Evaluation of Herbicide Programs for the Termination of Cover Crop Species in the Spring
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1 Evaluation of Herbicide Programs for the Termination of Cover Crop Species in the Spring
2 Materials and Methods General: Identical field experiment conducted in Columbia, MO in 2013, 2014 and 2015 Planting Dates: September 11, 2012; September 11,2013 and September 13, 2014 Termination Dates: Early April and early May each year Seeding Rates (lbs/a): Wheat 120 Cereal Rye 110 Italian ryegrass 25 Oats 70 Crimson Clover 30 Austrian Winter Pea 50 Hairy Vetch 30 Cereal Rye+Hairy Vetch 70+30
3 Some species will winter kill. Tillage Radish 12/3/2013 Columbia, Missouri Kevin Bradley, Univ. Missouri
4 Influence of Herbicide Treatments and Application Timings on the Control of a Wheat Cover Crop (results averaged across 3 years) Early Timing (early April) Late Timing (early May) 28 ozs Roundup 28 ozs Roundup + 1 pt 2,4-D 28 ozs Roundup + 16 ozs Clarity 28 ozs Roundup + 1 oz Sharpen 28 ozs Roundup + 1 qt Aatrex 28 ozs Roundup + 4 ozs Canopy 4 pts Gramoxone 4 pts Gramoxone + 1 pt 2,4-D 4 pts Gramoxone + 1 qt Aatrex % Visual Control 28 Days after Treatment
5 Influence of Herbicide Treatments and Application Timings on the Control of a Cereal Rye Cover Crop (results averaged across 3 years) Early Timing (early April) Late Timing (early May) 28 ozs Roundup 28 ozs Roundup + 1 pt 2,4-D 28 ozs Roundup + 16 ozs Clarity 28 ozs Roundup + 1 oz Sharpen 28 ozs Roundup + 1 qt Aatrex 28 ozs Roundup + 4 ozs Canopy 4 pts Gramoxone 4 pts Gramoxone + 1 pt 2,4-D 4 pts Gramoxone + 1 qt Aatrex % Visual Control 28 Days after Treatment
6 Influence of Herbicide Treatments and Application Timings on the Control of a Annual Ryegrass Cover Crop (results averaged across 3 years) Early Timing (early April) Late Timing (early May) 28 ozs Roundup 28 ozs Roundup + 1 pt 2,4-D 28 ozs Roundup + 16 ozs Clarity 28 ozs Roundup + 1 oz Sharpen 28 ozs Roundup + 1 qt Aatrex 28 ozs Roundup + 4 ozs Canopy 4 pts Gramoxone 4 pts Gramoxone + 1 pt 2,4-D 4 pts Gramoxone + 1 qt Aatrex % Visual Control 28 Days after Treatment
7 Influence of Herbicide Treatments and Application Timings on the Control of a Crimson Clover Cover Crop (results averaged across 3 years) Early Timing (early April) Late Timing (early May) 28 ozs Roundup 28 ozs Roundup + 1 pt 2,4-D 28 ozs Roundup + 16 ozs Clarity 28 ozs Roundup + 1 oz Sharpen 28 ozs Roundup + 1 qt Aatrex 28 ozs Roundup + 4 ozs Canopy 4 pts Gramoxone 4 pts Gramoxone + 1 pt 2,4-D 4 pts Gramoxone + 1 qt Aatrex % Visual Control 28 Days after Treatment
8 Influence of Herbicide Treatments and Application Timings on the Control of a Hairy Vetch Cover Crop (results averaged across 3 years) Early Timing (early April) Late Timing (early May) 28 ozs Roundup 28 ozs Roundup + 1 pt 2,4-D 28 ozs Roundup + 16 ozs Clarity 28 ozs Roundup + 1 oz Sharpen 28 ozs Roundup + 1 qt Aatrex 28 ozs Roundup + 4 ozs Canopy 4 pts Gramoxone 4 pts Gramoxone + 1 pt 2,4-D 4 pts Gramoxone + 1 qt Aatrex % Visual Control 28 Days after Treatment
9 Influence of Herbicide Treatments and Application Timings on the Control of a Austrian Pea Cover Crop (results averaged across 3 years) Early Timing (early April) Late Timing (early May) 28 ozs Roundup 28 ozs Roundup + 1 pt 2,4-D 28 ozs Roundup + 16 ozs Clarity 28 ozs Roundup + 1 oz Sharpen 28 ozs Roundup + 1 qt Aatrex 28 ozs Roundup + 4 ozs Canopy 4 pts Gramoxone 4 pts Gramoxone + 1 pt 2,4-D 4 pts Gramoxone + 1 qt Aatrex % Visual Control 28 Days after Treatment
10 The Effect of Herbicide Application Timing on Biomass Reduction of Various Cover Crop Species (results summarized across 3 years in Missouri) Austrian winter pea Crimson Clover Hairy Vetch Annual ryegrass Wheat Cereal rye + hairy vetch Cereal rye Early (early April) Late (early May) g g g f f de bc % Biomass Reduction 28 Days After Treatment ef cd c-e a a a ab *Bars followed by the same letter are not different, LSD 0.05
11 Influence of Glyphosate + 2,4-D on Burndown of Various Cover Crops early Winter Wheat late Annual Ryegrass early late early Hairy Vetch late early Cereal Rye late Crimson Clover early late Austrian Winter Pea late early
12 Influence of Selected Herbicide Treatments on Cover Crop Biomass Reduction (results averaged across 7 cover crop species and 3 years in Missouri) Glyphosate + Clarity Glyphosate + 2,4-D Gramoxone Inteon + 2,4-D Glyphosate + Sharpen Gramoxone Inteon + Atrazine Glyphosate + Canopy EX Glyphosate + Atrazine Gramoxone Inteon Glyphosate a a a ab ab bc bc c c % Biomass Reduction 28 Days After Treatment *Bars followed by the same letter are not different, LSD 0.05
13 Conclusions: Biomass reduction in response to application timing The early application timing resulted in significantly greater biomass reduction for all cover crops except: Early Late Austrian Winter Pea Hairy Vetch
14 Conclusions: Most effective herbicide program across all cover crop species In general, herbicide programs that contained a growth regulator resulted in the most consistent control across all cover crop species: Biomass Reduction: Glyphosate + 2,4-D: 83% Glyphosate + Clarity: 85% Visual Control: Glyphosate + 2,4-D: 90% Glyphosate + Clarity: 90% Glyphosate Glyphosate + 2,4-D
15 All cover crops should not be viewed equally Kevin Bradley, Univ. Missouri
16 Annual Ryegrass Lolium multiflorum a.k.a. Italian Ryegrass or just Ryegrass NOT Annual Rye NOT Cereal Rye Kevin Bradley, Univ. Missouri
17 Top 15 Resistant Weeds According to # of Herbicide Modes of Action Rigid Ryegrass Barnyardgrass Annual Bluegrass Goosegrass Blackgrass Waterhemp Junglerice Annual Ryegrass Palmer Amaranth Common Ragweed Wild Oat Horseweed Redroot Pigweed Downy Brome Common Lambsquarters weedscience.org, Dr. Ian Heap, 11/2013
18 Herbicide Resistance in Annual Ryegrass, Group 1 / ACCase Group 2 / ALS Group 9 / Glyphosate Group 10 / Liberty Group 15 / Chloroacetamides Dr. Kevin Bradley
19 Glyphosate-resistant ryegrass is now one of the most significant weed problems in many southern states Photo courtesy of Dr. Larry Steckel
20 Influence of Herbicide Treatments and Timings on the Control of an Annual Ryegrass Cover Crop (Columbia, Missouri 2013) Herbicide Treatment Rate ---product/a--- Early (April 2) 5.75 ; Tillering Application Timing Mid (April 22) 14 ; Pre-boot Late (May 16) 36 ; Boot --% Ann. Ryegrass Biomass Reduction 28 DAT-- Roundup PowerMax 36 fl ozs Roundup PowerMax + 2,4-D 36 fl ozs + 1 pt Roundup PowerMax + Clarity 36 fl ozs + 1 pt Roundup PowerMax + Sharpen 36 fl ozs + 1 fl oz Roundup PowerMax + Aatrex 36 fl ozs + 1 qt Roundup PowerMax + Canopy 36 fl ozs + 4 ozs Roundup PowerMax + Basis Blend 36 fl ozs ozs Roundup PowerMax 72 fl ozs Gramoxone Inteon 4 pts Gramoxone Inteon + 2,4-D 4 pts + 1 pt Gramoxone Inteon + Aatrex 4 pts + 1 qt Gromoxone Inteon + Lorox 4 pts + 24 ozs Gramoxone Inteon + Sencor + 2,4-D 4 pts + 4 ozs + 1 pt Liberty 29 fl ozs Liberty + Atrazine 29 fl ozs + 1 qt LSD0.05 (treatments x timings):
21 36 fl ozs Roundup PowerMax + 1 qt Aatrex April 2 nd application April 22 nd application May 16 th application photos taken on June 1 st Kevin Bradley, Univ. Missouri
22 Effective Kill of Cover Crop Species Proper herbicide timing (late March/early April) is important for most species Proper temperature/environment before and after application may be just as important Species that are likely to winter kill in central Missouri = tillage radish, sometimes oats Species that have proven difficult to control = wheat, crimson clover, Italian ryegrass Species that are fairly easy to control = cereal rye, Austrian winter pea,
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