Feed Processing Technology. Anuraga Jayanegara
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1 Feed Processing Technology Anuraga Jayanegara
2 Outline A. Course design and contract Introduction Physical properties of feeds Chemical properties of feeds Physical and mechanical processing Chemical processing Biological processing Feed evaluation Feed quality assurance B. Introduction to feed processing technology
3 Short CV: Anuraga Jayanegara Bojonegoro, 2 June 1983 Married (27 July 2005; 22 years old; 1 wife & 3 children) 2003: BSc (Bogor Agric. Univ., Indonesia) 2008: MSc (Univ. Hohenheim, Germany) 2010: PgDip (Polytech. Univ. Catalunya, Spain) 2011: PhD (Swiss Fed. Inst. Tech. Zurich, Switzerland) 2013: Internat. training dairy nutrition (Ghent Univ., Belgium) International teaching experience: ETH Zurich, Switzerland ( ): Tropical Animal Nutrition Ghent University, Belgium (2013): Dairy Nutrition Mie University, Japan (2015): Feed Science
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5 A. Course design and contract Course design and contract: Feed Processing Technology)
6 B. Introduction to feed processing technology Why processing feeds/feedstuffs? 1. Maintaining or improving nutritive value: increasing digestibility and nutrient accessibility 2. Preventing spoilage 3. Isolating specific components from feeds 4. Detoxifying poisons or anti-nutritive factors 5. Improving handling efficiency, reducing wastage
7 Pastures & Fodder Grasses Legumes Browse Multi-purpose plants Crop residues Straws / Stovers Legume hays Horticulture residues Agroindustrial by-products Starch sources Oil sources Animal meals
8 Pastures & Fodder Elephant grass King grass Leucaena Indigofera Gliricidia Cassava leaves Papaya leaves Katuk leaves Crop residues Rice straw Maize stover Bagasse Oil palm frond Agroindustrial by-products Dried cassava Rice bran Soybean meal Groundnut meal Copra meal Palm kernel meal Cocoa pod
9 Elephant grass Leucaena Indigofera Cassava leaves
10 Rice straw Rice bran
11 Oil palm (Elais Guineensis) Palm oil Copra Coconut oil kernel : 48% fat (about 60% fat) Palm kernel oil
12 palm frond leaflets petiole fruits stem
13 Cocoa pod
14 Agroindustrial By-products Fed directly, residues from processing Pastures & fodder Whole plants exclusively for animal feed Crop residues Residues from ripe plants Energy & protein content Cell wall content Pastures and fodder: may contain considerable amount of plant secondary compounds such as tannins and/or saponins
15 Quality comparison between tropical and temperate grasses
16 Influence of age on yield and digestibility of tropical grasses
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18 Belitz et al. (2009) Food Chemistry, 4 th Ed.
19 Classification based on types of process 1. Physical processing - Drying (pengeringan) - Heating (pemanasan) - Soaking (perendaman) - Boiling (perebusan) - Steam (pengukusan) - Irradiation 2. Mechanical processing - Chopping (pencacahan) - Grinding (penggilingan) - Pengupasan (peeling) - Extruding - Pelleting - Crumbling - Cubing - Flaking - Baling - Wafering - Micronizing - Popping
20 3. Chemical processing - Acid treatment - Alkali treatment - Ammonation - Use of animal manure for processing feed 4. Biological processing - Mould (fungi) - Yeast - Bacteria - Silage - Enzyme - Probiotic and prebiotic
21 Some selected processing techniques Cubing The process of compressing cut hay into small square cubes Advantages: - Easier to store and handle - Eliminates dust - Reduces selectivity by animals - Can also be used with roughage/concentrate mixture
22 Pelleting The process of forcing a ground, moist feed through a die and compressing it, then cutting at certain lengths; These can vary in length and diameter Advantages: - Easier to store and handle - Less bulky - Reduces dusts - Reduces selectivity by animals
23 Crumbles Crumbles are pelleted feeds that have been further reduced into granular form.
24 Block In the block form, feed is compressed into a single mass that holds its form (usually a square or rectangle). Blocks are most commonly used to supplement minerals or protein to animals in the pasture.
25 Ensilage process Silage can be made from grain corn, grass, legumes, grass-legume mixtures, etc. Advantages: - A wide variety of crops can be used - Harvesting and feeding can be mechanized to reduce labor - Less field and harvest losses than hay - Less possibility of weather damage - Can be stored for long periods of time - Decreased selectivity by animals - Highly palatable Disadvantages: - Requires specific equipment and storage facilities - Bulky - Requires skilled management
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28 Thank you for your attention!
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