from super
65 Photo: DJ Moot Lincoln University
66 5. Weed Control Bad weeds = grasses and tap rooted flat weeds Never set stock in spring stand open for summer annual invasion control: herbicide before July 1 K super if conserving (soil K > 6)
67 Waterlogged Bonaveree Marlborough July 2010
68
69 Redrill poorly established areas
70 Close up of a prairie grass and lucerne mixture Bonaveree Marlborough July 2010
71 Tama annual ryegrass overdrilled into runout lucerne (12 yrs)
72 Tama annual ryegrass overdrilled into runout lucerne (12 yrs) - Close up -
73 Lucerne + cocksfoot Haka Valley
74 6. Conservation (high protein) Hay first cut in spring is heaviest Crimper/conditioner need rapid moisture loss from stems Leaves are the nutritious part bale with dew in evening Silage wilted/chopped inoculant/pasture added to help fermentation Continuous conservation without prolonged autumn flowering will decrease stand persistence
75 Only conserve a true surplus
76 Marlborough District Council Farming Environment Award 2011
77 Diverse drought-proofed landscape SI Farmer of the Year 2010
78 Balansa clover
79 Gland clover
80 Shares of output values within agricultural sector , (%) 100% 80% 18% Forestry 60% 34% Fishery 40% Livestock 20% Crop 0% Meat sector has grown fastest at the expense of crops Source: NSBC, 2011
81 Conclusions Aim to transform dryland farms to be economically, environmentally and socially resilient Require regionally specific technical solutions and ongoing extension Nitrogen from legumes is the key to improve pastoral water use efficiency Global demand for meat will exceed supply for at least the next decade
82 Acknowledgements Beef & Lamb NZ Ltd/ Pastoral21 Lincoln University MAF Sustainable Farming Fund
83 References Brown, H. E. and Moot, D. J Quality and quantity of chicory, lucerne and red clover production under irrigation. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 66, Cosgrove G Novel grazing management: making better use of white clover. Proceedings of the 2005 SIDE Conference. Online: management%20options.pdf Dunbier, M. W. and Easton, H. S Longer stand life with new cultivars. In: R. B. Wynn-Williams (ed). Lucerne for the 80's. Special Publication No. 1. Palmerston North: Agronomy Society of New Zealand, Kearney, J. K., Moot, D. J. and Pollock, K. M Dryland lucerne production in Central Otago. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 72, Moir, J. L. and Moot, D. J Soil ph, exchangeable aluminium and lucerne yield responses to lime in a South Island high country soil. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 72, Moot, DJ An overview of dryland legume research in New Zealand. Crop and Pasture Science (In Press). Moot, D. J., Brown, H. E., Pollock, K. and Mills, A Yield and water use of temperate pastures in summer dry environments. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 70, Moot, D. J., Brown, H. E., Teixeira, E. I. and Pollock, K. M Crop growth and development affect seasonal priorities for lucerne management. In: Legumes for Dryland Pastures (Ed. DJ Moot). Proceedings of a New Zealand Grassland Association. (Palmerston North New Zealand: New Zealand Grassland Association, pp. Moot, D.J. and Smith, M.C. Practical Lucerne Management Guide. 9 pp. Online: New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers' Research Association Annual update (New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers' Research Association). 15 pp. Date Accessed: 5/5/2011. Online: Last Updated: Dec 2009.
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