Research Notes: Breeding soybean varieties for the northern India

Transcription

1 Volume 8 Article Research Notes: Breeding soybean varieties for the northern India Hari Har Ram Pushpendra Kamendra Singh V. D. Verma Follow this and additional works at: Recommended Citation Ram, Hari Har; Pushpendra; Singh, Kamendra; and Verma, V. D. (1981) "Research Notes: Breeding soybean varieties for the northern India," Soybean Genetics Newsletter: Vol. 8, Article 22. Available at: This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Soybean Genetics Newsletter by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact digirep@iastate.edu.

2 74 Li, L. T Rapid chemical method for determining N, P and Kin plant tissues. J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 15(2):1-5. Shettar, B. I., S. R. Viswanatha and G. Shivashanker Correlation studies in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. Current Research, University of Agricultural Sciences, Banglore7(10): Shiv, U. H., B. R. Murty, H. B. Singh and U. M. B. Rao Genetic divergence in recent elite strains of soybeans and groundnut in India. Indian J. Genet. 32: Smith, R. R. and C. R. Weber Mass selection by specific gravity for protein and oil in soybean population. Crop Sci. 8: Srinives, P. and H. H. Hadley Inheritance of hard seeds in soybeans. Soybean Genet. Newsl. 7: Tiwari, D. K., J. P. Tiwari and V. K. Agarwal Evaluation of soybeans for high germinability and field emergence. Seed Res. 6(2): Verma, M. M., B. R. Murty and H. B. Singh Adaptation and genetic diversity in soybean. Indian J. Genet. 32: Weatherspoon, J. H. and J. B. Wentz A statistical analysis of yiel d factors in soybeans. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 26 : Weber, C. R Inheritance and interrelation of some agronomic and chemical characters in an interspecific cross in soybeans, Glycine max x G. ussuriensis. Iowa Agric. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 374: N. D. Rana R. K. Kalia V. P. Gupta G. P. PANT UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY Department of Plant Breeding Pantnagar (Nainital), U.P., India 1) Breeding soybean varieties for the northern India. Soybean has been under cultivation in low hills of Kumaon and Garhwal r egions of the Himalayas and the foot hills for ages. However, the old varieties were generally late, had viny growth habit, freely shattering pods and gave low yields. The crop got tremendous boost with the start of soybean breeding program in 1968 at this university. Taking the problems of this area into account, t he breeding objectives have been sharply defined as given below: 1) High seed yield (30-40 q/ha). 2) Optimum maturity ( days for the hilly areas and days for the plains).

3 75 3) Disease resistance particularly to yellow mosaic virus, bacterial pustul e, rhizoctonia aerial blight and rust. 4) Better seed quality (abil ity to germinate under adv erse conditions and viability under normal storage). 5) Plant type (semi-dwarf, non-lodging, non-shattering type f or pure s tand and early, shade-tolerant, er ect type for mixed cropping). The following par ental lines (Table 1) serve as a base material to generate variability for the above objectives, and the cr ossing nursery is being gradually supplemented by t he new breeding lines. Table 1 Crossing nurser y Parental line UPSM-534 Glycine formosana Bragg Alankar Ankur Kalitur UPRI-1 PK- 308 Shilajeet PK-262 T- 49 Import ant character I nunune to yellow mosaic Immune t o yell ow mosaic Good plant type, high seed yield, resistant to bacterial pustule High seed yield, toler ant t o yellow mosaic, better seed quality Tall, rapid initial growth, resistant t o rust, better in germination, maintains seed viability even if stored at room temperature Good germinabilit y, high adaptability Heavy and broad foliage, profuse podding, r esistant to caterpilla r under natura l conditions Narrow leafle t, high seed y i eld Dwarf, early, moderately resistant to yellow mosaic, bacterial pustule and rust Medium height, s turdy plant, more pods/plant, early maturity Good germination, high adap t abi lity The segregating generations r esulting from simple F ' s a re handled by 1 pedigree method. The F ' s, where G. formosana is one of t he parents, are 1 back- crossed with the agronomically superior parent and then the material is r outed through pedigree method of breeding. This back- cr ossing helps in

4 Table 2 Handling of the segregating generations No. of progeny No. of No. of No.of rows grown progeny progeny selected Characters for which Generation (5 m long) rows selected rows bulked plants/ selection practiced progeny row Fl 1 F Height, maturity, resistance plants plants to diseases, shattering F As above + lodging, pods/ plant F As above + seed size (me- -J ' dium seed size preferred) F As above + seed coat color (yellow desirable) F As above + yielding ability F As above

5 77 concent rating the desirable genes in the segregating populations (Singh, 1975). The current breeding program, geared t o meet the objectives outlined here, has come to an operational s tage, as detailed in Table 2. The numbers given are the average numbers. Actual numbers of the progeny rows grown and selected may vary depending upon the nicking ability of the parental lines. A progeny is bulked and considered to be a pure breeding line as soon as all the plants appear to be uniform for easily observed morphological and seed characters. Any uniform progeny may be sometimes bulked as early as F (Love, 1927). However, Hays and Garber (1927) do not consider 3 bulking any progeny lines before F. We start bulking some of the pr ogenies 5 in F and continue up to F based on foliage, height, maturity and seed color 5 7 uniformity. This program throws out about 300 new breeding lines, which are evaluated in about 15 station trials each, in a randomized block design with two replications. Each trial consists of 18 new lines and two conunon checks, i.e., 'Bragg' and ' Alankar'. The lines outyielding the checks (about 80-90) are again evaluated in five separate trials each, in a randomized block design with four replications, having 18 new lines and two common checks, Bragg and Alankar. During evaluation, each plot consists of 5 rows, 5 m long, spaced 60 cm apart. Based on evaluation of germplasm lines and execution of the breeding program as described here, it has been possible to release four soybean varieties: Bragg (introduction from USA), 'Ankur ', Alankar and 'Shilajeet' (all developed by B. B. Singh) for the northern hill and plain zones of this country. Many superior lines, producing about q/ha (seeds) i n days, are in the advance stage of tes ting under coordinated soybean improvement project. These lines are PK-262, PK-271, PK-308, PK-327, and PK The soybean breeding program is fully geared to meet the future challenges. References Hays, H. K. and R. J. Garber Breeding crop plants. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. Love, H. H A programme for selection and testing small grains in successive generations following hybridization. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 19:

6 78 Singh, B. B Conventional breeding methods in soybeans. Pp In: L. D. Hill (ed.), World Soybean Research, Proc. World Soybean Res. Conf. The Interstate Printers & Publishers, Inc., Danville, IL. Hari Har Ram Pushpendra Kamendra Singh V. D. Verma 2) Pod setting under standard crossing procedures in soybean. The success in artificial crossing in soybean is generally poor. Each breeder uses his own imagination and refinements in the technique of crossing. The standard emasculation and pollination procedure as described by Johnson and Bernard (1963) and Paschal (1975) is being followed at this center. This appears t o be quite convenient and fast and we are reporting the extent of crossed pod setting under our conditions, based on thousands of buds emasculated and pollinated during rainy season This may help other breeders in planning the number of crosses to be attempted for genetical and breeding programs. Flower buds (color of petals had just started appearing) were selected for emasculation. Lobes of calyx were r emoved by pulling downward with forcep. Corolla was then grasped with the forcep at a right angle to the axis and all five petals were simultaneously r emoved by giving a gentle whirl movement upwards. During this process, sometimes anthers were also removed. If some of the anthers were left, they were removed in the subsequent pulls. The pollination was done immediately after emasculation both in forenoon and afternoon. The staminal column was removed from the freshly open flower and used as a brush t o apply poll en t o the s tigma. Crossing was carried out f rom August to October by 6 persons. The results ar e given i n Table 1. The crossed pod setting r anged from 7.22 to %, with an overall average of %. The varia tion from person t o person was naturally due to difference in skill. This setting compar es closely with an earlier f inding of Saha (1970) who got 12% success. The setting was highest when crosses were made in October (17. 88%), lowest in August (6. 48%), and close to overall average in September ( %). Higher pod setting in October was primarily due to less r ain (7 mm) and more sunshine hours (9 h) in October, as compared to higher rains (64.55 mm) and less s unshine hours (6. 8 h) in August and September. Maximum average daily temperature i n August, September

7 79 Table 1 Crossed pod setting Person No. of buds No. of crossed Crossed pod crossed pods set setting (%) Total and October was 33, 32 and 31 C, respectively. Nights in October were cooler (minimum temperature in Oc t ober was 18 C as compared to 25 and 22 c in August and September, respectively). This could have been an additional factor for higher seed setting in October. References Johnson, H. W. and R. L. Bernard Soybean genetics and breeding. Pp In: A. G. Norman (ed. ), The soybean: Genetics, breeding, physiology, nutrition, management. Academic Press, New York, London. Paschal, E. H., II Crossing soybeans. Pp (ed.), World soybean research, Proc. World Soybean Res. state Printers & Publishers, Inc., Danville, IL. In: Conf. L. D. Hill The Inter- Saha, A. K Extent of natural crossing in soybean [Glycine max (L. ) Merrill]. M. S. thesis, submitted to the G. B. Pant University of Agriculture a nd Technology, Pantnagar, India. Hari Har Ram V. D. Verma Kamendra Singh Pushpendra