Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (BPTP NTB), Jalan Raya Peninjauan Narmada PO Box 1017 Mataram, NTB Indonesia 2

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Technology (BPTP NTB), Jalan Raya Peninjauan Narmada PO Box 1017 Mataram, NTB Indonesia 2 Indonesian Centre for Agricultural Land

1 BIOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DRY- CLIMATE UPLAND AND AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES IN WEST NUSA TENGGARA AND EAST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCES, INDONESIA Anny Mulyani 2, A. Suriadi 1, R.E. Subandiono 2 and Suratman 2 1 Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (BPTP NTB), Jalan Raya Peninjauan Narmada PO Box 1017 Mataram, NTB Indonesia 2 Indonesian Centre for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development, Jalan Ir. H. Juanda No. 98, Bogor, Indonesia. * Corresponding author: ahmadsuriadi@litbang.pertanian.go.id 1

2 INTRODUCTION Indonesia consists of about 17 thousand islands with land area of about million ha. Soil, climate and topography varies widely. ISC-2015, Thailand 2

Distribution of rainfall in Indonesia <1000 1% >3000 31%

3 Distribution of rainfall in Indonesia <1000 1% > % % % A large part of Indonesia has >2,000 mm rainfall annually Semi arid areas with annual rainfall <1000 mm and 8-10 dry months (<100 mm) is about 2.4 million ha 8/24/2015 3

4 Soil Characteristics Western Indonesia (wet-climate zone): Low base cations due to leaching and aluminum silica, lead to acid (ph <5) Soil types dominated by Ultisols, Inceptisols and Oxisols. (Subagyo et al, 2000 and Mulyani et al., 2003). Eastern part Indonesia Mostly contain alkali cations lead to high ph (ph ). Soil types dominated by Alfisols, Mollisols and Entisols. In dry-climates zone, the soil formation and weathering may not as intensive as wet-climate regions resulting to shallow and rocky soil solum (Lithic properties).

5 Rainfall distribution NTT NTB 72% 7% 22% <1000mm mm >2000mm 69% 6% 25% <1000mm mm >2000mm Shallow solum and rocky soil, NTT and NTB provinces also dominated by around 71-75% of hilly topography

6 Therefore, not many crops suitable to be cultivated in this area compared to western part of Indonesia, probably due to the biophysical properties of land and inadequate water availability. Optimization of land use and land management system that combines integrated crop-livestock-water will be an important key to improve the land productivity.

7 The FAO begun to promote a package of soil conserving practices conservation agriculture. Conservation agriculture (CA) defined as minimal soil disturbance (no-till), permanent soil cover (mulch), plant rotations (diversity) CA more sustainable cultivation system for the future than those presently practised The objectives of this study were to characterize of soil and climate, explore the potential and challenges of agricultural development in dry climates upland and possibility for implementing CA in both NTB and NTT Provinces.

8 MATERIALS AND METHODS Land identification and evaluation in NTB and NTT Provinces. Field observations 8/24/2015 ICSC

9 MATERIALS AND METHOD (continued) Soil, parent material, physiography and relief, and climate were evaluated Soil horizons were evaluated from representative sites, analyzed for texture, organic matter, ph, P and K contents, exchangeable cations, CEC, and base saturation Soil and other physical environments were used to evaluate land. 8/24/2015 ICSC

10 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Rainfall Distribution Climate type Rainfall pattern Rainfall (mm) NTB NTT Total IA Dry climate < IC Dry climate < IIA Dry climate IIC Dry climate IIIA Wet climate IIIC Wet climate IVC Wet climate Total

2. Major soils Soil association Parent material Soil 1 Soil 2 NTB NTT Aluvium Endoaquepts Udifluvents 56.056 Haplusterts Endoaquepts 102.377 102.377 Udipsamments Endoaquents 1.897 3.

11 2. Major soils Soil association Parent material Soil 1 Soil 2 NTB NTT Aluvium Endoaquepts Udifluvents Haplusterts Endoaquepts Udipsamments Endoaquents Limestone Haplustepts Ustorthents Haplustolls Ustorthents Reef Haplustolls Ustorthents Plutonic Haplustepts Ustorthents Haplustolls Haplustepts Sediment Haplustepts Haplustalfs Ustorthents Haplusterts Haplustepts Haplustolls Argiustolls Paleustults Haplustepts Hapludolls Eutrudepts Calcareous sediment Haplustolls Haplustepts Volcanic Eutrudepts Hapludalfs Udipsamments Hapludands Eutrudepts Hapludolls Argiudolls Hapludults Dystrudepts Haplustepts Haplustalfs Haplustolls Ustorthents Haplusterts Haplustepts Haplustolls Argiustolls Haplustalfs Haplustepts Ustipsamments Haplustands Total /24/

12 Organic Carbon Distribution Timor Lombok Sumba Organic C content Number Number of Number % % % of sample sample of sample Very low (< 1 %) Low (1 2 %) Moderate (2 3 %) High (3 5 %) Very high (.> 5 % Total Timor Very low (< 1 %) Low (1 2 %) Moderate (2 3 %) High (3 5 %) Very high (.> 5 % Lombok Very low (< 1 %) Low (1 2 %) Moderate (2 3 %) High (3 5 %) Very high (.> 5 % Sumba Very low (< 1 %) Low (1 2 %) Moderate (2 3 %) High (3 5 %) Very high (.> 5 %

13 Pore total (%) C-organic (%) CEC (cmol/kg) CEC (cmol/kg) y = x R² = % sand y = x R² = % clay y = x R² = y = x R² = BD (g/cm3) BD (g/cm3)

14 Agricultural Development Challenges and Directives in NTB and NTT Two challenges to develop agricultural commodities in NTB and NTT provinces: Water availability, hilly topography and Low soil organic matter content.

15 The application of conservation agriculture may address the challenges sustainably. Applying cover crop and mulches will improves soil water holding capacity by reducing evaporation.

16 With physiography and the scarcity of water of both NTB and NTT Provinces, application of CA will improve soil condition. The selection of commodities and the cropping pattern may an alternative crop management strategies to deal with the long dry months (7-8 months), shallow solum (<50 cm) and rocky land (50-65%), as well as the steep slope land (15-30%). For upland crops, corn-green bean crop pattern is better in NTT, while in NTB, the crop pattern may be more varies with corn, soybeans, or peanuts.

CONCLUSIONS Land characteristics in Lombok (NTB) Sumba and Timor islands (NTT) have been evaluated as dry-climate, low organic carbon

soil. Soil chemical and physical properties were closely related to each other, especially between organic matter, texture, BD, total

The higher the C-organic content, the lower the BD, and the higher the total pore space, thereby promoting a more friable soil, more

17 CONCLUSIONS Land characteristics in Lombok (NTB) Sumba and Timor islands (NTT) have been evaluated as dry-climate, low organic carbon content, low annual rainfall (<2,000 mm with 7-8 dry months), most of the topography is hilly and mountainous, shallow solum and rocky soil. Soil chemical and physical properties were closely related to each other, especially between organic matter, texture, BD, total pore space and the availability of water. The higher the C-organic content, the lower the BD, and the higher the total pore space, thereby promoting a more friable soil, more easily cultivated, and higher water holding capability. The higher clay content the higher soil CEC and conversely the higher content of sand, the lower the soil CEC which lead to lower soil ability to hold nutrients and water.

Water supply and improving soil quality became tipping point for the

18 Agricultural land management should be focused on improving soil quality and increasing organic matter content of soil. Water supply and improving soil quality became tipping point for the agriculture development in dry-climates upland. This may be provided through a conservation agriculture techniques.

19 Acknowledgments This study was an outcome of FAO Project entitled Reducing Disaster Risks Caused by Changing Climate in Nusa Tenggara Barat and Nusa Tenggara Timur Provinces in Indonesia (OSRO/INS/301/USA).

Land Characteristics and Soil Erosion in Relation to Slope Farming in the Highlands of Candikuning, Bali, Indonesia

J. Jpn. Soc. Soil Phys. No. 21, p.-1./,**+ Land Characteristics and Soil Erosion in Relation to Slope Farming in the Highlands of Candikuning, Bali, Indonesia Hajime NARIOKA*, I.W. Sandi ADNYANA**, Mastur***