Abstract Process Economics Program Report 194A SUPERABSORBENT POLYMERS (April 2002)
|
|
- Lily Stanley
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Abstract Process Economics Program Report 194A SUPERABSORBENT POLYMERS (April 2002) Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) represent a class of organic chemicals defined primarily by the their functional capability rather than their chemical structure. SAPs are polymers that are capable of absorbing and retaining large quantities of water and other aqueous mixtures. They find attractive commercial applications in baby diapers, feminine hygiene products, and adult incontinence products. Other emerging applications include medical wound dressings, soil/water stabilization layers in farming and civil engineering structures, food packaging, fiber and metallic cable sealing, lubricants and sealants, and cosmetics. Global production of SAP is approximately 1 million metric tons annually. The vast majority of the capacity to produce SAP is in the hands of 4 companies: BASF, Nippon Shokubai, Stockhausen and Dow. As the demand in industrialized countries for SAP in personal hygiene products slows to levels approaching GDP rates, attention by SAP producers has been focused on better market penetration in developing countries, and expanding the application of SAP into new end-uses. Commercial superabsorbent polymers are made primarily via homopolymerization of glacial acrylic acid or acrylamide, copolymerization of acrylic acid with acrylamide, or vinyl alcohol, and graft copolymerization of polyacrylic acid with starch. Grafting of starch to polyacrylic acid is done to enhance biodegradability. SAPs are fabricated primarily in the form of dry, white powders, but there are emerging applications of SAP in fiber and laminate form. Nearly all commercial polymerization to make SAP is conducted in batch reactors where aqueous polymerization forms a viscous gel that is subsequently cut, dried and milled to desired end property specifications. A small proportion of SAP is produced via inverse emulsion polymerization, and a small proportion of production is manufactured via continuous reaction in moving belts and possibly in plug flow reactors. This report updates the 1990 original PEP190 report on superabsorbent polymers. We provide historical and forecast market data on supply and demand segmented geographically and by end use application, describe the competitor environment among producers, and describe and commercial technology utilized to make SAPs. We provide in this report preliminary process designs and the corresponding economics for making improved commercial specification SAP using batch, aqueous solution polymerization using processes and procedures documented by Dow Chemical. We also provide a design and the corresponding economics for a novel continuous polymerization reaction using a plug flow reactor design based upon patents by BASF. PEP 01 AP
2 CONTENTS GLOSSARY... xvii 1 INTRODUCTION PREVIOUS SRI CONSULTING REPORTS SUMMARY INDUSTRY STATUS WATER SOLUBLE POLYMERS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Partially Neutralized, Lightly Cross-Linked Poly Acrylic Acid Non-lonic SAPs Polyacrylate SAP Starch Grafted Acrylonitrile SAP Poly Vinyl Alcohol Based SAP Isobutylene-Maleic Anhydride SAP COMMERCIALIZATION OF SAP INTO DISPOSABLE BABY DIAPERS CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF SAPS SAP COMPOSITES ABSORBENCY LIMITATIONS COMPETING MATERIALS PHYSICAL FORMS OF SAPS INTEGRATED PRODUCT CHAIN FOR SAP PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAPS IMPACT OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT ON COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS COMMERCIAL USES AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS SAP USE IN BABY DIAPERS SAP USE IN FEMININE TAMPON PRODUCTS iii
3 CONTENTS (Continued) PACKAGING APPLICATIONS FOR SAPS SAP USE AS A WATER CONSERVATION AGENT IN AGRICULTURE BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS FOR SAP BIODEGRADABLE SAP FOOD CONTACT APPROVAL FOR SAP BUSINESS ENVIROMENT FOR SAP IN CONSUMPTION OF SAPS FORECAST SAP GROWTH RATE SAP PRODUCTION AND PRODUCERS SAP PRODUCERS IN THE US SAP PRODUCERS IN EUROPE SAP PRODUCERS IN JAPAN SAP PRODUCERS IN OTHER REGIONS SAP PRODUCERS PROFILES BASF Dow Chemical Elf Atochem Sanyo Chemical Industries Nippon Shokubai Stockhausen/Degussa Rohm & Haas COMMERCIAL PRICES FOR SAP PROCESS TECHNOLOGY TO MANUFACTURE SAP'S THERMODYNAMICS OF SAP CHEMISTRY POLYMERIZATION CHEMISTRY iv
4 CONTENTS (Continued) POLYACRYLIC ACID AND ITS SODIUM SALT SOLUTION CO-POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLIC ACID INVERSE EMULSION POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLIC ACID SUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION PRECIPITATION POLYMERIZATION GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION CROSS-LINKING METHODS OF POLYMERIZATION CROSS-LINKING CHEMISTRY FUNCTIONALITY REACTIONS PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS MORPHOLOGY OF SAP COMMERCIAL SAP MANUFACTURING SEQUENCE GEL BLOCKING SURFACE CROSS-LINKING POST POLYMERIZATION CROSS-LINKING CROSS-LINKING DEFICIENCIES RECYCLING OF FINES VENT GAS PURIFICATION CAPITAL COSTS TO BUILD SAP PLANTS RECENT TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS DRIVERS FOR CHANGE IN THE BABY DIAPER BUSINESS Expanding the Business Concept of Diapers RECENT COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN BABY DIAPERS NONWOVEN AIRLAIDS & PREFORMED CORES ENVIROMENTALLY FRIENDLY SUPERABSORBENTS v
5 CONTENTS (Continued) USE OF NATURAL FEEDSTOCKS ASPARTIC ACID BASED SAPS BIODEGRADABLE FEMININE HYGIENE PRODUCTS SUPERABSORBENT FIBERS ENCAPSULATING AGENT FOR ORAL DRUG DELIVERY INTRAOCULAR LENS OTHER BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS FOR SAPS COLD WEATHER APPAREL POWDERED TABLETS EMERGING APPLICATIONS Self-Foaming spray for Covering Materials Geology and Archaeology Research Optical Nanoparticle Sensors Desiccant Applications Water Conservation Agent in Agriculture Optical Cable Protector Water Reducing Agents for Ready-Mix Concrete Other emerging applications IMPROVED SURFACE CROSS-LINKING DESIGN BASIS FOR PRODUCING SUPERABSORBENT POLYMERS DESIGN CONDITIONS SITE LOCATION FACILITY SITE BASIS COST BASIS Capital Investment CONSTRUCTION CAPITAL COST INDEX vi
6 CONTENTS (Continued) PROJECT CONSTRUCTION TIMING Production Costs FEEDSTOCK, PRODUCT AND ENERGY PRICING Effect of Operating Level on Production Costs SAP PROCESS TECHNOLOGY BASIS SUPERABSORBENT POLYMER PLANT CAPACITY PLANT CAPACITY UTILIZATION MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION SAP PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS ACRYLIC ACID FEEDSTOCK REQUIRMENTS CAUSTIC SODA REQUIREMENTS AVAILABLE UTILITIES ROTATING EQUIPMENT DRIVERS CONTINUOUS VERSUS BATCH PROCESSING SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS PRESSURE VESSEL AND PIPING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS SUPERABSORBENT POLYMER PRODUCTION BY CONTINUOUS REACTOR DESIGN PROCESS PATENT LITERATURE ON CONTINUOUS REACTOR PROCESSING DESIGN BASIS AND ASSUMPTIONS PRODUCTION CAPACITY SAP PRODUCT PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM PROCESS WATER TREATMENT vii
7 CONTENTS (Continued) ACRYLIC ACID TREATMENT SODIUM HYDROXIDE SUPPLY DISSOLUTION AND NEUTRALIZATION SOLUTION MIXING CONTINUOUS POLYMERIZATION REACTION POLYMER CUTTING POLYMER DRYING SURFACE CROSS-LINKING DRY POLYMER MILLING SCREENING BAGGING AND PALLETIZING VENT GAS SCRUBBING CAPITAL COST ESTIMATE MANUFACTURING ECONOMICS ECONOMICS SENSITIVITIES SUPERABSORBENT POLYMER BY IMPROVED AQUEOUS SOLUTION POLYMERIZATION APPLICATION OF DOW CHEMICAL SAP PATENTS DESIGN BASIS DESIRED PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION SEQUENCE Reaction Components Drying of the Polymer Gel Product Milling Post Treatment Bagging and Palletizing viii
8 CONTENTS (Continued) BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM Processing Sequence MW/RF Radiation for Reducing Extractable Polymer Content Polymer Milling SURFACE CROSS-LINKING Surface Hardening Vent Gas Scrubbing PROCESS DESCRIPTION AND PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM PROCESS WATER TREATMENT ACRYLIC ACID TREATMENT SODIUM HYDROXIDE SUPPLY DISSOLUTION AND NEUTRALIZATION BATCH POLYMERIZATION REACTION POLYMER HOT AIR DRYING Microwave Radiation Drying DRY POLYMER MILLING SCREENING SURFACE CROSS-LINKING Surface Hardening BAGGING AND PALLETIZING Vent Gas Scrubbing CAPITAL COST ESIMATE MANUFACTURING ECONOMICS ECONOMICS SENSITIVITIES APPENDIX A: PATENT SUMMARY TABLES... A-1 ix
9 CONTENTS (Concluded) APPENDIX B: CITED REFERENCES... B-1 APPENDIX C: PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM... C-1 x
10 ILLUSTRATIONS 1.1 Chemical Structure of polyacrylic Acid Structure of Partially Neutralized Polyacrylic Acid with Cross-Linking Agents Distribution of End-Uses for Superabsorbent Polymers Regional Distribution of Superabsorbent Polymer Demand SAP Production Capacity of Major Producers Comparison of Continuous vs. Improved Aqueous Processes for Making SAP Comparison of Manufacturing Costs Between Continuous and Improved Aqueous SAP Processes Regional Demand of Water Soluble Polymers in Forecast Annual Growth Demand Rate for Water Soluble Polymers Between 1997 and 2002 (%/year) Chemical Structure of Poly Acrylic Acid Chemical Structure of Poly Methyl Acrylate and Poly Methyl Methacrylate Chemical Structure of Acrylamide and Poly Acrylamide Time Related Deterioration in SAP Absorbency Due to Cations in Solution SAP Absorbency as a Function of Salt Integrated Product Chain for SAP End Use Consumption of us Acrylic Acid Production in Distribution of End Uses for SAP Impact of SAP Cross-Linking in Retention Capacity and Absorbency Under Load Composition Change of Baby Diapers Over Time (Courtesy StockHausen) Historical Trend of SAP in Diaper Free Absorbency Versus Absorbency Under Load Experienced by Sanyo Chemical Industries Historical Trend of SAP in Gel Stability Experienced by Sanyo Chemical Industries Historical Trend of SAP in Residual Acrylic Acid Monomer Content of SAP Historical Trend of SAP in Fine Particulates Content of SAP StockHausen Estimate of Regional Segmentation of Global SAP Demand in xi
11 ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued) 3.18 Domestic and Export Consumption of Japanese SAP Historic Global Growth in SAP Demand Regional Growth in SAP Demand Historical and Forecast Growth Rate in SAP Demand SAP Producer Capacity in Nameplate SAP Capacity by Region Regional Distribution of SAP Capacity Structure of Elf Atochem's Partially Neutralized SAP Water Absorption Rate of Stockosorb SAP Versus Competing Products for Soils Application Structure of the Major Commercial Acrylic-Based SAP Polymers Collapsed (dry) and Expanded (gel) State of Water Soluble Polymer Chains Free Radical Polymerization of Acrylic Acid Monomer Impact of PH on SAP Absorption Rate Block Flow Diagram for the Commercial Manufacture of Superabsorbent Polymer PAA Reaction Rate as a Function of PH Annual US Patents Granted for SAP's Since Moisture Absorption of SAP and Silica Gel as a Function of Relative Humidity Cross Section of Generic Optical Cable Neptico's Determination of SAP Viscosity Necessary to Seal Fiber Optic Cable Historical PEP Construction Cost Index for the US Gulf Coast Block Flow Diagram for Continuous Reactor SAP Process Impact of Production Capacity on Manufacturing Economics Impact of Glacial Acrylic Acid Feedstock Price on SAP Production Cost Fluidized Bed Dryer for SAP Post Treatment Block Flow Diagram for the Producing Superabsorbent Polymer by improved, Aqueous Polymerization xii
12 ILLUSTRATIONS (Concluded) 8.3 Capital Cost Estimate for Improved Aqueous Polymerization SAP Plant at Various Annual Capcities Impact of Production Capacity on Manufacturing Economics Sensitivity of SAP Production Cost to Acrylic Acid Feedstock Cost C.1 Continuous Reactor SAP... C-3 C.2 Improved Aqueous Solution Process for Making SAP... C-11 xiii
13 TABLES 3.1 Chemical Types Used in Water Soluble Polymers Historic and Forecast Demands for Water Soluble Polymers in Industrial Regions (thousand metric tons/year) Categories of Water Soluble Polymers Historic and Forecast Demand for Water Soluble Polymers in the Industrial Regions by Polymer Type (thousand metric tons/year) Performance Comparison of Various SAP Formulations Percentage of 2000 Acrylic Acid Production (KT/Y) Devoted to SAP Physical Properties of Acrylic Acid and Acrylamide Commercial Applications for SAPs Distribution of Cost to Manufacture Baby Diapers Performance Parameter Comparison of First and Second Generation SAP in Diaper Applications Performance Parameter Comparison of Second and Third Generation SAP in Diaper Applications Edana Test Procedures for SAPs Starch Based Graft Copolymers with Enhanced Biodegradability Consumption of Superabsorbent Polymers by Region (thousand metric tons/year) Anticipated SAP Annual Demand Growth Rates Between Trade Names of Major SAP Producers Major SAP Producers in the US Major SAP Producers in Europe Major SAP Producers in Japan Other Major SAP Producers Recent SAP Capacity Announcements Recent US Patents Granted to BASF for SAP Recent US Patents Granted to Dow Chemical for SAP Characteristics of Elf Atomchem SAP Baby Diaper Grades xiv
14 TABLES (Continued) 3.25 Recent US Patents Granted to Elf Atomchem for SAP Recent US Patents Granted to Sanyo Chemical for SAP Recent US Patents Granted to Nippon Shokubai for SAP Physical Characteristics of StockHausen Favor SAP Physical Characteristics of Stockosorb SAP Recent US Patents Granted to Stockhausen for SAP Historical Prices for SAP in JAPAN Taylor Screen Size Versus Particle Size Emerging Applications for SAP's Estimated Cost of Disposable Diapers Versus Alternatives US Patents for SAP Fibers Testing Protocols for Water Resistant Fiber Optic Cable Source and Length of Water Intrusion for Failed Optical Fiber Cable Construction Cost Site Location Factors Commercial Inhibitors for Glacial Acrylic Acid Commercial Specifications for Acrylic Acid Producing Superabsorbent Polymer by Continuous Reactor Polymerization Design Bases Continuous Polymerization Reaction Process Stream Flows Continuous Process for Producing SAP Major Equipment Factored Capital Cost Estimate for Continuous Process SAP Plant (thousands of dollars) Continuous Process SAP Plant Total Capital Investment Continuous Reactor Process to Make SAP Production Costs Producing Superabsorbent Polymer by Improved Aqueous Solution Polymerization Design Bases xv
15 TABLES (Concluded) 8.2 Improved Aqueous Polymerization to Produce SAP Stream Flows Improved Aqueous Process to Manufacture SAP Major Equipment Improved Aqueous Polymerization SAP Plant Total Capital Investment Factored Capital Cost Estimate for Improved Aqueous Polymerization SAP Plant Improved Aqueous Plolymerization Process to Make SAP Production Costs xvi
ABS RESINS PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM. Report No. 20. contributions by Shigeyoshi Takaoka. December, A private report by the
Report No 20 ABS RESINS by ROBERT G MULLER contributions by Shigeyoshi Takaoka December, 196 6 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA CONTENTS
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 242 INDUSTRIAL COATINGS (July 2002)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 242 INDUSTRIAL COATINGS (July 2002) This report broadly surveys the coatings industry status in general, based on geographic consumption, end-use industry (automotive,
More informationPROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM
PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM Abstract SRI INTERNATIONAL Menlo Park, California 94025 Process Economics Program Report No. 13D POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (May 1982) This supplementary report reviews recent developments
More informationPROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM
PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM SRI INTERNATIONAL Menlo Park, California 94025 Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 155 ETHYLENE COPOLYMERS (March 1983) This report covers the technology and costs of
More informationPROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM
PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM SRI INTERNATIONAL Menlo Park, California Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 20B ABS RESINS (December 1980) This second supplement to Process Economics Program Report
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 10C POLYURETHANES (May 1991)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 10C POLYURETHANES (May 1991) This report reviews pertinent patents and current technology for manufacturing foamed and non-foamed polyurethane products. For foams,
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report No. 85B ANTIOXIDANTS AND LIGHT STABILIZERS (March 1993)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 85B ANTIOXIDANTS AND LIGHT STABILIZERS (March 1993) This report supplements our technical and economic appraisals of antioxidants and light stabilizers for
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report No. 210 HETEROCYCLIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS (January 1993)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 210 HETEROCYCLIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS (January 1993) This report contains preliminary process designs and cost estimates for the production of four heterocyclic
More informationPROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM
PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM SRI INTERNATIONAL Menlo Park, California 94025 Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 19C HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE High density polyethylene is manufactured by polymerizing
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 34B PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE (October 1998)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 34B PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE (October 1998) Worldwide consumption of phthalic anhydride (PA) reached 6.6 billion lb/yr in 1996, and is projected to reach 7.9 billion
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report No. 165A CARBON FIBERS (June 1992)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 165A CARBON FIBERS (June 1992) Carbon fibers are a group of flexible, continuous or chopped, filaments derived from polyacrylonitrile (PAN), pitch, or rayon
More informationReport No. 57A Supplement AND. September A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM PARK, CALIFORNIA STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I
Report No. 57A Supplement POLYVINYL POLYVINYL ACETATE AND ALCOHOL by YU-REN CHIN September 1976 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA CONTENTS
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 190C ADVANCES IN MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY FOR CHEMICAL SEPARATION APPLICATIONS (June 2001)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 190C ADVANCES IN MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY FOR CHEMICAL SEPARATION APPLICATIONS (June 2001) Membrane separation process technology has an enormous variety of applications.
More informationPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM I. Supplement. June A private report by the STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA
Report No. 34A PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE Supplement A by LLOYD M. ELKIN June 1974 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM I STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION........................
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 115B ENVIRONMENTALLY DEGRADABLE POLYMERS (December 1994)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 115B ENVIRONMENTALLY DEGRADABLE POLYMERS (December 1994) First generation biodegradable polymers, which were largely commercialized in the 1980s, did not satisfy
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 270 THERMOCHEMICAL CELLULOSIC ETHANOL (December 2009)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 270 THERMOCHEMICAL CELLULOSIC ETHANOL (December 2009) World ethanol production has experienced spectacular growth. This growth has been based on starch and sugar
More informationPROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM. Report No by NICK KORENS ROBERT W. VAN SCOY. January private report by the PARK, CALIFORNIA
Report No. 110 SYNTHESIS GAS PRODUCTION by NICK KORENS and ROBERT W. VAN SCOY January 1977 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA For detailed
More informationReport No. 69 ACETAL RESINS. June A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I PARK, CALIFORNIA
Report No. 69 ACETAL RESINS by GEORGE E. HADDELAND June 1971 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 SUMMARY 3 INDUSTRY
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 7D CAPROLACTAM UPDATE (October 2011)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 7D CAPROLACTAM UPDATE (October 2011) This report is an update of Process Economics Program report 41B Caprolactam and Nylon 6. The capacity and economics for the
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 280 COMPENDIUM OF LEADING BIOETHANOL TECHNOLOGIES (December 2011)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 280 COMPENDIUM OF LEADING BIOETHANOL TECHNOLOGIES (December 2011) The use of ethanol as an alternative motor fuel has been steadily increasing around the globe
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report No. 88A ALKYLATION FOR MOTOR FUELS (February 1993)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 88A ALKYLATION FOR MOTOR FUELS (February 1993) Alkylation has become an important refinery process because of increasing demand for high octane and low vapor
More informationPROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM
PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 185 SRI INTERNATIONAL Menlo Park, California 94025 SLURRY PHASE POLYPROPYLENE (June 1988) This report summarizes the technology and
More informationLuquafleece. The superabsorbent fabric
Luquafleece The superabsorbent fabric General Particulate superabsorbent polymers (superabsorbents, SAP) are well known for their capability to absorb and retain many times their own weight in aqueous
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 229 REFINERY RESIDUE GASIFICATION (June 2001)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 229 REFINERY RESIDUE GASIFICATION (June 2001) Following an episode of intensive interest during the late 1970s and early 1980s as a means to converting coal to
More informationAMINO ACIDS PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM. Report No by WING S. FONG. Contributions by Victor E. Althouse. November A private report by the
Report No. 106 AMINO ACIDS by WING S. FONG Contributions by Victor E. Althouse November 1976 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I I MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA For
More informationHarmonized Test Methods Nonwovens and Related Industries. Table of Contents
INDA and EDANA are pleased to answer the industry needs by publishing the 2012 edition of our Harmonized Test Methods Manual for the nonwoven and related industry. This 2012 edition contains the most complete
More informationJanuary Last date for receipt of comments is
FOR BIS USE ONLY DOC:CHD 20(2031)C January 2013 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS Draft Indian Standard POWDER COATINGS SPECIFICATION (first revision of IS 13871) (Not to be reproduced without the permission
More informationLEE GOETZ ART RAGAUSKAS
Cellulose Based Hydrogels and Absorbents LEE GETZ ART RAGAUSKAS Hypothesis Cellulosics can be crosslinked with poly (methyl vinyl ether-co-maleate) (PMVEMA) poly ethylene glycol (PEG) and will exhibit
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 241 BIOCATALYSIS (May 2002)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 241 BIOCATALYSIS (May 2002) Biocatalysis is a term used to describe the catalytic activity of biological systems, which includes living whole cells, parts of cells
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 227 1,3-PROPANEDIOL AND POLYTRIMETHYLENE TEREPHTHLATE (December 1999)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 227 1,3-PROPANEDIOL AND POLYTRIMETHYLENE TEREPHTHLATE (December 1999) As an engineering thermoplastic, polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) combines the rigidity,
More informationPHARMACEUTICAL PRINCIPLES OF SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
PHARMACEUTICAL PRINCIPLES OF SOLID DOSAGE FORMS J. T. Carstensen, Ph.D. Professor of Pharmacy University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin TECHNOMIC ^PUBLISHING CO.. INC J 1.ANCASTER BASET, TABLE OF CONTENTS
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 39C SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE (August 1994)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 39C SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE (August 1994) As of early-1994, syndiotactic polystyrene (sps) has been produced only in precommercial quantities. Start-up of a commercial
More informationSupplement. by WING SIEN FONG. October A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA
Report No. 51A REINFORCED PLASTICS Supplement A by WING SIEN FONG October 1973 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I I MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION........................
More informationHEXAMETHYLENE DIAMINE
Report No 31A HEXAMETHYLENE DIAMINE Supplement A by PARK L MORSE September 1972 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I I MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION,
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report No. 226 INNOVATIVE REACTORS (June 2001)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 226 INNOVATIVE REACTORS (June 2001) This report examines potential applications and economic potential for the use of innovative chemical reactors in existing
More informationPROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM
Abstract - Process Economics Program Report No. 36B PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM SRI INTERNATIONAL Menlo Park, California 64025 LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENB (August 1980) Low density polyethylene continues to
More informationHydrogel-Enhanced EICP for Soil Stabilization. ERC Team Members. CBBG Faculty Ximin He, ASU (currently UCLA) Edward Kavazanjian ASU
Hydrogel-Enhanced EICP for Soil Stabilization ERC Team Members CBBG Faculty Ximin He, ASU (currently UCLA) Edward Kavazanjian ASU Other Research Staff Mo Sun, ASU (currently UCLA) Hamed Khodadadi Tirkolaei
More informationCHINA: TREND IN PSA TAPE MANUFACTURING
CHINA: TREND IN PSA TAPE MANUFACTURING Mr. Wu, W-Q (Hong-Chang Adhesive Products Co.) Dr. Yan Zhang (Kensinger Group Inc.) Summary: In 2005, total output of PSA products in China was over 7 billion square
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report No. 201 CHLOROFLUOROCARBON ALTERNATIVES (January 1991)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 201 CHLOROFLUOROCARBON ALTERNATIVES (January 1991) Production and use of chlorofluorocarbons are being phased out under international agreements to protect
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 10D POLYURETHANES (December 2002)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 10D POLYURETHANES (December 2002) ABSTRACT Polyurethanes are among the most widely used and versatile of all polymer forms, ranging from soft elastomers and foams
More informationPROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM
PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM SRI lnternatlonal Menlo Park, California ABSTRACT 94025 Process Economics Program Report 46C MALEIC ANHYDRIDE (October t 989) This study presents designs and economics for the
More informationLNG AND METHYL FUELS PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM. METHYL FUELS---- by GEORGE E. HADDELAND. Report No by GEORGE T. STEVENIN.
Report No. 103 LNG AND METHYL FUELS LNG-- --------------------- by GEORGE T. STEVENIN METHYL FUELS---- by GEORGE E. HADDELAND September 1976 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH
More informationReport No by ROBERT H. SCHWAAR. November A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM PARK, CALIFORNIA STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I
Report No. 104 THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS by ROBERT H. SCHWAAR with oontxibutions by James J. L. Ma November 1976 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I MENLO PARK,
More informationPROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM
PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 171 D SRI INTERNATIONAL Menlo Park, California 94025 PESTICIDES AND INTERMEDIATES (January 1989) Chlorothalonil, a fungicide, is
More informationPROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM
PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM Abstract SRI INTERNATIONAL Menlo Park, California 94025 Process Economics Program Report No. 5C VINYL CHLORIDE (December 1982) This report covers the manufacture of vinyl chloride
More informationProcess Economics Program
IHS Chemical Process Economics Program Report 148C Synthesis Gas Production from Coal and Petroleum Coke Gasification By Jamie Lacson IHS Chemical agrees to assign professionally qualified personnel to
More informationPEP Report 50E POLYCARBONATE By Susan Bell (October 2007)
PEP Report 50E POLYCARBONATE By Susan Bell (October 2007) ABSTRACT This report continues our review of polycarbonate production technology, supplementing our earlier report PEP Report 50D issued in 1999.
More informationPEP JLM and MFH
Abstract Process Economics Report 223 POLYCYCLIC OLEFINS (July 1998) This report addresses the market, technology, and production economics for cyclic olefin polymers, with emphasis on cyclic olefin copolymers
More informationSearching for patents. How to use the Espacenet database
How to use the Espacenet database Espacenet is... a database of 70 million records containing patent data with almost worldwide coverage a source of technical information designed for scientists and engineers
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 43C METHANOL (March 2000)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 43C METHANOL (March 2000) Following a period of high demand during the mid-1990s, methanol is currently in oversupply. The earlier demand was primarily driven
More informationUnderstanding Thermoforming
James L. Throne Understanding Thermoforming ISBN-10: 3-446-40796-0 ISBN-13: 978-3-446-40796-1 Table of Contents For further information and order see http://www.hanser.de/978-3-446-40796-1 or contact your
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report No. 76C ANILINE AND DERIVATIVES (December 1993)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 76C ANILINE AND DERIVATIVES (December 1993) This report supplements previous reports on the subject of aromatic amines. The report includes updated preliminary
More informationModelling Absorption Capacity Performance of Hygienic Product
Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 2013, 3, 169-173 doi:10.4236/ojapps.2013.32023 Published Online June 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojapps) Modelling Absorption Capacity Performance of Hygienic Product
More informationCommercialization of Dry Re-dispersible CNF at Sappi - Challenges and Opportunities. Math Jennekens Sappi Europe Director R&D PEFC- 2 november 2017
Commercialization of Dry Re-dispersible CNF at Sappi - Challenges and Opportunities Math Jennekens Sappi Europe Director R&D PEFC- 2 november 2017 Sappi at a glance We produce and deliver specialised cellulose,
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report No. 173A SPECIALTY POLYOLEFINS: VLDPE (July 1993)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 173A SPECIALTY POLYOLEFINS: VLDPE (July 1993) This report presents preliminary process designs and economics for the production of very-low-density polyethylene
More informationTable of Contents. iii. vi Tables. Figures. viii Foreword. ix Acknowledgments
Figures vi Tables viii Foreword ix Acknowledgments xi About the authors xiii Chapter 1. Fundamentals 1 Fluid Properties 1 Temperature 2 Pressure 3 Gravity and Miscibility 3 Solubility 4 The Ideal Gas Law
More informationTAMOL 960 TAMOL 731A Scale Inhibitors
Technical Data Sheet TAMOL 960 TAMOL 731A Scale Inhibitors Description Features and Benefits Mechanism for Scale Inhibition In aqueous systems, such as boiler feed water and recirculated cooling water,
More informationACUMER 2200 High Performance Scale Inhibitor
Technical Data Sheet ACUMER 2200 High Performance Scale Inhibitor Description ACUMER 2200 is a highly effective scale inhibitor that can be used in industrial water treatment. ACUMER 2200 is a low molecular
More informationUSE OF SUPER ABSORBENT POLYMERS (SAPs) IN CONCRETE.
USE OF SUPER ABSORBENT POLYMERS (SAPs) IN CONCRETE. An overview of some aspects of superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) in concrete technology. The use of superabsorbent polymers as a crack sealing and crack
More informationPROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM
PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM SRI INTERNATIONAL mnlo Puk, cdifomim Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 126 Cl CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS This report reviews the technology, economics and market status
More informationIHS CHEMICAL PEP Review Polyvinyl Chloride by JNC Suspension Polymerization Process
` IHS CHEMICAL PEP Review 2015-08 Polyvinyl Chloride by JNC Suspension Polymerization Process December 2015 ihs.com PEP Review Process Economics Program Syed N. Naqvi Sr. Principal Analyst PEP Review 2015-08
More informationGlobal Fluff Pulp Outlook
Global Fluff Pulp Outlook RISI North American Conference San Francisco, USA October 218 Patrick Cavanagh Economist, Pulp Presentation Overview Fluff pulp basics Demand Steady growth trends for both mature
More informationGlobal Pulp Market: Size, Trends & Forecasts ( ) June 2018
Global Pulp Market: Size, Trends & Forecasts (2018-2022) June 2018 Global Pulp Market: Coverage Executive Summary and Scope Introduction/Market Overview Market Analysis Regional Analysis Market Dynamics
More informationPVC. PVC / Suspension. PVC / Emulsion
PVC PVC / Suspension S5831 S6031 S6532 S6542 S6732 S7042 S7242 S8040 PVC / Emulsion E60 E6644 E6834 E7244 E7544 - - - SPVC S5831 Poly (vinyl chloride) (Suspension) It is manufactured by suspension polymerization.
More informationACUSOL 445/445N/445ND Detergent Polymers for Industrial Machine Dishwash (Warewash)
ACUSOL 445/445N/445ND Detergent Polymers for Industrial Machine Dishwash (Warewash Description ACUSOL 445 is a homopolymer of acrylic acid with an optimized molecular weight to be used in industrial and
More informationMedical Device Packaging 2017 to 2021
Medical Device Packaging 2017 to 2021 Section I: Introduction A. Medical device packaging defined B. Medical device packaging defined 1. Medical devices defined 2. Combination devices 3. Medical device
More informationComponents CAS-No. Weight %
March 3, 2006 Material Safety/Health Data Sheet Supplier: For Additional Information contact: Magnaloy Coupling Company Excel Polymers LLC 601 Palm Street / P.O. Box 455 14330 Kinsman Road Alpena MI 49707
More informationPVC/Chlor-Alkali Business
PVC/Chlor-Alkali Business Polyvinyl chloride resins (PVC) are general-purpose resins used in a wide range of applications, from everyday products to all kinds of industrial materials. This is one of the
More informationLIST OF ANNEXURE. Details of products and raw materials and storage facility for the same. Details of water consumption and wastewater generation
LIST OF ANNEXURE Annexure-1 Location of the project site Annexure-2 Layout plan Annexure-3 Break up of land area requirement Annexure-4 Details of products and raw materials and storage facility for the
More informationUnited Nations Environment Programme
United Nations Environment Programme UNEP(DTIE)/Hg/INC.3/CRP.8 31 October 2011 English only Intergovernmental negotiating committee to prepare a global legally binding instrument on mercury Third session
More informationSuperabsorbent polymer (SAP) for self-healing concrete. JEONG Yeonung, Ph.D. Research Fellow National University of Singapore
Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) for self-healing concrete JEONG Yeonung, Ph.D. Research Fellow National University of Singapore Content 1. Background 2. Concept of self-healing concrete 3. Introduction to
More informationChinese Hydrocarbon Resin Market
Chinese Hydrocarbon Resin Market Jeffrey Li Zhen Jinhai Deqi This presentation puts into perspective the long history and current status of the Chinese hydrocarbon resin market and the opportunities it
More informationSuperabsorbent polymer (SAP) for self-healing concrete. JEONG Yeonung, Ph.D. Research Fellow National University of Singapore
Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) for self-healing concrete JEONG Yeonung, Ph.D. Research Fellow National University of Singapore Content 1. Background 2. Concept of self-healing concrete 3. Introduction to
More informationSynthetic Petroleum-Based Polymers
Synthetic Petroleum-Based Polymers INTRODUCTION The synthetic polymer industry represents the major end use of many petrochemical monomers such as ethylene, styrene, and vinyl chloride. Synthetic polymers
More informationNew Developments Environment Friendly Adhesive Systems. Shilip Kumar Business Manager Rohm and Haas (India) Pvt. Ltd.
New Developments Environment Friendly Adhesive Systems Shilip Kumar Business Manager Rohm and Haas (India) Pvt. Ltd. August, 2008 Contents Drivers for Innovation in Adhesives Laminating Adhesives An overview
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 188B BIOTECHNOLOGY SEPARATION PROCESSES (June 2002)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 188B BIOTECHNOLOGY SEPARATION PROCESSES (June 2002) The chemical industry has a renewed interest in developing processes for producing industrial chemicals from
More informationENTEC POLYMERS 1900 Summit Tower Blvd., Suite 900 Orlando, FL P: EntecPolymers.com
POLYETHYLENE 101 1/22/2019 The information presented in this document was assembled from literature of the resin product producer(s). The information is believed to be accurate however Entec Polymers (
More informationLEACHING FROM GRANULAR WASTE MATERIALS USED IN HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURES DURING INFILTRATION COUPLED WITH FREEZING AND THAWING.
LEACHING FROM GRANULAR WASTE MATERIALS USED IN HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURES DURING INFILTRATION COUPLED WITH FREEZING AND THAWING Final Submitted to: The Recycled Material Resource Center University of New
More informationProcess Economics Program Report No. 8C WET PROCESS PHOSPHORIC ACID. (August, 1982) Abstract
Process Economics Program Report No. 8C WET PROCESS PHOSPHORIC ACID (August, 1982) Abstract Three processes to produce wet process phosphoric acid are evaluated. The dihydrate process, once the undisputed
More informationChitosan-g-Poly(Acrylic Acid)/Kaolin Superabsorbent Composite: Synthesis and Characterization
Chitosan-g-Poly(Acrylic Acid)/Kaolin Superabsorbent Composite: Synthesis and Characterization Chitosan-g-Poly(Acrylic Acid)/Kaolin Superabsorbent Composite: Synthesis and Characterization A. Pourjavadi*
More informationForeword... Preface Introduction Petrographic Examination Techniques... 10
Contents Foreword... Preface... ix xi 1. Introduction... 1 1.1 Historical Background... 1 1.2 Scope of this Book... 3 1.3 Inspection and in Situ Testing of Structures... 5 1.4 Petrographic Examination
More informationPROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM
PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. FOAMED PLASTICS (January 1984) 97A SRI INTERNATIONAL Menlo Park, California 94025 Foamed plastics comprise a broad group of cellular
More informationEvolution of Oil Where Did the Cutbacks Go? North Dakota Asphalt Conference 2019
Evolution of Oil Where Did the Cutbacks Go? North Dakota Asphalt Conference 2019 Role of Asphalt Binder in Chip Seal Asphalt acts as an adhesive To allow aggregate to adhere to the road Role of Asphalt
More informationDAVID BRENNAN SUSTAINABLE PROCESS ENGINEERING CONCEPTS, STRATEGIES, EVALUATION, AND IMPLEMENTATION. Pan Stanford. Publishing
DAVID BRENNAN SUSTAINABLE PROCESS ENGINEERING CONCEPTS, STRATEGIES, EVALUATION, AND IMPLEMENTATION Pan Stanford Publishing Contents Acknowledgements Preface xvii xix Part A: Concepts Introduction to Part
More informationMETHOCEL. TM Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company ( Dow ) or an affiliated company of Dow
METHOCEL Cellulose Ethers A product that can do it all TM Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company ( Dow ) or an affiliated company of Dow The possibilities are endless Pharmaceutical companies are continuously
More informationKollicoat IR. The application of Kollicoat IR as a Zero Peroxide Binder for use in Solid Oral Dosage Forms. ExcipientFest.
Kollicoat IR The application of Kollicoat IR as a Zero Peroxide Binder for use in Solid Oral Dosage Forms ExcipientFest Nigel Langley Market Need Platforms Instant & Modified Release Solubilization Skin
More informationCorn to Ethanol Plant
Corn to Ethanol Plant Proposed by Alex Woltornist Project Objectives: Assess current line performance and design a plant for the production of ethanol from a corn feed based glucose solution with an annual
More informationReport No. 7 CAPROLACTAM PART II. November A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA
Report No. 7 CAPROLACTAM PART II by HAROLD C. RIES ROBERT G. MULLER November 1965 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE I MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA CONTENTS PART II
More informationEvaluation of Poly (acrylates) and their Copolymer as Viscosity Modifiers
Vol. 1(3) June (2011) ISSN 2231-606X Evaluation of Poly (acrylates) and their Copolymer as Viscosity Modifiers Abstract Ghosh Pranab, Das Tapan and Das Moumita Natural Product and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
More informationPROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM
Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 207 SPECIALTY STYRENIC THERMOPLASTICS (October 1991) PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM SRI INTERNATIONAL Menlo Park, California 94025 Specialty styrenic thermoplastics
More informationAbstract. Process Economics Program Report No. 149 ETHANOL FOR GASOHOL. (March 1982)
ECONOMICS PROGRAM SRI INTERNATIONA Menlo Park, Califo Abstract Process Economics Program Report No. 149 ETHANOL FOR GASOHOL (March 1982) This report covers the production of ethanol from three major classes
More informationThe Solubility is the Solution. BELLAND Alkaline Soluble Polymers The Company, Applications and Environment
The Solubility is the Solution BELLAND Alkaline Soluble Polymers The Company, Applications and Environment The Company The BellandTechnology AG specializes in the development and production of excellent
More informationAbstract Process Economics Program Report 274 FUEL ALCOHOLS AND ELECTRICITY COGENERATION FROM PETROLEUM COKE GASIFICATION (December 2010)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 274 FUEL ALCOHOLS AND ELECTRICITY COGENERATION FROM PETROLEUM COKE GASIFICATION (December 2010) Increasing use of heavy crude oil in refineries in recent years
More informationTECHNICAL INFORMATION ABOUT UNDERGROUND STORAGE RESERVOIRS FOR NATURAL GAS
TECHNICAL INFORMATION ABOUT UNDERGROUND STORAGE RESERVOIRS FOR NATURAL GAS I / 14 Underground Storage Reservoirs for Natural Gas 1 Fields of Application Underground storages (UGS) for natural gas are used
More informationDRUGS DIRECTORATE GUIDELINES PREPARATION OF DRUG IDENTIFICATION NUMBER SUBMISSIONS
DRUGS DIRECTORATE GUIDELINES PREPARATION OF DRUG IDENTIFICATION NUMBER SUBMISSIONS Health Protection Branch Health Canada Table of Contents Introduction.... 1 Section I Change in Manufacturer's Name and/or
More informationCLEANING AND SURFACE TREATMENTS
CLEANING AND SURFACE TREATMENTS Chemical Cleaning Mechanical Cleaning and Surface Preparation Diffusion and Ion Implantation Overview of Industrial Cleaning Almost all workparts must be cleaned one or
More informationBASIC PROPERTIES OF UNDERWATER POLYMER MORTARS USING WASTE EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE-METHYL METHACRYLATE-BASED BINDERS
BASIC PROPERTIES OF UNDERWATER POLYMER MORTARS USING WASTE EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE-METHYL METHACRYLATE-BASED BINDERS Atsushi Moroka 1) and Yoshihiko Ohama 2) 1) Graduate School of Engineering, Nihon University,
More informationPerformance Additives. Printing Inks
Performance Additives Printing Inks Honeywell Gives You Every Advantage Honeywell A-C Performance Additives Honeywell s A-C Performance Additives help you improve a multitude of processes and products.
More informationPolyurethane Foams 4C%SMITHERS. Practical Guide to Flexible %))/ R A P R A
Practical Guide to Flexible Polyurethane Foams Chris Defonseka 4C%SMITHERS %))/ R A P R A A Smithers Group Company Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR, United Kingdom Telephone: +44 (0)1939 250383
More informationSample Outline of ICD-10 Three-Day Provider Curriculum
Sample Outline of ICD-10 Three-Day Provider Curriculum I. Introduction 1. Executive Summary 2. Key highlights of ICD-10 Final Rule 3. Diagnosis Code Revisions II. Chapter 1 The Implementation Effort 2.
More information