B.W. Bodah 1, J.L. Ullman 2, D.K. McCool 3
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1 B.W. Bodah 1, J.L. Ullman 2, D.K. McCool 3 International Symposium on Erosion and Landscape Evolution September 18-21, Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University 2 Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida 3 USDA ARS (retired), Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University
2 Issues Facing Agricultural Management on the Palouse
3 Why do farmers utilize fallow rotations? Lamont St. John Pullman
4 Conventional Tillage Fallow Photo: Jeff Ullman
5 Chemical Fallow Chemical Fallow Photo: Jeff Ullman
6 Single Pass Direct Seed Technology Fertilizer Tube Seed Tube Seed Drill
7 The Palouse has always had a problem with erosion, due to its steep slopes, heavy winter precipitation, strong winds, and conventional tillage practices. Estimated rate of soil loss: 200 tons acre -1 Photo: F.A. Mark, Steptoe, WA April 9,
8 November 4, 2010 Photo: Jeff Ullman
9 Demonstration and Experimentation
10 2009: intensity of 1.5 in hr : intensity of 0.7 in hr -1 Photo: Jeff Ullman Photo: Brian Bodah
11 Runoff (ml) 18 Chemical Fallow (1.2%) Runoff With Time (2009) Conventional Tillage Fallow (2%) Following First Pass of 2 Pass System (7%) Minutes
12 Runoff (ml) 18 Chemical Fallow (1.2%) Runoff With Time (2009) Conventional Tillage Fallow (2%) Following First Pass of 2 Pass System (7%) Minutes
13 Sediment Loss (g/l) 18 Chemical Fallow (1.2%) - Slope Sediment Loss With Time (2009) 16 Following 1st Pass of 2 Pass System 2% Slope Conventional Tillage Fallow (2%) Following 1st Pass of 2 Pass System - 7% Following Slope First Pass of 2 Pass System (7%) Minutes
14 ml ml Conventional Fallow 0% Slope Chemical Fallow 0% Slope Runoff with Time (2010) 350 * Conventional Fallow 28% Slope Chemical Fallow 28% Slope Minutes
15 2009 Parameters Time to 1 st Runoff Total Runoff Total Sediment Loss Chemical Fallow, 1% Slope 19 Minutes 3.1 Liters 2.20 grams Conventional Fallow, 2% Slope 15 Minutes 4.0 Liters 25.8 grams 1 st Pass of 2-Pass System, 7% Slope 11 Minutes 6.6 Liters 88.0 grams Chemical and conventional tillage fallow plots exhibited a minimal gradient difference and were located within 6 m of one another. The chemical fallow plot exhibited a nearly 12 and 44 fold reduction in amount of soil lost compared to the other two plots, respectively. The chemical fallow plot experienced the longest time to first noticeable runoff.
16 2010 Parameters Time to 1 st Runoff Total Runoff Total Sediment Loss Conventional Fallow, 20.5% Slope 2 Min, 45 Sec 6.61 Liters 0.45 grams Chemical Fallow, 13% Slope 6 Min, 30 Sec 6.37 Liters 0.51 grams Chemical Fallow, 31% Slope 2 Minutes 4.45 Liters 1.33 grams Chemical Fallow, 31.5% Slope 2 Min, 30 Sec 5.57 Liters 0.96 grams Initial demonstration plots did not reveal distinctive trends. The tillage fallow (20.5% slope) yielded the greatest amount of total runoff, but generated the lowest sediment loss. The chemical fallow plot with the smallest gradient (13% slope) exhibited the greatest total runoff of each of the chemical fallow plots, but generated relatively low sediment loss compared to the steeper chemical fallow fields.
17 2010 Parameters Time to 1 st Runoff Total Runoff Total Sediment Loss Conventional Fallow, 0% Slope 5 Minutes 4.22 Liters 1.56 grams Chemical Fallow, 0% Slope 10 Minutes 0.96 Liters 0.44 grams *Conventional Fallow, 28% Slope 2.5 Minutes 9.58 Liters 3.33 grams Chemical Fallow, 28% Slope 5 Minutes 6.52 Liters 0.64 grams In both comparisons the chemical fallow plot outperformed the tillage fallow plot in all aspects measured, with significant reductions in sediment loss and considerably less runoff. A direct comparison between equally paired sites clearly demonstrates the potential benefits of chemical fallow.
18 Conclusions
19 Implementation of chemical fallow practices in conjunction with direct seed tillage systems may serve as a beneficial conservation method to reduce runoff and soil erosion from cropland. Early comparisons for the demonstration plots were inconclusive, warranting further comparison and study of equally paired (slope) plots. When paired plots were considered, chemical fallow outperformed conventional tillage fallow in all aspects measured. The influence of slope on runoff and sediment loss was evident and must be considered when developing fallow management plans.
20 Daniel Harwood; Palouse-Rock Lake Conservation District Chad Atkins; State of Washington Department of Ecology The many wheat producers who allowed access to their fields for this study.
21 Questions? For Further Information: Dr. Jeffrey Ullman Agricultural and Biological Engineering University of Florida
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