WEED CONTROL IN PROCESSING VEGETABLES RESEARCH RESULTS 2012 PREPARED BY DARREN ROBINSON, RIDGETOWN CAMPUS FOR THE ONTARIO PROCESSING VEGETABLE GROWERS

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1 WEED CONTROL IN PROCESSING VEGETABLES RESEARCH RESULTS 2012 PREPARED BY DARREN ROBINSON, RIDGETOWN CAMPUS FOR THE ONTARIO PROCESSING VEGETABLE GROWERS NOVEMBER 1, 2012

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Purpose Of This Booklet This booklet is provided as a guide to the 2012 processing vegetable weed control research control plots. The experiments outlined in this booklet are located at Ridgetown Campus. We appreciate the funding, cooperation and assistance provided by the Ontario Processing Vegetable Growers and the Ontario Food Processors Association. As well, we would like to thank the chemical companies and their representatives, agextension personnel, and other research scientists for their ideas, plant material and herbicide samples that were used in these trials. Funding for the 2012 research program was provided by: Ontario Processing Vegetable Growers New Directions Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada Ontario Food Processors Association Agchemical Companies Agricultural Adaptation Council Technical Assistants Research Technicians Dave Bilyea Kristen McNaughton Research Assistants Ashley Devereaux Ryan Little Kyle Vink We trust that the information provided by this research will further the science of weed control by assisting with the registration of herbicides through the minor use system. We also hope this information will be of use in the extension of proper herbicide recommendations, thereby enabling growers to achieve consistent, broad spectrum weed control with a minimum of crop damage. D.E. Robinson Ridgetown Campus, University of Guelph Ridgetown, Ontario N0P 2C0 (519) ext darrenr@uoguelph.ca 2

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS # TRIAL NAME PAGE 1. Tolerance of Lima Bean to Preemergence Herbicides 4 2. Tolerance and Weed Control with Herbicide-Fungicide Tank-Mixes 6 in Snap Bean 3. Tolerance of Snap Bean to Preemergence Herbicides 9 4. Preemergence Herbicides for Control of Linuron- Resistant Pigweed 11 in Carrot 5. Reduced Rates of Postemergence Herbicides for Control of 13 Linuron-Resistant Pigweed in Carrot 6. Tolerance of Preemergence and Early Postemergence Herbicides 17 for Control of Linuron-Resistant Pigweed in Carrot 7. Tolerance of Carrots to Repeated, Reduced-rate Postemergence 19 Herbicide Applications 8. Weed Control in Broccoli with PRE- and POST-transplant herbicides Tolerance of Broccoli to Sulfentrazone and Clomazone Tolerance of Cabbage to Sulfentrazone and Clomazone Tolerance of Caulifower to Sulfentrazone and Clomazone Tolerance of Processing Peas to PRE Applications of Eragon Tolerance of Peppers to Preemergence Herbicides Under Plastic Full, Split and Micro-rates of Pyramin+Upbeet in Red Beets Effect of Timing on Tolerance of Red Beet to Nortron Tolerance of Sweet Corn to Fierce Tolerance of Sweet Corn to Converge PRO and Converge Flex Weed Management in Pumpkins Weed Management in Squash 57 3

4 Trial 1: Tolerance of Lima Bean to Preemergence Herbicides Objective: Determine the tolerance of lima bean to PRE applications of Valtera, pyroxasulfone, Eragon and Sandea. Materials & Methods: Crop: Lima bean Variety: Improved Kingston Planting date: May 24/12 Planting rate: seeds/ha Depth: 2 cm Row spacing: 75cm Plant spacing: 7 cm Design: Randomized Complete Block Design Plot width: 1.5m Plot length: 10m Reps: 4 Field Preparation: Field was fertilized on May 23 with at 211 kg/ha. Soil Description: Sand: 58% OM: 3.2% Texture: V. Fine Sandy Loam Silt: 24% ph: 7.1 Soil: Watford/Brady Clay: 18% CEC 15 Application Information: A Application Date: May Time of Day: 7:30 AM Application Method: CO2 SPRAY Application Timing: PRE Application Placement: SOIL Air Temperature, Unit: 21 C % Relative Humidity: 74 Wind Velocity, Unit: 9 KPH Wind Direction: SW Dew Presence (Y/N): Y Soil Temperature, Unit: 21 C Soil Moisture: NORMAL % Cloud Cover: 100 Spray Equipment: Application Method: CO2 Backpack Pressure: 207 KPA (30 PSI) Nozzle Type: Air Induction Nozzle Size: ULD Nozzle Spacing: 50 cm (20 ) Boom Width: 1.5 m (60 ) Spray Volume: 200 L/ha (20 GAL/AC) 4

5 Table 1.1. Effect of herbicide treatment on lima bean percent injury 7, 14 and 28 days after application, dry weight at 28 days and yield. HERBICIDE RATE PERCENT INJURY DRY WT YIELD 7D 14D 28D G T/AC 1. Check (WEEDFREE) 0E 0D 0D 65A 2.1A 2. VALTERA 55 G/AC 45CD 45C 35C 30B 1.9B 3. VALTERA 110 G/AC 60C 60C 70B 9C 1.1CD 4. PYROXASULFONE 209 G/HA 34D 34D 26C 33B 1.7BC 5. PYROXASULFONE 418 G/HA 51C 51C 44C 23BC 1.7BC 4. ERAGON 14 G/AC 78B 78B 74B 5C 1.0D 5. ERAGON 28 G/AC 95A 95A 97A 5C 0.4E 4. SANDEA 25 G/AC 4E 5D 1D 60A 2.5A 5. SANDEA 50 G/AC 4E 5D 5C 60A 2.0A LSD (P <0.05) Conclusions: Conclusions: This trial was kept weed-free to test for the effect of various preemergence herbicides on visual injury, height, dry weight and yields of lima bean. Additional data were collected to support the submission for Sandea (26 G/AC). Lima bean was injured by PRE applications of Valtera, pyroxasulfone and Eragon, all of which reduced plant dry weight and yield. Data have been submitted to support Sandea registration in lima beans. 5

6 Trial 2: Tolerance and Weed Control with Herbicide-Insecticide Tank- Mixes in Snap Bean Objective: Determine the level of weed control and crop tolerance of snap bean to tank mixes of Basagran Forte or Reflex with either Matador or Lagon. Materials & Methods: Crop: Snap bean Variety: Matador Planting date: Jun 3/12 Planting rate: seeds/ha Depth: 4 cm Row spacing: 75cm Plant spacing: 3.6 cm Design: Randomized Complete Block Design Plot width: 1.5m Plot length: 10m Reps: 4 Field Preparation: Field was fertilized on June 7 with at 8 kg/ha and at 32 kg/ha. Dual II Magnum was applied over the area to control grass weeds. Soil Description: Sand: 50% OM: 3.8% Texture: Loam Silt: 26% ph: 6.9 Soil: Watford/Brady Clay: 24% CEC 17 Application Information: A Application Date: Jun Time of Day: 11:00 AM Application Method: CO2 SPRAY Application Timing: POST Application Placement: 1-2 TRI Air Temperature, Unit: 28 C % Relative Humidity: 52 Wind Velocity, Unit: 3 KPH Wind Direction: SW Dew Presence (Y/N): N Soil Temperature, Unit: 30 C Soil Moisture: NORMAL % Cloud Cover: 0 Spray Equipment: Application Method: CO2 Backpack Pressure: 207 KPA (30 PSI) Nozzle Type: Air Induction Nozzle Size: ULD Nozzle Spacing: 50 cm (20 ) Boom Width: 1.5 m (60 ) Spray Volume: 200 L/ha (20 GAL/AC) 6

7 Table 2.1. Effect of herbicide treatment on percent control of common ragweed (AMBEL), common lamb s-quarters (CHEAL) and green foxtail (SETVI) control 28 days after application. HERBICIDE RATE AMBEL CHEAL SETVI % % % 1. Check (WEEDFREE) 100A 100A 100A 2. MATADOR 33 ML/AC 0C 0C 0B 3. LAGON 400 ML/AC 0C 0C 0B 4. BASAGRAN FORTE 900 ML/AC 65B 81AB 8B 5. REFLEX 400 ML/AC 98A 91AB 5B AGRAL % V/V 6. MATADOR 33 GA/HA 43B 75B 13B BASAGRAN FORTE 900 ML/AC 7. MATADOR 33 GA/HA 100A 98A 18B REFLEX AGRAL ML/AC 0.25% V/V 8. LAGON 400 ML/AC 58B 98A 15B BASAGRAN FORTE 900 ML/AC 9. LAGON 400 ML/AC 100A 93A 19B REFLEX AGRAL ML/AC 0.25% V/V 10. Check (WEEDY) 0C 0C 0C LSD (P <0.05)

8 Table 2.2. Effect of herbicide treatment on snap bean injury at 7 days after application, plant dry weight and yield. HERBICIDE RATE INJURY DRY WT YIELD % G T/AC 1. Check (WEEDFREE) 0C 112A 7.7A 2. MATADOR 33 ML/AC 0C 66BCD 3.8D 3. LAGON 400 ML/AC 0C 64CD 3.4D 4. BASAGRAN FORTE 900 ML/AC 6B 66BCD 5.3BCD 5. REFLEX 400 ML/AC 3BC 94ABC 6.6AB AGRAL % V/V 6. MATADOR 33 GA/HA 6B 64CD 5.9ABC BASAGRAN FORTE 900 ML/AC 7. MATADOR 33 GA/HA 2C 83A-D 7.2AB REFLEX AGRAL ML/AC 0.25% V/V 8. LAGON 400 ML/AC 10A 75BCD 4.1CD BASAGRAN FORTE 900 ML/AC 9. LAGON 400 ML/AC 2C 99AB 7.3A REFLEX AGRAL ML/AC 0.25% V/V 10. Check (WEEDY) 0C 52D 3.5D LSD (P <0.05) Conclusions: This trial was established to determine efficacy and snap bean tolerance to tank mixes of herbicides (Basagran Forte or Reflex) and insecticides (Matador or Lagon). Injury caused by Basagran Forte was increased when applied as a tank mix with Lagon at 7 days after treatment (DAT), however by 28 DAT, injury was no longer observed. None of the treatments caused commercially significant (ie. >10%) injury to snap bean. Due to poor control of common ragweed, all treatments except those where Reflex was applied had lower plant dry weight than the untreated check. Yield was less than the untreated weed-free check in all treatments except where Reflex was applied with an insecticide. There is no evidence to indicate that Matador or Lagon decreased weed control by Basagran Forte or Reflex. 8

9 Trial 3: Tolerance of Snap Bean to Preemergence Herbicides Objective: Determine the tolerance of snap bean to PRE applications of Valtera, pyroxasulfone, Eragon and Sandea. Materials & Methods: Crop: Snap bean Variety: Matador Planting date: May 24/12 Planting rate: seeds/ha Depth: 4 cm Row spacing: 75cm Plant spacing: 3.6 cm Design: Randomized Complete Block Design Plot width: 1.5m Plot length: 10m Reps: 4 Field Preparation: Field was fertilized on May 23 with at 211 kg/ha. Soil Description: Sand: 58% OM: 3.2% Texture: V. Fine Sandy Loam Silt: 24% ph: 7.1 Soil: Watford/Brady Clay: 18% CEC 15 Application Information: A Application Date: May Time of Day: 8:15 AM Application Method: CO2 SPRAY Application Timing: PRE Application Placement: SOIL Air Temperature, Unit: 21 C % Relative Humidity: 74 Wind Velocity, Unit: 9 KPH Wind Direction: SW Dew Presence (Y/N): Y Soil Temperature, Unit: 21 C Soil Moisture: NORMAL % Cloud Cover: 100 Spray Equipment: Application Method: CO2 Backpack Pressure: 207 KPA (30 PSI) Nozzle Type: Air Induction Nozzle Size: ULD Nozzle Spacing: 50 cm (20 ) Boom Width: 1.5 m (60 ) Spray Volume: 200 L/ha (20 GAL/AC) 9

10 Table 3.1. Effect of herbicide treatment on snap bean percent injury 7, 14 and 28 days after application, dry weight at 28 days and yield. HERBICIDE RATE PERCENT INJURY DRY WT YIELD 7D 14D 28D G T/AC 1. Check (WEEDFREE) 0F 0E 0F 47A 6.5A 2. VALTERA 55 G/AC 20A 21CD 13DE 23B 4.2BC 3. VALTERA 110 G/AC 45C 35C 24C 23B 4.0BC 4. PYROXASULFONE 209 G/HA 19DE 14DE 11DE 37A 6.6AB 5. PYROXASULFONE 418 G/HA 43C 26CD 20CD 30AB 4.0BC 4. ERAGON 14 G/AC 70B 75B 70B 11BC 2.5CD 5. ERAGON 28 G/AC 90A 91A 88A 4C 0.3D 4. SANDEA 25 G/AC 6EF 4E 4EF 41A 6.9A 5. SANDEA 50 G/AC 13EF 4E 5EF 43A 6.8A LSD (P <0.05) Conclusions: Conclusions: This trial was kept weed-free to test for the effect of various preemergence herbicides on visual injury, height, dry weight and yields of snap bean. Additional data were collected to support the submission for Sandea (26 G/AC). Valtera, pyroxasulfone and Eragon caused significant injury, growth reduction and yield loss in snap bean. There was temporary chlorosis at the 50 g/ac rate of Sandea, but snap bean outgrew the injury so that snap bean dry weight and yield were not less than the untreated check. 10

11 Trial 4: Preemergence Herbicides for Control of Linuron- Resistant Pigweed in Carrot Objective: Determine the efficacy of preemergence herbicides for control of linuron-resistant pigweed in carrots. Materials & Methods: Crop: Carrot Variety: Fontana Planting date: May 4/12 Planting rate: seeds/ha Depth: 2 cm Row spacing: 75cm Design: Randomized Complete Block Design Plot width: 1.5m Plot length: 10m Reps: 4 Field Preparation: Fertilized with 350 hg/ha of and 200 kg/ha of Back half of plots were kept weed-free by hand. Soil Description: Sand: 71% OM: 3.5% Texture: v.fine sandy loam Silt: 16% ph: 6.8 Soil: Maplewood/Normandale Clay: 13% CEC 11 Application Information: A APPLICATION DATE May 4/12 TIME OF DAY 16:30PM TIMING PRE AIR TEMP (c) 27 RH (%) 79 WIND SPEED (KPH) 4 SOIL TEMP (c) 25 CLOUD COVER (%) 100 CROP STAGE PRE Spray Equipment: Application Method: CO2 Backpack Pressure: 207 KPA (30 PSI) Nozzle Type: AIR INDUCTION Nozzle Size: ULD Nozzle Spacing: 50 cm (20 ) Boom Width: 1.5 m (60 ) Spray Volume: 200 L/ha (20 GAL/AC) 11

12 Table 4.1. Effect of herbicide treatment on Fontana carrot visual injury and linuron-resistant pigweed control 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 56 days after application. HERBICIDE RATE PERCENT VISUAL INJURY Check (WEEDFREE) 2. PYROXASULFONE 89 G/HA 0A 0A 0A 0A 0A 0A 3. FLUFENACET 450 G/HA 0A 0A 0A 0A 0A 0A 4. DUAL II MAG 0.7 L/AC 0A 0A 0A 0A 0A 0A 5. NORTRON 3.3 L/AC 3A 0A 0A 0A 0A 0A 6. PROWL H2O 2.7 L/AC 3A 0A 0A 0A 0A 0A LSD (P <0.05) HERBICIDE RATE PERCENT PIGWEED CONTROL Check (WEEDFREE) 0B 0B 0B 0B 0B 0B 2. PYROXASULFONE 89 G/HA 94A 86A 78A 75A 70A 49A 3. FLUFENACET 450 G/HA 94A 89A 81A 72A 61A 32AB 4. DUAL II MAG 0.7 L/AC 95A 91A 86A 79A 64A 25AB 5. NORTRON 3.3 L/AC 96A 92A 90A 86A 78A 52A 6. PROWL H2O 2.7 L/AC 95A 92A 86A 84A 75A 56A LSD (P <0.05) Conclusions: This trial was established to determine the efficacy of preemergence herbicides for control of linuron-resistant pigweed in carrot pyroxasulfone, flufenacet, Dual II Magnum (industry standard), Nortron and Prowl H2O. None of the herbicides caused significant injury to carrot. None of the herbicides provided full season (ie. 56 days) control of linuron-resistant redroot pigweed. However, Nortron and Prowl H2O provided early season control (up to 28 days). When considered along with potential postemergence herbicide candidates (see Trial 5 below), a preemergence application of either Nortron or Prowl H2O could form the foundation for control of linuron-resistant pigweed in carrot. 12

13 Trial 5: Reduced Rates of Postemergence Herbicides for Control of Linuron-Resistant Pigweed in Carrot Objective: Determine the efficacy of reduced rates of postemergence herbicides for control of linuron-resistant pigweed in carrots. Materials & Methods: Crop: Carrot Variety: Fontana Planting date: May 3/12 Planting rate: seeds/ha Depth: 2 cm Row spacing: 75cm Design: Randomized Complete Block Design Plot width: 1.5m Plot length: 10m Reps: 4 Field Preparation: Fertilized with 350 hg/ha of and 200 kg/ha of Soil Description: Sand: 71% OM: 3.5% Texture: v.fine sandy loam Silt: 16% ph: 6.8 Soil: Maplewood/Normandale Clay: 13% CEC 11 Application Information: A APPLICATION DATE May 17 TIME OF DAY 14:00PM TIMING POST AIR TEMP (c) 24 RH (%) 31 WIND SPEED (KPH) 2 SOIL TEMP (c) 26 CLOUD COVER (%) 0 CROP STAGE 1-2LF Spray Equipment: Application Method: CO2 Backpack Pressure: 207 KPA (30 PSI) Nozzle Type: AIR INDUCTION Nozzle Size: ULD Nozzle Spacing: 50 cm (20 ) Boom Width: 1.5 m (60 ) Spray Volume: 200 L/ha (20 GAL/AC) 13

14 Table 5.1. Effect of herbicide treatment on Fontana carrot visual injury and linuron-resistant pigweed control 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after application. HERBICIDE RATE PERCENT VISUAL INJURY Check (WEEDFREE) 2. GOAL 48 G/HA 3AB 0A 0B 0A 3. GOAL 60 G/HA 4AB 5A 0B 0A 4. GOAL 72 G/HA 11AB 4A 0B 0A 5. REFLEX 4 G/HA 0B 0A 0B 0A + TURBOCHARGE 0.5% V/V 6. REFLEX 5 G/HA 3AB 0A 0B 0A + TURBOCHARGE 0.5% V/V 7. REFLEX 6 G/HA 15A 13A 13A 13A + TURBOCHARGE 0.5% V/V 8. FLUTHIACET-M 1.5 G/HA 0B 0A 0B 0A + AGRAL % V/V 9. FLUTHIACET-M G/HA 0B 0A 0B 0A + AGRAL % V/V 10. FLUTHIACET-M 2.25 G/HA 0B 0A 0B 0A + AGRAL % V/V 8. BLAZER 15 G/HA 0B 3A 0B 0A + ASSIST 0.5% V/V 9. BLAZER G/HA 6AB 4A 0B 0A + ASSIST 0.5% V/V 10. BLAZER 22.5 G/HA 13AB 13A 13A 13A + ASSIST 0.5% V/V LSD (P <0.05)

15 Table 5.2. Effect of herbicide treatment on Fontana carrot visual injury and linuron-resistant pigweed control 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after application. HERBICIDE RATE PERCENT PIGWEED CONTROL Check (WEEDFREE) 2. GOAL 48 G/HA 64CD 53BC 35BC 0C 3. GOAL 60 G/HA 83ABC 69AB 38BC 13BC 4. GOAL 72 G/HA 89AB 85A 53AB 20BC 5. REFLEX 4 G/HA 56D 53BC 13CD 10BC + TURBOCHARGE 0.5% V/V 6. REFLEX 5 G/HA 65CD 56BC 15CD 10BC + TURBOCHARGE 0.5% V/V 7. REFLEX 6 G/HA 73BCD 61BC 18CD 10BC + TURBOCHARGE 0.5% V/V 8. FLUTHIACET-M 1.5 G/HA 66CD 50BC 35BC 8C + AGRAL % V/V 9. FLUTHIACET-M G/HA 70BCD 61BC 38BC 8C + AGRAL % V/V 10. FLUTHIACET-M 2.25 G/HA 70BCD 66AB 40ABC 8C + AGRAL % V/V 8. BLAZER 15 G/HA 55D 44C 35BC 18BC + ASSIST 0.5% V/V 9. BLAZER G/HA 88AB 84A 63AB 33AB + ASSIST 0.5% V/V 10. BLAZER 22.5 G/HA 94A 85A 68A 48A + ASSIST 0.5% V/V LSD (P <0.05) Conclusions: This trial was established to determine the efficacy of reduced rates of postemergence herbicides for control of linuron-resistant pigweed in carrot Goal, Reflex, fluthiacet-methyl, and Blazer. The high rates of Reflex and Blazer caused some necrotic lesions (13% injury) to carrot. Goal and Blazer at the substantially reduced rates applied (approximately 10% of the label rate used in soybean) provided effective control of linuronresistant pigweed for 14 days. At the frequency of application tested in this study, none of the herbicides provided more than 14 days of control of linuronresistant redroot pigweed. However, a true micro-rate strategy of 3 or 4 microrate applications of either Goal or Blazer applied at these rates, and used along with a preemergence application of Nortron or Prowl H2O (see Trial 5 below), could form an effective program for control of linuron-resistant pigweed in carrot. 15

16 Trial 6: Tolerance of Preemergence and Early Postemergence Herbicides for Control of Linuron-Resistant Pigweed in Carrot Objective: Determine the tolerance of carrots to preemergence and early postemergence applications of pyroxasulfone, flufenacet, Goal, Nortron and Prowl H2O. Materials & Methods: Crop: Carrot Variety: Fontana Planting date: May 4/12 Planting rate: seeds/ha Depth: 2 cm Row spacing: 75cm Design: Randomized Complete Block Design Plot width: 1.5m Plot length: 10m Reps: 4 Field Preparation: Fertilized with 350 hg/ha of and 200 kg/ha of Back half of plots were kept weed-free by hand. Soil Description: Sand: 71% OM: 3.5% Texture: v.fine sandy loam Silt: 16% ph: 6.8 Soil: Maplewood/Normandale Clay: 13% CEC 11 Application Information: A B APPLICATION DATE May 4/12 JUNE 12 TIME OF DAY 16:30PM 10:00AM TIMING PRE EPOST AIR TEMP (c) RH (%) WIND SPEED (KPH) 4 4 SOIL TEMP (c) CLOUD COVER (%) CROP STAGE PRE 2-3 LF Spray Equipment: Application Method: CO2 Backpack Pressure: 207 KPA (30 PSI) Nozzle Type: AIR INDUCTION Nozzle Size: ULD Nozzle Spacing: 50 cm (20 ) Boom Width: 1.5 m (60 ) Spray Volume: 200 L/ha (20 GAL/AC) 16

17 Table 6.1. Effect of herbicide and timing on Fontana carrot visual injury 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 56 days after application, and market yield. HERBICIDE TIMING PERCENT VISUAL INJURY YIELD T/AC 1. Check (WEEDFREE) 35.3AB 2. PYROXASULFONE PRE 0A 3A 9A 6A 1A 36.9AB 3. FLUFENACET PRE 0A 0A 4AB 4AB 0A 32.0AB 4. DUAL II MAG PRE 0A 0A 4AB 1AB 0A 36.6AB 5. NORTRON PRE 0A 0A 9A 1AB 0A 31.1B 6. PROWL H2O PRE 0A 0A 3B 3AB 0A 28.7B LSD (P <0.05) HERBICIDE TIMING PERCENT VISUAL INJURY YIELD T/AC 1. Check (WEEDFREE) 35.3AB 2. PYROXASULFONE EPOST 0A 5AB 0A 1A 0A 28.7B 3. FLUFENACET EPOST 0A 6A 0A 0A 0A 28.1B 4. DUAL II MAG EPOST 0A 5AB 0A 0A 0A 33.3AB 5. NORTRON EPOST 0A 0A 0A 0A 0A 32.8AB 6. PROWL H2O EPOST 0A 1AB 0A 1A 0A 41.8A LSD (P <0.05) Conclusions: This trial was established to determine the tolerance of carrot to preemergence and early postemergence (2-3 leaf stage of carrot) herbicides for control of linuron-resistant pigweed in carrot pyroxasulfone, flufenacet, Dual II Magnum (industry standard), Nortron and Prowl H2O. None of the herbicides caused significant injury to carrot. Despite the low levels of visual injury observed in the trials, preemergence applications of Nortron and Prowl H2O and early postemergence applications of pyroxasulfone and flufenacet reduced carrot yield. Carrot was tolerant to preemergence applications of pyroxasulfone and flufenacet, and early postemergence applications of Nortron and Prowl H2O. 17

18 Trial 7: Tolerance of Carrots to Repeated, Reduced-rate Postemergence Herbicide Applications Objective: Determine the tolerance of carrots to two applications of reduced rates of postemergence herbicides for control of linuron-resistant pigweed. Materials & Methods: Crop: Carrot Variety: Fontana Planting date: May 3/12 Planting rate: seeds/ha Depth: 2 cm Row spacing: 75cm Design: Randomized Complete Block Design Plot width: 1.5m Plot length: 10m Reps: 4 Field Preparation: Fertilized with 350 hg/ha of and 200 kg/ha of Soil Description: Sand: 82% OM: 3.5% Texture: v.fine sandy loam Silt: 11% ph: 5.7 Soil: Maplewood/Normandale Clay: 7% CEC 13 Application Information: A B APPLICATION DATE May 29 JUNE 8 TIME OF DAY 9:00AM 10:30AM TIMING POST1 POST 2 AIR TEMP (c) RH (%) WIND SPEED (KPH) 0 0 SOIL TEMP (c) CLOUD COVER (%) 50 0 CROP STAGE 1-2LF 3-4 LF Spray Equipment: Application Method: CO2 Backpack Pressure: 207 KPA (30 PSI) Nozzle Type: AIR INDUCTION Nozzle Size: ULD Nozzle Spacing: 50 cm (20 ) Boom Width: 1.5 m (60 ) Spray Volume: 200 L/ha (20 GAL/AC) 18

19 Table 7.1. Effect of two applications of reduced rates of postemergence herbicides on Fontana carrot visual injury 7, 14, 28 and 56 days after application, and market yield. HERBICIDE TIMING RATE PERCENT VISUAL INJURY YIELD T/AC 1. Check (WEEDFREE) 35.3A 2. GOAL 1-2LF 120 G/HA 14A 9AB 1A 0A 31.7A GOAL 3-4LF 120 G/HA 3. REFLEX 1-2 LF 10 G/HA 13AB 10A 3A 0A 34.5A + TURBOCHARGE 1% V/V REFLEX 3-4 LF 10 G/HA + TURBOCHARGE 1% V/V 4. FLUTHIACET 1-2 LF 3.75 G/HA 10AB 6BC 3A 0A 37.5A + AGRAL % V/V FLUTHIACET 3-4 LF 3.75 G/HA + AGRAL % V/V 5. BLAZER 1-2 LF 37.5 G/HA 9B 5C 3A 0A 39.0A + ASSIST 1.0% V/V BLAZER 3-4 LF 37.5 G/HA + ASSIST 1.0% V/V LSD (P <0.05) Conclusions: This trial was kept weed-free to test for the effect of repeated applications of reduced rates of various postemergence herbicides (Goal, Reflex, fluthiacet and Blazer) on carrot visual injury and yield. At 7 days after treatment (DAT), all herbicides except Blazer caused commercially significant visual injury to carrot (in all cases, leaf necrosis), however the injury was temporary and by 28 DAT visual injury was 3% or less in all treatments. None of the treatments reduced carrot yield. 19

20 Trial 8: Weed Control in Broccoli with PRE- and POST-transplant herbicides Objective: Determine the level of weed control provided by PRE-T and POST-T applications of Authority, Chateau, Goal alone, or tank-mixed with Dual II Magnum. Materials & Methods: Crop: Broccoli Variety: Iron Man Planting date: May 23/12 Planting rate: plants/ha Depth: 5 cm Row spacing: 45cm Design: Randomized Complete Block Design Plot width: 1.5m Plot length: 10m Reps: 4 Field Preparation: May 23, 2012 applied 130 kg/ha of actual N of Soil Description: Sand: 78% OM: 4.4% Texture: v. fine sandy loam Silt:14% ph: 6.7 Soil: Watford/Brady Clay: 8% CEC 12 Application Information: A B APPLICATION DATE May May TIME OF DAY 2:00 PM 8:40 PM TIMING PRE-T POST-T AIR TEMP (c) 24C 21C RH (%) WIND SPEED (KPH) 8 3 SOIL TEMP (c) CLOUD COVER (%) 0 5 CROP STAGE PRE-T POST-T Spray Equipment: Application Method: CO2 Backpack Pressure: 207 KPA (30 PSI) Nozzle Type: AIR INDUCTION Nozzle Size: ULD Nozzle Spacing: 50 cm (20 ) Boom Width: 1.5 m (60 ) Spray Volume: 200 L/ha (20 GAL/AC) 20

21 Table 8.1. Effect of herbicide treatment on percent control of pigweed (AMARE), common lamb s-quarters (CHEAL) and crabgrass (DIGSS) control 56 days after application. HERBICIDE RATE TIMING AMARE CHEAL DIGSS % % % 1. UNTREATED 0 PRE-T 2. AUTHORITY 236 ML/AC PRE-T 84A 85ABC 6EF 3. CHATEAU 57 G/AC PRE-T 86A 81ABC 5EF 4. GOAL 200 ML/AC PRE-T 91A 49DE 13EF 5. DUAL II MAGNUM 700 ML/AC PRE-T 25B 15FG 53BCD 6. AUTHORITY 236 ML/AC PRE-T 98A 96A 71ABC DUAL II MAGNUM 700 ML/AC PRE-T 7. CHATEAU 57 G/AC PRE-T 90A 69BCD 71ABC DUAL II MAGNUM 700 ML/AC PRE-T 8. GOAL 200 ML/AC PRE-T 99A 33EF 49CD DUAL II MAGNUM 700 ML/AC PRE-T 9. AUTHORITY 236 ML/AC POST-T 98A 99A 28DEF 10. CHATEAU 57 G/AC POST-T 100A 90ABC 14EF 11. GOAL 200 ML/AC POST-T 96A 54DE 34DE 12. DUAL II MAGNUM 700 ML/AC POST-T 98A 68CD 81AB 13. AUTHORITY 236 ML/AC POST-T 100A 100A 83A DUAL II MAGNUM 700 ML/AC POST-T 14. CHATEAU 57 G/AC POST-T 100A 100A 78ABC DUAL II MAGNUM 700 ML/AC POST-T 15. GOAL 200 ML/AC POST-T 100A 93AB 93A DUAL II MAGNUM 700 ML/AC POST-T LSD (P <0.05)

22 Table 8.2. Effect of herbicide treatment on percent injury at 7 and 28 days after transplanting, marketable head size and yield of broccoli. CROP RATE TIMING INJURY HEAD YIELD (ML/AC) 7D 28D SZ (G) T/AC 1. UNTREATED 0 PRE-T 0E 0B 261AB 6.7ABC 2. AUTHORITY 236 ML/AC PRE-T 0E 0B 253AB 6.8AB 3. CHATEAU 57 G/AC PRE-T 0E 0B 225AB 6.7ABC 4. GOAL 200 ML/AC PRE-T 0E 0B 309AB 7.4AB 5. DUAL II MAGNUM 700 ML/AC PRE-T 0E 0B 283AB 6.2BC 6. AUTHORITY 236 ML/AC PRE-T 1E 0B 305AB 6.0BC DUAL II MAGNUM 700 ML/AC PRE-T 7. CHATEAU 57 G/AC PRE-T 0E 0B 325AB 7.4AB DUAL II MAGNUM 700 ML/AC PRE-T 8. GOAL 200 ML/AC PRE-T 1E 1B 373A 6.2ABC DUAL II MAGNUM 700 ML/AC PRE-T 9. AUTHORITY 236 ML/AC POST-T 3E 0B 379A 7.4AB 10. CHATEAU 57 G/AC POST-T 4DE 1B 269AB 6.4ABC 11. GOAL 200 ML/AC POST-T 10BC 3B 273AB 6.6ABC 12. DUAL II MAGNUM 700 ML/AC POST-T 5CDE 0B 243AB 7.9A 13. AUTHORITY 236 ML/AC POST-T 9BCD 3B 280AB 7.3AB DUAL II MAGNUM 700 ML/AC POST-T 14. CHATEAU 57 G/AC POST-T 40A 34A 168B 5.1C DUAL II MAGNUM 700 ML/AC POST-T 15. GOAL 200 ML/AC POST-T 11B 3B 273AB 6.1AB DUAL II MAGNUM 700 ML/AC POST-T LSD (P <0.05) Conclusions: The tank mix of Authority + Dual II Magnum gave fair control of crabgrass, and excellent control of pigweed and common lambs -quarters. The tank mix of Chateau + Dual II Magnum gave fair control of lamb s-quarters and crabgrass and excellent control of pigweed when applied PRE-T, and gave better control of these species when applied POST-T. The tank mix of Goal + Dual II Magum gave poor control of crabgrass and lambsquarters when applied PRE-T, but excellent control when applied or POST-T. Injury was significant, and harvestable head size and yield were less than the untreated check when Chateau+Dual was applied POST-T. 22

23 Trial 9: Tolerance of Transplanted Broccoli to Sulfentrazone and Clomazone Objective: Determine the tolerance of broccoli to PRE-T applications of sulfentrazone and clomazone. Materials & Methods: Crop: Broccoli Variety: Iron Man Planting date: May 14/12 Planting rate: plants/ha Depth: 5 cm Row spacing: 45cm Design: Randomized Complete Block Design Plot width: 1.5m Plot length: 10m Reps: 4 Field Preparation: May 10, 2012 applied 120 kg/ha of actual N of Soil Description: Sand: 40% OM: 6.0% Texture: clay loam Silt:30% ph: 6.7 Soil: Watford/Brady Clay: 30% CEC 17 Application Information: A APPLICATION DATE May TIME OF DAY 6:45 PM TIMING PRE-T AIR TEMP (c) 14C RH (%) 32 WIND SPEED (KPH) 2 SOIL TEMP (c) 10 CLOUD COVER (%) 0 CROP STAGE PRE-T Spray Equipment: Application Method: CO2 Backpack Pressure: 207 KPA (30 PSI) Nozzle Type: AIR INDUCTION Nozzle Size: ULD Nozzle Spacing: 50 cm (20 ) Boom Width: 1.5 m (60 ) Spray Volume: 200 L/ha (20 GAL/AC) 23

24 Table 9.1. Effect of herbicide treatment on percent injury and height (42 days after application). HERBICIDE RATE INJURY HEIGHT % CM 1. UNTREATED 0C 34A 2. AUTHORITY 118 ML/AC 1C 34A 3. AUTHORITY 236 ML/AC 0C 33A 4. COMMAND 470 ML/AC 9B 33A 5. COMMAND 940 ML/AC 15A 34A LSD (P <0.05) 4 4 Table 9.2. Effect of herbicide treatment on broccoli head diameter, head weight and yield of marketable heads. HERBICIDE RATE HEAD HEAD WT YIELD DIAM CM G T/AC 1. UNTREATED 0 11A 314A 4.5A 2. AUTHORITY 118 ML/AC 11A 298A 4.9A 3. AUTHORITY 236 ML/AC 10A 303A 4.4A 4. COMMAND 470 ML/AC 11A 314A 5.1A 5. COMMAND 940 ML/AC 12A 300A 4.7A LSD (P <0.05) Conclusions: This trial was established to determine the tolerance of transplanted broccoli to PRE-T applications of Authority and Command. We observed some bleaching of broccoli at the high rate of Command. However, plant height, marketable head size (diameter and weight), and yield were not less than the untreated check. 24

25 Trial 10: Tolerance of Transplanted Cabbage to Sulfentrazone and Clomazone Objective: Determine the tolerance of cabbage to PRE-T applications of sulfentrazone and clomazone. Materials & Methods: Crop: Cabbage Variety: Superstar 112 Planting date: May 14/12 Planting rate: plants/ha Depth: 5 cm Row spacing: 45cm Design: Randomized Complete Block Design Plot width: 1.5m Plot length: 10m Reps: 4 Field Preparation: May 10, 2012 applied 170 kg/ha of actual N of Soil Description: Sand: 40% OM: 6.0% Texture: clay loam Silt:30% ph: 6.7 Soil: Watford/Brady Clay: 30% CEC 17 Application Information: APPLICATION DATE TIME OF DAY TIMING AIR TEMP (c) RH (%) 32 WIND SPEED (KPH) 2 SOIL TEMP (c) 10 A May :45 PM PRE-T 14C CLOUD COVER (%) 0 CROP STAGE PRE-T Spray Equipment: Application Method: CO2 Backpack Pressure: 207 KPA (30 PSI) Nozzle Type: AIR INDUCTION Nozzle Size: ULD Nozzle Spacing: 50 cm (20 ) Boom Width: 1.5 m (60 ) Spray Volume: 200 L/ha (20 GAL/AC) 25

26 Table Effect of herbicide treatment on percent injury and height (42 days after application). HERBICIDE RATE INJURY HEIGHT % CM 1. UNTREATED 0B 29A 2. AUTHORITY 118 ML/AC 1B 32A 3. AUTHORITY 236 ML/AC 0B 31A 4. COMMAND 470 ML/AC 0B 31A 5. COMMAND 940 ML/AC 3A 30A LSD (P <0.05) 1 5 Table Effect of herbicide treatment on cabbage head diameter, head weight and yield of marketable heads. HERBICIDE RATE HEAD HEAD WT YIELD DIAM CM G T/AC 1. UNTREATED 0 14A 1442A 9.7A 2. AUTHORITY 118 ML/AC 16A 1641A 12.4A 3. AUTHORITY 236 ML/AC 15A 1418A 9.9A 4. COMMAND 470 ML/AC 14A 1478A 11.8A 5. COMMAND 940 ML/AC 15A 1622A 10.9A LSD (P <0.05) Conclusions: This trial was established to determine the tolerance of transplanted cabbage to PRE-T applications of Authority and Command. We observed some bleaching of cabbage at the high rate of Command. However, plant height, marketable head size (diameter and weight), and yield were not less than the untreated check. 26

27 Trial 11: Tolerance of Transplanted Cauliflower to Sulfentrazone and Clomazone Objective: Determine the tolerance of cauliflower to PRE-T applications of sulfentrazone and clomazone. Materials & Methods: Crop: Cauliflower Variety: Iron Man Planting date: May 14/12 Planting rate: plants/ha Depth: 5 cm Row spacing: 45cm Design: Randomized Complete Block Design Plot width: 1.5m Plot length: 10m Reps: 4 Field Preparation: May 10, 2012 applied 120 kg/ha of actual N of Soil Description: Sand: 40% OM: 6.0% Texture: clay loam Silt:30% ph: 6.7 Soil: Watford/Brady Clay: 30% CEC 17 Application Information: APPLICATION DATE TIME OF DAY TIMING AIR TEMP (c) RH (%) 32 WIND SPEED (KPH) 2 SOIL TEMP (c) 10 A May :45 PM PRE-T 14C CLOUD COVER (%) 0 CROP STAGE PRE-T Spray Equipment: Application Method: CO2 Backpack Pressure: 207 KPA (30 PSI) Nozzle Type: AIR INDUCTION Nozzle Size: ULD Nozzle Spacing: 50 cm (20 ) Boom Width: 1.5 m (60 ) Spray Volume: 200 L/ha (20 GAL/AC) 27

28 Table Effect of herbicide treatment on percent injury and height (42 days after application). HERBICIDE RATE INJURY HEIGHT % CM 1. UNTREATED 0C 38A 2. AUTHORITY 118 ML/AC 1C 43A 3. AUTHORITY 236 ML/AC 0C 40A 4. COMMAND 470 ML/AC 4B 37A 5. COMMAND 940 ML/AC 10A 37A LSD (P <0.05) 2 10 Table Effect of herbicide treatment on cauliflower head diameter, head weight and yield of marketable heads. HERBICIDE RATE HEAD HEAD WT YIELD DIAM CM G T/AC 1. UNTREATED 0 14A 548A 6.8A 2. AUTHORITY 118 ML/AC 14A 640A 7.5A 3. AUTHORITY 236 ML/AC 11A 554A 6.5A 4. COMMAND 470 ML/AC 11A 597A 5.8A 5. COMMAND 940 ML/AC 10A 542A 6.0A LSD (P <0.05) Conclusions: This trial was established to determine the tolerance of transplanted cauliflower to PRE-T applications of Authority and Command. We observed some bleaching of cauliflower at the high rate of Command. However, plant height, marketable head size (diameter and weight), and yield were not less than the untreated check. 28

29 Trial 12: Tolerance of Processing Peas to PRE Applications of Eragon Objective: Determine weed control and tolerance of eight processing pea cultivars to PRE applications of Eragon. Materials & Methods: Crop: Pea Variety: various Planting date: April 27/12 Planting rate: 300 kg/ha Depth: 5 cm Row spacing: 18cm Design: Randomized Complete Block Design Plot width: 1.5m Plot length: 10m Reps: 4 Field Preparation: Worked the field twice with S-tine cultivator prior to planting. 15 kg/ha of actual N and 40 kg/ha of actual K ( ) was applied to the area and worked in with the S-tine cultivator on April 26, Soil Description: Sand: 58% OM: 3.2% Texture: V. Fine Sandy Loam Silt:24% ph: 7.1 Soil: WATFORD/BRADY Clay: 18% CEC 15 Application Information: APPLICATION DATE TIME OF DAY TIMING AIR TEMP (c) 21 RH (%) 79 WIND SPEED (KPH) 4 SOIL TEMP (c) 24 CLOUD COVER (%) 15 CROP STAGE PRE Spray Equipment: A MAY :30AM PRE Application Method: CO2 Backpack Pressure: 207 KPA (30 PSI) Nozzle Type: AIR INDUCTION Nozzle Size: ULD Nozzle Spacing: 50 cm (20 ) Boom Width: 1.5 m (60 ) Spray Volume: 200 L/ha (20 GAL/AC) 29

30 Table Effect of pea cultivar and Eragon rate on pea percent injury 7, 14 and 28 days after application. CULTIVAR ERAGIB VISUAL INJURY RATE (G/AC) 7 DAT 14 DAT 28 DAT 1. SALERNO E 0E 3DE BC 1DE 8BCD 2. GALLANT C 3CDE 3DE A 8AB 10ABC 3. LIL MO DE 3CDE 0E BC 11A 10ABC 4. NACHES DE 1DE 0E C 8AB 8BCD 5. RELIANCE DE 1DE 1E BC 6ABC 11AB 6. SPRING DE 4B-E 0E BC 6BC 0E 7. SWEET SAVOUR E 4B-E 5CDE C 11A 13AB 8. TYNE CD 5BCD 4DE AB 11A 15A LSD (P <0.05)

31 Table Effect of pea cultivar and Eragon rate on pea tenderometer readings and marketable yield (T/AC). VARIETY ERAGON RATE TENDEROMETER YIELD (G/AC) (T/AC) 1. SALERNO 0 87D-H 3.0C-I F-J 3.6B-E D-G 2.8E-I 2. GALLANT 0 77IJK 2.9E-I L 3.8ABC KL 3.8A-D 3. LIL MO 0 87D-H 3.1C-H E-J 3.2C-G E-J 3.1C-H 4. NACHES 0 103B 2.7F-J BC 2.9D-I A 2.5F-J 5. RELIANCE 0 89D-G 2.0J D-G 2.7F-J DEF 2.3G-J 6. SPRING 0 78IJK 3.3C-F JK 4.3AB JK 4.5A 7. SWEET SAVOUR 0 86D-I 2.3HIJ G-J 2.7E-J HIJ 3.0C-I 8. TYNE 0 95BCD 2.2IJ CDE 2.8E-J D-G 2.4G-J LSD (P <0.05)

32 Conclusions: This trial was established to determine the influence of Eragon applied preemergence on pea visual injury, tenderness, yield, and weed control. Though some visual injury (necrotic spotting on some leaves) was observed in most cultivars, Kixor applied PRE did not influence maturity nor reduce yield when applied at the soybean rate. In previous studies conducted at the corn rate (four times the rates used in this experiment), cultivar sensitivity and delayed maturity were noted in Gallant and Lil Mo. It is recommended that we move forward with this research to confirm pea cultivar tolerance to the soybean rate of Eragon (14.5 g/ac), as this product would offer pea growers a solution for control of Group 2 resistant eastern black nightshade. 32

33 Trial 13: Tolerance of pepper to preemergence herbicides Objectives: Determine the tolerance of peppers to PRE-T tank-mix applications of Reflex, Prowl H20 and Sandea, with or without Dual II Magnum. Materials & Methods: Crop: Pepper Variety: Red Knight, Aristotle Planting date: May 25/12 Planting rate: plants/ha Depth: 5 cm Row spacing: 45cm Design: Randomized Complete Block Design Plot width: 1.5m Plot length: 10m Reps: 4 Field Preparation: May 23, 2012 applied 70 kg/ha of actual N, 110 kg/ha of actual P, and 100 kg/ha of actual K as Fertilizer incorporated with S- tine cultivator. Soil Description: Sand: 78% OM: 4.4% Texture: v. fine sandy loam Silt: 14% ph: 6.7 Soil: Watford/Brady Series Clay: 8% CEC 12 Application Information: A APPLICATION DATE May 25 TIME OF DAY 12:00am TIMING PRE-T AIR TEMP (c) 20 RH (%) 90 WIND SPEED (KPH) 7 SOIL TEMP (c) 25 CLOUD COVER (%) 0 CROP STAGE PRE-T Spray Equipment: Application Method: CO2 Backpack Pressure: 207 KPA (30 PSI) Nozzle Type: AIR INDUCTION Nozzle Size: ULD Nozzle Spacing: 50 cm (20 ) Boom Width: 1.5 m (60 ) Spray Volume: 200 L/ha (20 GAL/AC) 33

34 Table Effect of herbicide treatment on percent injury 7, 14 and 28 days after planting, and height 21 days after planting. HERBICIDE RATE PERCENT INJURY HEIGHT 7D 14D 28D CM ARISTOTLE PEPPER 1. UNTREATED CHECK 10A 2. REFLEX 0.4 L/AC 3BC 4BC 1C 10A 3. REFLEX 0.8 L/AC 2BC 5BC 1BC 10A 4. PROWL H20 1 L/AC 3BC 6BC 3BC 9AB 5. PROWL H20 2 L/AC 3BC 4BC 1C 10A 6. SANDEA 25 G/AC 4BC 7B 5BC 10A 7. SANDEA 50 G/AC 10A 18A 17A 8B 8. DUAL II MAG 0.4 L/AC 1BC 3BC 1C 11A 9. REFLEX 0.4 L/AC 3BC 6B 2BC 10A + PROWL H20 1 L/AC 10. REFLEX 0.4 L/AC 4BC 10B 8B 9AB + SANDEA 25 G/AC 11. SANDEA 25 G/AC 5BC 8B 3BC 10A + PROWL H20 1 L/AC 12. REFLEX 0.4 L/AC 1BC 4BC 2BC 10A + DUAL II MAG 0.4 L/AC 13. SANDEA 50 G/AC 4BC 7B 6BC 10A + DUAL II MAG 0.4 L/AC 14. PROWL 1 L/AC 5B 7B 2BC 9AB + DUAL II MAG 0.4 L/AC LSD (P <0.05)

35 Table Effect of herbicide treatment on percent injury 7, 14 and 28 days after planting, and height 21 days after planting. HERBICIDE RATE PERCENT INJURY HEIGHT 7D 14D 28D CM RED KNIGHT PEPPER 1. UNTREATED CHECK 10A 2. REFLEX 0.4 L/AC 1CD 2BC 0C 10A 3. REFLEX 0.8 L/AC 1CD 4B-E 1BC 9AB 4. PROWL H20 1 L/AC 1CD 5B-E 2BC 10A 5. PROWL H20 2 L/AC 2BCD 4B-E 0C 10A 6. SANDEA 25 G/AC 5AB 9AB 6BC 9AB 7. SANDEA 50 G/AC 7A 13A 17A 8B 8. DUAL II MAG 0.4 L/AC 1CD 5B-E 3BC 9AB 9. REFLEX 0.4 L/AC 2BCD 5B-E 3BC 10A + PROWL H20 1 L/AC 10. REFLEX 0.4 L/AC 3BCD 6BCD 6B 9AB + SANDEA 25 G/AC 11. SANDEA 25 G/AC 4ABC 8BC 6B 9AB + PROWL H20 1 L/AC 12. REFLEX 0.4 L/AC 1CD 2DE 3BC 9AB + DUAL II MAG 0.4 L/AC 13. SANDEA 50 G/AC 4ABC 6BCD 4BC 10A + DUAL II MAG 0.4 L/AC 14. PROWL 1 L/AC 3BCD 3CDE 1BC 9AB + DUAL II MAG 0.4 L/AC LSD (P <0.05)

36 Table Effect of herbicide treatment on yield of Aristotle and Red Knight pepper. HERBICIDE RATE ARISTOTLE RED KNIGHT T/AC 1. UNTREATED CHECK 6.3AB 7.5AB 2. REFLEX 0.4 L/AC 6.1B 7.0ABC 3. REFLEX 0.8 L/AC 5.5BC 4.8CD 4. PROWL H20 1 L/AC 6.3BC 5.2BCD 5. PROWL H20 2 L/AC 8.5A 8.1A 6. SANDEA 25 G/AC 7.1AB 7.4AB 7. SANDEA 50 G/AC 3.5C 4.0D 8. DUAL II MAG 0.4 L/AC 5.7BC 6.1A-D 9. REFLEX 0.4 L/AC 6.7AB 5.9A-D + PROWL H20 1 L/AC 10. REFLEX 0.4 L/AC 5.2BC 6.1A-D + SANDEA 25 G/AC 11. SANDEA 25 G/AC 6.7AB 5.5BCD + PROWL H20 1 L/AC 12. REFLEX 0.4 L/AC 5.7BC 6.3A-D + DUAL II MAG 0.4 L/AC 13. SANDEA 50 G/AC 5.6BC 6.9ABC + DUAL II MAG 0.4 L/AC 14. PROWL 1 L/AC 6.4AB 6.9ABC + DUAL II MAG 0.4 L/AC LSD (P <0.05)

37 Conclusions: This trial was established to determine tolerance of transplanted pepper to pretransplant (PRE) applications of Reflex, Prowl H20, and Sandea, and tank mixes of each of these herbicides with one another or with Dual II Magnum. The overlap rate of Sandea injured pepper and caused a reduction in yield of both Aristotle and Red Knight pepper. Though the overlap rate of Reflex did not cause commercially significant injury of pepper, it did reduce pepper yield. Pepper has acceptable tolerance to Prowl H2O at the rates used in this trial, and will be included as part of a minor use submission. 37

38 Trial 14: Comparison of Full, Split and Micro-rates of Pyramin+Upbeet in Red Beets Objectives: 1. Determine weed control and tolerance of red beet to full, split and micro-rate applications of Pyramin+Upbeet. Materials & Methods: 2. Compare weed control and tolerance of red beet to full, split and micro-rate applications of Pyramin+Upbeet Pyramin with and without Dual II Magnum. Crop: Red beet Variety: Detroit Supreme Planting date: May 29/12 Planting rate: seeds/ha Depth: 2 cm Row spacing: 38cm Design: Randomized Complete Block Design Plot width: 1.5m Plot length: 10m Reps: 4 Field Preparation: Fertilized on May 28 with at 250 kg/ha. Back halves of the plot were maintained weed free. Soil Description: Sand: 49% OM: 5.3% Texture: loam Silt: 35% ph: 7.2 Soil: Watford/Brady Series Clay: 15% CEC 29 Application Information: A B C D E APPLICATION DATE JUN 1 JUN 4 JUN 11 JUN 17 JUN 25 TIME OF DAY 10:00AM 3:00PM 9:00AM 6:30PM 9:00AM TIMING PRE POST1 POST2 POST3 POST4 AIR TEMP (c) RH (%) WIND SPEED (KPH) SOIL TEMP (c) CLOUD COVER (%) CROP STAGE PRE COT 2 LF 4 LF 6 LF Spray Equipment: Application Method: CO2 Backpack Pressure: 207 KPA (30 PSI) Nozzle Type: AIR INDUCTION Nozzle Size: ULD Nozzle Spacing: 50 cm (20 ) Boom Width: 1.5 m (60 ) Spray Volume: 200 L/ha (20 GAL/AC) 38

39 Table Red beet injury in full, split and micro-rate applications of Pyramin+Upbeet, with or without Dual II Magnum. HERBICIDE VISUAL INJURY 7D 14D 28D 1. Check (WEED-FREE) 0C 0A 0A 2. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 0C 0A 0A 3. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 3B 0A 0A PYRAMIN 2000 ML/AC POST1 SUPERSPREADER 1.5% V/V 4. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 4AB 0A 0A PYRAMIN ML/AC POST1 UPBEET 14.4 G/AC POST1 SUPERSPREADER 1.5% V/V 5. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 0C 0A 0A PYRAMIN ML/AC POST12 UPBEET 7.2 G/AC POST12 SUPERSPREADER 0.75% V/V 6. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 0C 0A 0A PYRAMIN ML/AC POST1234 UPBEET 3.6 G/AC POST1234 SUPERSPREADER 0.375% V/V 7. PYRAMIN 2000 ML/AC POST1 5A 0A 0A SUPERSPREADER 1.5% V/V 8. PYRAMIN ML/AC POST1 5A 0A 0A UPBEET 14.4 G/AC POST1 SUPERSPREADER 1.5% V/V 9. PYRAMIN ML/AC POST12 0C 0A 0A UPBEET 7.2 G/AC POST12 SUPERSPREADER 0.75% V/V 10. PYRAMIN ML/AC POST1234 0C 0A 0A UPBEET 3.6 G/AC POST1234 SUPERSPREADER 0.375% V/V LSD (P <0.05)

40 Table Effect of herbicide treatment on redroot pigweed (AMARE) and common lamb s-quarters (CHEAL) control 56 days after application. HERBICIDE RATE AMARE CHEAL 1. Check (WEED-FREE) 0E 0C 2. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 88BC 23B 3. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 90ABC 80A PYRAMIN 2000 ML/AC POST1 SUPERSPREADER 1.5% V/V 4. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 95AB 85A PYRAMIN ML/AC POST1 UPBEET 14.4 G/AC POST1 SUPERSPREADER 1.5% V/V 5. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 97A 97A PYRAMIN ML/AC POST12 UPBEET 7.2 G/AC POST12 SUPERSPREADER 0.75% V/V 6. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 98A 98A PYRAMIN ML/AC POST1234 UPBEET 3.6 G/AC POST1234 SUPERSPREADER 0.375% V/V 7. PYRAMIN 2000 ML/AC POST1 79D 80A SUPERSPREADER 1.5% V/V 8. PYRAMIN ML/AC POST1 85CD 78A UPBEET 14.4 G/AC POST1 SUPERSPREADER 1.5% V/V 9. PYRAMIN ML/AC POST12 95AB 95A UPBEET 7.2 G/AC POST12 SUPERSPREADER 0.75% V/V 10. PYRAMIN ML/AC POST A 96A UPBEET 3.6 G/AC POST1234 SUPERSPREADER 0.375% V/V LSD (P <0.05)

41 Table Plant dry weight and red beet stand after full, split and microrate applications of Pyramin+Upbeet, with or without Dual II Magnum. HERBICIDE DRY WT STAND G #/2M ROW 1. Check (WEED-FREE) 22A 91A 2. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 17A 66AB 3. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 18A 50B PYRAMIN 2000 ML/AC POST1 SUPERSPREADER 1.5% V/V 4. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 18A 87A PYRAMIN ML/AC POST1 UPBEET 14.4 G/AC POST1 SUPERSPREADER 1.5% V/V 5. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 18A 69AB PYRAMIN ML/AC POST12 UPBEET 7.2 G/AC POST12 SUPERSPREADER 0.75% V/V 6. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 19A 74AB PYRAMIN ML/AC POST1234 UPBEET 3.6 G/AC POST1234 SUPERSPREADER 0.375% V/V 7. PYRAMIN 2000 ML/AC POST1 18A 81AB SUPERSPREADER 1.5% V/V 8. PYRAMIN ML/AC POST1 16A 80AB UPBEET 14.4 G/AC POST1 SUPERSPREADER 1.5% V/V 9. PYRAMIN ML/AC POST12 24A 64AB UPBEET 7.2 G/AC POST12 SUPERSPREADER 0.75% V/V 10. PYRAMIN ML/AC POST A 77AB UPBEET 3.6 G/AC POST1234 SUPERSPREADER 0.375% V/V LSD (P <0.05)

42 Table Red beet yield in full, split and micro-rate applications of Pyramin+Upbeet, with or without Dual II Magnum. HERBICIDE YIELD (T/AC) NO1 NO2 NO3 1. Check (WEED-FREE) 6A 9A 15AB 2. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 5AB 9A 20AB 3. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 5AB 10A 20AB PYRAMIN 2000 ML/AC POST1 SUPERSPREADER 1.5% V/V 4. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 4ABC 10A 21A PYRAMIN ML/AC POST1 UPBEET 14.4 G/AC POST1 SUPERSPREADER 1.5% V/V 5. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 4ABC 10A 23A PYRAMIN ML/AC POST12 UPBEET 7.2 G/AC POST12 SUPERSPREADER 0.75% V/V 6. DUAL II MAGNUM 500 ML/AC PRE 2C 7A 18AB PYRAMIN ML/AC POST1234 UPBEET 3.6 G/AC POST1234 SUPERSPREADER 0.375% V/V 7. PYRAMIN 2000 ML/AC POST1 4ABC 8A 17AB SUPERSPREADER 1.5% V/V 8. PYRAMIN ML/AC POST1 5AB 8A 20AB UPBEET 14.4 G/AC POST1 SUPERSPREADER 1.5% V/V 9. PYRAMIN ML/AC POST12 4ABC 9BC 22AB UPBEET 7.2 G/AC POST12 SUPERSPREADER 0.75% V/V 10. PYRAMIN ML/AC POST1234 5AB 8AB 13B UPBEET 3.6 G/AC POST1234 SUPERSPREADER 0.375% V/V LSD (P <0.05)

43 Conclusions: This experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Pyramin+Upbeet applied as full, split or micro-rates, with or without a preemergence application of Dual II Magnum. Redroot pigweed control was 85% or better where Pyramin was applied with Upbeet or after Dual II Magnum. However, lamb s-quarters control was only acceptable when Pyramin and Upbeet were applied either as a split- or microrate. The addition of Dual II Magnum did not improve control of common lamb squarters. None of the treatments caused significant injury to red beet, nor did they reduce plant dry weight. Significant injury was observed in the micro-rate treatments in previous years when we applied Super Spreader at a rate of 1.5% V/V; in 2011 and 2012, we applied it at only 0.375% V/V. Furthermore, soil organic matter was higher (5.3% vs 1.2%) and sand content was lower (78 vs 49%) in 2012 than in 2009, when the injured was observed. Previous research indicated that soil type could influence the tolerance of red beet to multiple applications of reduced rates of Pyramin + Upbeet, and our research this year provides support for this observation. Stand was less than the untreated check where Dual II Magnum and Pyramin were applied PRE to red beet; despite this injury, yield was not less than the untreated check. 43

44 Trial 15: Effect of Timing on Tolerance of Red Beet to Nortron Objective: Determine the tolerance of red beet to preemergence (PRE) applications, postemergence (POST) micro-rate applications, and preemergence followed by postemergence micro-rate applications (PRE fb POST) applications of Nortron. Materials & Methods: Crop: Red beet Variety: Detroit Dark Red Planting date: May 24/12 Planting rate: seeds/ha Depth: 2 cm Row spacing: 75cm Design: Randomized Complete Block Design Plot width: 1.5m Plot length: 10m Reps: 4 Field Preparation: Fertilized on May 24 with at 250 kg/ha. Entire trial was maintained weed free. Soil Description: Sand: 50% OM: 3.7% Texture: loam Silt: 28% ph: 6.0 Soil: Watford/Brady Series Clay: 22% CEC 21 Application Information: A B C D APPLICATION DATE May 26 Jun 12 Jun 16 Jun 26 TIME OF DAY 7:00AM 10:00AM 8:00AM 8:00AM TIMING PRE POST1 POST2 POST3 AIR TEMP (c) RH (%) WIND SPEED (KPH) SOIL TEMP (c) CLOUD COVER (%) CROP STAGE PRE 2 LF 4 LF 6-8 LF Spray Equipment: Application Method: CO2 Backpack Pressure: 207 KPA (30 PSI) Nozzle Type: AIR INDUCTION Nozzle Size: ULD Nozzle Spacing: 50 cm (20 ) Boom Width: 1.5 m (60 ) Spray Volume: 200 L/ha (20 GAL/AC) 44

45 Table 15.1 Red beet visual injury 7, 14 and 28 days after application of Nortron applied PRE, as POST micro-rates, or Nortron PRE followed by (fb) POST micro-rates. HERBICIDE TIMING RATE VISUAL INJURY 7D 14D 28D 1. Check (WEED-FREE) 0A 0A 0A 2. NORTRON PRE 1.86 L/AC 0A 0A 0A 3. NORTRON PRE 3.72 L/AC 0A 0A 0A 4. NORTRON 2LF 0.15 L/AC 0A 0A 0A 5. NORTRON 2LF 0.30 L/AC 0A 0A 0A 6. NORTRON 4LF 0.15 L/AC 0A 0A 0A 7. NORTRON 4LF 0.30 L/AC 0A 0A 0A 8. NORTRON 6-8LF 0.15 L/AC 0A 0A 0A 9. NORTRON 6-8LF 0.15 L/AC 0A 0A 0A 10. NORTRON PRE 1.86 L/AC 0A 0A 0A fb NORTRON 2LF 0.15 L/AC fb NORTRON 4LF 0.15 L/AC fb NORTRON 6-8LF 0.15 L/AC 11. NORTRON 6-8LF 3.72 L/AC 0A 0A 0A fb NORTRON 2LF 0.30 L/AC fb NORTRON 4LF 0.30 L/AC fb NORTRON 6-8LF 0.30 L/AC LSD (P <0.05) NS NS NS 45

46 Table 15.2 Red beet stand, plant dry weight and percent sugar in red beets after application of Nortron applied PRE, as POST micro-rates, or Nortron PRE followed by (fb) POST micro-rates. HERBICIDE TIMING RATE STAND DRY WT SUGAR #/M G/PLANT % 1. Check (WEED-FREE) 40A 121AB 11A 2. NORTRON PRE 1.86 L/AC 41A 121AB 11A 3. NORTRON PRE 3.72 L/AC 40A 137AB 12A 4. NORTRON 2LF 0.15 L/AC 44A 141A 12A 5. NORTRON 2LF 0.30 L/AC 32A 127AB 11A 6. NORTRON 4LF 0.15 L/AC 37A 135AB 11A 7. NORTRON 4LF 0.30 L/AC 47A 118B 11A 8. NORTRON 6-8LF 0.15 L/AC 43A 130AB 12A 9. NORTRON 6-8LF 0.15 L/AC 40A 132AB 11A 10. NORTRON PRE 1.86 L/AC 41A 130AB 12A fb NORTRON 2LF 0.15 L/AC fb NORTRON 4LF 0.15 L/AC fb NORTRON 6-8LF 0.15 L/AC 11. NORTRON 6-8LF 3.72 L/AC 44A 132AB 11A fb NORTRON 2LF 0.30 L/AC fb NORTRON 4LF 0.30 L/AC fb NORTRON 6-8LF 0.30 L/AC LSD (P <0.05) NS 46

47 Table 15.3 Effect of herbicide treatment on red beet yield (by grade). HERBICIDE RATE YIELD (T/AC) NO1 NO2 NO3 1. Check (WEED-FREE) 7.6A 16.7A 10.7C 2. NORTRON PRE 1.86 L/AC 7.0A 16.4A 13.8B 3. NORTRON PRE 3.72 L/AC 7.0A 15.0A 15.2AB 4. NORTRON 2LF 0.15 L/AC 6.0B 16.5A 15.2AB 5. NORTRON 2LF 0.30 L/AC 4.5C 18.7A 15.7A 6. NORTRON 4LF 0.15 L/AC 6.3B 18.7A 14.6AB 7. NORTRON 4LF 0.30 L/AC 5.4BC 15.6A 13.1B 8. NORTRON 6-8LF 0.15 L/AC 5.9BC 17.5A 11.2C 9. NORTRON 6-8LF 0.15 L/AC 6.8AB 16.8A 11.1C 10. NORTRON PRE 1.86 L/AC 6.8AB 18.1A 15.0AB fb NORTRON 2LF 0.15 L/AC fb NORTRON 4LF 0.15 L/AC fb NORTRON 6-8LF 0.15 L/AC 11. NORTRON 6-8LF 3.72 L/AC 5.6BC 17.6A 14.8AB fb NORTRON 2LF 0.30 L/AC fb NORTRON 4LF 0.30 L/AC fb NORTRON 6-8LF 0.30 L/AC LSD (P <0.05) Conclusions: This experiment was conducted to determine the tolerance of red beet to Nortron applied preemergence, postemergence as micro-rates or preemergence followed by postemergence micro-rates. Nortron did not cause visual injury in any of the treatments, nor did it reduce red beet stand or sugar content of marketable beets. There was a reduction in plant above ground biomass when the high rate of Nortron was applied at the 4 leaf stage. Yield was not significantly less than the untreated check in any treatments. Additional research should be conducted to determine which combinations of Nortron, Dual II Magnum, Betamix and Upbeet can be used to control weeds in red beet without reducing yield. Nortron applied PRE or early POST (as a micro-rate) was safe to use in red beet. 47