Department of Livestock Production & Management PMAS-AAUR

Transcription

1 3/13/2018 Page 1 INTRODUCTION TO RANGE MANAGEMENT Kashif Ishaq PhD, DVM Department of Livestock Production & Management PMAS-AAUR Page 2 1

2 INTRODUCTION Agriculture is backbone of Pak. economy About 19.5% to the GDP (Pak. Eco. Survey, ) Livestock accounts for ~ 58.3 % of agri value added Total livestock ~162 M in Pakistan Animal produces only 40 50% of capacity Deficiency of TDN is 29% & DP is 33 % (FAO, 2006) Page 3 Importance of Range Production Range: Vast area supporting natural Vegetation suitable for grazing & browsing by livestock. Range Management: Application of science on range land & related resources for obtaining maximum yield on sustainable basis 4Page 4 2

3 Cont All the messengers of Allah (may His choicest blessing & Peace upon them) are reported to have tended the livestock on natural grazing areas especially during early formative year of early life The grazier are in general neither aware nor interested in range livestock management and improvement Livestock Production & Management 5Page 5 Range Ecosystem Ecosystem is natural unit comprising of specific site, native vegetation, animals and humans Range Ecosystem: dominated by grasses and shrubs that is suitable for grazing Livestock Production & Management 6Page 6 3

4 SITE: Components of Range Ecosystem Land area having specific altitude, slope aspect, local climate, precipitation, streams, ponds, underground water, surface soli, sub soil NATIVE VEGETATION: Production and vigor of forage shrubs, grasses and herbs that are suitable for grazing and browsing; their regeneration, seasonality, palatability, and nutritive value Livestock Production & Management 7Page 7 Components of Range Ecosystem ANIMAL: No. and type of grazing animals such as camel, horses, donkeys, buffalo, cows, sheep and goats etc as well as rodents, insects and micro organisms of types; their health & productivity MANAGEMENT AND PASTORAL COMMUNITY: Associated with range area; their resources, maneuverability, skills and institutes Livestock Production & Management 8Page 8 4

5 Role of Energy & Functioning of Range Ecosystem 90 % 85 % Livestock Production & Management 9Page 9 PAKISTANI RANGE AREAS Pakistani ranges are variable in term soil, climate, vegetation & productivity Poor access, light texture soil, arid to semi arid climate, poor and seasonal open scrub vegetation & low productivity are major characteristic of Pakistani ranges The river bank, adjoining area are ideal for rearing livestock Livestock Production & Management 10 Page 10 5

6 Zahid & Nawaz (2007) Page 11 Cont Pothowar upland (districts islamabad, rawalpindi, jhelum, chakwal, attock, parts of koshab and Gujrat) & hill slopes of central and Northern NWFP are example of high potential range areas of Pakistan Range management and tending livestock on natural grazing lands is one of most respected profession in general and of Muslims in particular Livestock Production & Management 12 Page 12 6

7 Cont Deserts and semi deserts ranges are found in punjab (thal, D.G. Khan, Cholistan), Sindh (Nara, thatparker) & Balochistan (Central high lands, south-western chaghi- Kharan). Except chaghi all other are man made deserts Due to over grazing, over cutting, excessive lopping, trampling, uprooting, burning and fuel collection 13 Page 13 RANGELANDS OF PAKISTAN Province wise range areas Province Total Area MH Range Area MH Range Area % Balochistan Sind Punjab KPK Northern Areas NCA (1988) Page 14 7

8 Page 15 Introduction Sector 11.3% to National GDP (Economic Survey, 2011) Pakistan area = 79.6 (Mha) C B A C B A D D A A D Zahid & Nawaz Ref. (2007) PARC (1980) Page 16 8

9 RANGELANDS CLASSIFICATION Sub-alpine temperate zone > 2000 m altitude, AJ&K, Swat, Kaghan valleys, NAs. Festuca arundinacea, Lolium spp., & Potarium sanguiserba Sub-tropical humid zone 1000 to 2000 m, Pine forests of NA & Kashmir Chloris gayana & Dicanthium annulatum Sub-tropical sub-humid zone Pothohar tract and the Salt Range Chrysopogon aucheri, Panicum antidotale, Cenchrus ciliaris, Cynodon dactylon, Saccharum apontaneum Page 17 Contd... Arid, semi-arid desert plains Thal, Cholistan, DG Khan and Tharparker High temp & wind erosion. Heavily over-grazed Cenchrus ciliaris, Lasiurus sindicus, Pennisetum orientale Mediterranean zone high lands of Balochistan (Quetta and Kalat) rainfall of < 300 mm during winter Agropyron desertorum, Chrysopogon aucheri, & Elmus junceu (FAO, 1987; Mohammad, 1989; Umrani et al., 1995) Page 18 9

10 GENERAL CONDITIONS OF RANGELANDS Rangelands producing 10-15% of their potential Animals graze is 3 4 x the CC of the rangelands Natural grazing provides about 20% of the nutritional requirements of cattle 60% of that of sheep & goats CC ~ 8 ha/au CC ~16 ha/au for low potential ranges Causes of desertification (mismanagement & environmental changes) (Mohammad, 1989) Page 19 Contd Wind and water erosion making worse condition Decrease in desireable forage species Plants are stunted Decrease in reproductive ability Shortening of grazing period Decrease in water holding capacity Depletion of wild life 20 Page 20 10

11 Cont The condition are even worse due to drought Animal are increasing in no. Ranges are deteriorating Livestock Production & Management 21 Page 21 How to Describe Range System A Case Report Page 22 11

12 3/13/2018 Current Status of Pothohar Rangeland Page 23 Page 24 12

13 CLIMATE OF POTHOHAR Climate is temperate in NE, Sub-tropical semi arid in SW Annual rain fall 250 mm in southern part Northeast 1500 mm North: Temp 40 o C in June below freezing in winter (Murree) South: 45 o C in June 4 o C in southern part Moon soon (Mid July to Mid September) ~ 70% rain falls in summer (Mohammad, 1989) Page 25 POTHOHAR SCRUB RANGELANDS 1.5 Mha Area m Altitude Forage Production t/ha (DM) Average Carrying Capacity = 16 ha/au/year Kalachitta, Margalla hills, Salt range & Pubbi Hills (Mohammad, 1989) Page 26 13

14 RANGE LIVESTOCK RESOURCES Home tract of Dhanni, Latti, Pothohari, Kala-Chitta and Campbel-puri Camels 2.5 M goat, 1.5 M cattle, 0.6 M buffalo, 0.4 M sheep and 18,000 camel Page 27 Contd Mountainous Khan et al Dhanni Page 28 14

15 Contd... Source: G.B.Isani & Kathio (2009) Pothohari Source: Oklahoma S. Uni. BOR Latti Page 29 PROBLEMS OF POTHOHAR RANGELANDS Wind erosion Prolonged Droughts Unexpected rainfalls Unknown effect of ppt on total biomass production Possible effect of grazing on vegetation Effect of migration routes on range condition Excessive use Fail to harvest rain water Page 30 15

16 Contd... Unproductive animals Failure of crop production Unfavorable stocking rates Unplanned, illicit and haphazard grazing Poor marketing structure (untimely off takes) Poor technology transfer, no extension activities Most neglected sector Rangelands are owned by those who don t need it Who need it, have to pay for grazing Page 31 CLIMATE CHANGE Farooqi et al (2005) analyzed the climate change perspective in Pakistan and concluded avg. temperature C (arid coastal areas, arid mountains) 10-15% winter & summer rainfall in coastal belt & hyper arid plains 18-32% in rainfall sub-humid and humid areas 5% RH Balochistan 0.5 to 0.7% in solar radiation in southern 3-5% in cloud cover in central Pakistan with increase in sunshine hours 5% net irrigation water requirement with no change in rainfall. Expanding aridity in Northern parts outside monsoon range and arid regions Page 32 16

17 Contd... Shafiq & Kakar (2007) found that drought has affected whole of Pakistan; Balochistan province is the worst-hit. It caused huge loss to life, particularly to livestock, including sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses, donkeys and poultry and in some area buffaloes Page 33 Acacia modesta Acacia nilotica Source: Shakir & ILRI Page 34 17

18 Cenchrus Spp. Cynodon Spp. Source: Shakir, 2010 Page 35 What should we do.. Page 36 18

19 RANGE IMPROVEMENT OPERATIONS Range supervision & range improvement operation require to avoid the desertification Most improvable by artificial reseeding The successful work of Mohammad (1989) of Lohi bher range area could be taken as example Khan et al. (1999) reseeded a 600 ha area of Leghari rangelands with two introduced grasses, Gorkha (Lasiurus sindicus) & Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) Page 37 Contd Determination of different factors affecting the range vegetation Physical environmental factors likely to affect water availability (e.g. slope angle, rockiness) were more important than soil chemical and human impact factors in determining..distribution of the major vegetation types and species richness patterns in Kirthar (Enbright et al. 2005) Page 38 19

20 Contd Novel feeds Feeding calendar Palatability and digestibility of different forages Accurate prediction of the rain fall Page 39 CONCLUSION Modeling will be applied at Pothohar Important for avoiding the desertification of the region Potential of livestock production is best option for the local area (community) Adaptive management could be the best way to preserve the natural ecosystem Page 40 20

21 Page 41 21