Winter Annual Grasses. Bob Hammon George Beck Will Hutchins

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1 Winter Annual Grasses Bob Hammon George Beck Will Hutchins

2 Winter Annual Grasses Downy brome/cheatgrass Bromus tectorum, B. secalinus, B. japonicus Hare barley Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum Annual wheatgrass Eremopyrum triticeum Jointed goatgrass Aegilops cylindrica Bulbous bluegrass Poa bulbosa Volunteer wheat Triticum aestivum

3 WAG Life History Annual grasses Reproduction by seed Bulbous bluegrass an exception Long seed life in soil Germinate in fall, winter, early spring Head out in spring Among earliest weeds to senesce Difficult to ID in vegetative state

4 Winter Annual Grasses Non cropland weeds Cropland weeds Virus reservoirs Pest overwintering site

5 Overwintering Pests on WAG s Aphids RWA, GRB, OBC, CLA, HGA, RGA Banks grass mite, Brown wheat mite Wheat curl mite Wheat streak mosaic, High Plains Disease Thrips

6 High Plains Disease Wheat Streak Mosaic

7 Overwintering site for aphids, mites and thrips

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10 Look for winter annual grasses on the first sites the snow melts from. These are critical overwintering sites Many grass feeding aphids, mites and thrips overwinter on new plant growth on warm south facing slopes. Winter annual grasses on these sites are important host plants

11 Annual wheatgrass Eremopyrum triticeum Widespread on roadsides, rangelands, irrigated croplands in Mesa County Less common in Delta & Montrose Counties? Expanding distribution in past 25 years Narrow leaves, swollen nodes Early

12 Hare Barley Hordeum leporinum Abundant in lower valleys Annual foxtail Prolific seed producer Early maturity Lives on dry sites

13 Downy Brome Bromus tectorum Abundant across western Colorado Several species Cheatgrass Japanese brome Mature seeds stick to clothing, animals, Pubescence on leaves for ID

14 Jointed Goatgrass Aegilops cylindrica A major weed in small grain production Serious contaminant of wheat and barley seed Widespread on roadsides

15 Bulbous bluegrass Poa bulbosa A short lived perennial Asexual reproduction Widespread above 6000 ft Moving into lower elevations

16 Winter Annual Grasses Nuisance weeds in non croplands Significant hosts of many crop pests Important weeds within many crops Control options vary with land use

17 Saltgrass as a Weed Management Tool Distichlis stricta Will Hutchins Delta CO

18 Location Gunnison Valley Bottom land Natural stand Natural water table A lot of irrigation water

19 Initial Observation Solid stand SG = no other weeds High glyphosate usage Bare one year A lot of kochia the next Ditch banks erode Solid stand easy spring burning Cleaner, faster, safer

20 Leveling & Cement ditching Initially paid no attention Next year a lot of weeds, ditch banks & roads Control with 2,4-D, Banvel & shovel

21 Bright Light Overhead 3 years to see weed suppression (Kochia) 03 project-directed scrapers where to place SG sod Roads cement ditch pads

22 Efforts to Encourage SG Growth Spray weeds- 2,4-D & Banvel Hand Spray rig April, May, June Add N to spray mixture Shredder-July, Aug., Sept.

23 Observations Spray earlier = better Shred high, 6-7 Rhizomes follow cracks in soil Cut to short winter annuals get started

24 Propagation Scraper, leveling (good) Trenching cement ditch pad (very good) Loader bucket SG sod (ok) Better to bury (6-1 ) H 2 O close Seed??

25 New Ideas to Try Glyphosate very early in spring For winter annuals SG dormant A patch of SG could be an asset

26 Invasive Winter Annual Grass Herbicides Downy brome Medusahead North Africa grass/ventenata Jointed goatgrass K. George Beck Professor of Weed Science Colorado State University

27 Imazapic Mechanism of action Amino acid biosynthesis inhibitor ALS/AHAS isoleucine, leucine, valine Imazapic alone pre-emergence or very early post emergence 4 to 6 fl oz/a; 1-3 lf stage!! Products Plateau; BASF Panoramic; Alligare Journey imazapic + glyphosate 6 fl oz + 6 fl oz/a; late fall into winter

28 Sulfometuron Mechanism of action Amino acid biosynthesis inhibitor ALS/AHAS isoleucine, leucine, valine Fairly long soil residual Sulfometuron on wind-borne soil can be problematic 0.75 to 1.5 oz product/a Oust XP; Bayer Landmark XP; Bayer; sulfometuron + chlorsulfuron 0.75 to 1.5 oz product/a SFM 75; Alligare

29 Rimsulfuron Mechanism of action Amino acid biosynthesis inhibitor ALS/AHAS isoleucine, leucine, valine Good selectivity; residual control inconsistent 4 oz product/a Matrix; DuPont Laramie 25 DF; Alligare Currently Rimsulfuron 25 DF

30 Glyphosate Mechanism of Action: Amino acid biosynthesis inhibitor EPSP pathway tyrosine, phenylalanine Non-selective; Kochia, marestail resistance Rate is product dependent Roundup; Monsanto Accord XRT II; Dow AgroSciences Glyphosate 4; Alligare

31 Sulfosulfuron Mechanism of action: Amino acid synthesis inhibitor ALS/AHS isoleucine, leucine, valine Outrider; Monsanto 0.75 to 2 oz/a

32 Indaziflam Mechanism of action: Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor 5 to 7 fl oz product/a Preemergence only Non-crop only; pursuing grazing label 2 to 3 yr control Esplanade 200 SC; Bayer

33 % Control Esplanade 200 SC Downy Brome ab a a cd cd bc bc cd bc bc de 1 YAT 2 YAT 3 YAT 20 e 0 Imazapic Indaziflam Imaz+Gly Rimsulfuron 3.7 oz ai/a 2.0 oz ai/a oz ai/a 1 oz ai/a Sebastian et al; 2015 Rangeland Ecology & Mgmt

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