Soil Fumigation 2/9/2016. Important Soil fumigant Facts for SE US Forest Nurseries. Soil fumigants in. Fumigants: Time: Frequency:
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1 Soil Fumigation Tom Starkey Important Soil fumigant Facts for SE US Forest Nurseries Fumigants: Time: Soil fumigants in SE US Forest Nurseries Frequency: Area: Average nursery fumigates ~ acres Who: Fumigation Applied by Fumigation Contractor 1
2 Bed Vegetables Broadcast (Flat Tarp) Pine Nurseries Fumigation is not new 1880 control of soil borne larvae and ants Methyl Bromide 1932 Methyl Bromide 1941 Agricultural application of MBr Chloropicrin 1848 and WWI SOIL FUMIGATION USES SOIL FUMIGATION USES 2
3 Primary Reason: 1. Why do we fumigate nursery soil? Secondary Reason: 2. 8 KEYS TO SUCCESSFUL SOIL FUMIGATION (1) Soil Preparation 3
4 8 KEYS TO SUCCESSFUL SOIL FUMIGATION (1) Soil Preparation (2) Soil Temperature 8 KEYS TO SUCCESSFUL SOIL FUMIGATION (1) Soil Preparation (2) Soil Temperature (3) Soil Moisture 8 KEYS TO SUCCESSFUL SOIL FUMIGATION (1) Soil Preparation (2) Soil Temperature (3) Soil Moisture (4) Soil Aeration 4
5 8 KEYS TO SUCCESSFUL SOIL FUMIGATION (1) Soil Preparation (2) Soil Temperature (3) Soil Moisture (4) Soil Aeration (5) Injection Depth 8 KEYS TO SUCCESSFUL SOIL FUMIGATION 1) Soil Preparation (2) Soil Temperature (3) Soil Moisture (4) Soil Aeration (5) Injection Depth (6) Type of Fumigant METHYL BROMIDE 1. Wide spectrum 2. Selective 3. Low resistance management 4. Not carcinogenic 5. Does not pollute 6. Naturally produced 1. Algae in oceans 2. Salt marshes 3. Ectomycorhizza in forest 4. Cole crops 5
6 8 KEYS TO SUCCESSFUL SOIL FUMIGATION (1) Soil Preparation (2) Soil Temperature (3) Soil Moisture (4) Soil Aeration (5) Injection Depth (6)Type of Fumigant (7) Sealing 2 types of seals 1) water seal 2) plastic tarp Plastics used in Nurseries 3 types 1. HDPE High density polyethylene (<2014) 2. **VIF Virtually impermeable film (>2014) 3. **TIF Totally Impermeable film (>2014) HDPE VIF TIF Fumigant effectiveness in soil determined by the CT value i.e., the time weighted exposure concentration Fumigant concentration 1 X rate ½ X rate Time (days) 6
7 2 Advantages of increasing exposure time to achieve required CT value 1. Economics 2. Regulatory 8 KEYS TO SUCCESSFUL SOIL FUMIGATION 1) Soil Preparation (2) Soil Temperature (3) Soil Moisture (4) Soil Aeration (5)Injection Depth (6) Type of Fumigant (7) Sealing (8) Waiting period - incubation TriEst Ag Group ** Tifton, GA Greenville, NC Palmetto, FL Old Name Hendrix & Dail New Name TriEst Ag Group 7
8 PIGS Upright cyclinders 8
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14 content/uploads/wpsc/product_images/fertilizer knives n19 backswept.jpg 14
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17 MBr & Montreal Protocol Restricted/eliminated as a fumigant by the Montreal Protocol. MP entered into force on January 1, 1989, Politics Not Science! 17
18 MBr can be used in seedling nurseries if it falls into 1 of 2 categories CUE Critical Use Exemption QPS Quarantine Pre shipment Two types of Alternatives Nonconventional Solarization Biofumigation Conventional Chemicals Individual chemicals Combination of chemicals Hot water Miscellaneous Potential Chemical Alternatives 1. Chloropicrin (PIC) 2. Dimethyl sulfide (DMDS) 3. 1,3 Dichloropropene (1,3 D) (Telone) 4. Methyl Iodide (Idomethane) 5. Dazomet (Basomid) 6. Metam Sodium/Potassium 18
19 The Good and Bad of Alternatives Chloropicrin Lachrymator Lack of weed control Good disease control Telone 1,3 D Good nematode control Lack of weed control The Good and Bad of Alternatives DMDS Odor Good possible alternative EPA likes it Methyl Iodide Costly - $5,000/a - $2,000 - $3,000 more than others Limited availability primarily in FL, GA, not MS LA and beyond CORROSIVE TO EQUIPMENT Most effective when mixed with Chloropicrin Moderate control of weeds The Good and Bad of Alternatives Metam Sodium Weak nematicide Good on weeds Corrosive Tested untarp wrong decision. Dazomet Application problems Hard on beneficial fungi Residual 19
20 decade of Losers & Winners 1997 to Fall 1999 optimism that Chloropicrin + Metam Sodium would be a workable combination replacement for MBr. Could be used without tarp to avoid the plastic disposal problem. Than came Fall of ACRES FUMIGATED CHLOROPICRIN + METAM SODIUM UNTARPED decade of Losers & Winners 20,000,000 SEEDLINGS KILLED Dazomet short seedlings Year 1 20
21 Dazomet short seedlings Year 2 Dazomet strike Fumigants Camden, AL Fumigant Rate Components MBr 350 lbs/acre 67% MBr + 33% Chloropicrin Chloropicrin 300 lbs/acre 100% Chloropicrin MBrC 70/ lbs/acre 70% MBr (98/2) + 30% Solvent A Chlor lbs/acre 60% Chloropicrin + 40% 1,3-D Pic+ 300 lbs/acre 85% Chloropicrin + 15% Solvent A DMDS + Chlor 70 gal/acre 79% DMDS + 21% Chloropicrin Midas 50/ lbs/acre 50% Iodomethane + 50% Chloropicrin Midas 98/2 100 lbs/acre 98% Iodomethane + 2% Chloropicrin 21
22 TAKE HOME MESSAGE We need to draw the line in the sand with EPA! No Chloropicrin Chloropicrin 22
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