Materiales y técnicas no convencionales con base em recursos naturales como una contribución para aplicación in Habitaciones y Infraestructura

Transcription

1 Materiales y técnicas no convencionales con base em recursos naturales como una contribución para aplicación in Habitaciones y Infraestructura Octubre 21, 2016 VISIÓN 2016 USMP, Lima Perú Holmer Savastano Jr. Professor, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil

2 FZEA USP Partial view of Pirassununga campus 1 st Brazilian Biosystems Engineering Undergraduate Course

3 Mestrado e Doutorado

4 Research Nucleus on Materials for Biosystems

5 Architectural Project MATERIALS: Main structure: bamboo culms Walls: Earth + natural fibers Local materials, particle boards, fibercement Local labor/ cooperation First architectural studies NOCMAT Excellence Center, campus USP, Pirassununga - SP

6 Highlights Challenges to propose sustainable, scalable and affordable materials solutions To help solving housing and infrastructure problems To use local available resources To save energy To optimize appropriate processing To generate durable constructive elements Engineering solutions for natural resources applied to solve basic problems

7 Concrete ECC The need to reduce embodied energy of Engineered Cement Composites Energy Consumption per Metric Tonne of Concrete and ECC Cement Gravel Sand Rebar PVA fiber Super-plasticizer Megajoules

8 Motivation Collaboration with the fiber-cement industry Asbestos-free Composites Brazilian market equivalent to 300 Mm 2 Less expensive and more sustainable fibers Experiment with non-conventional curing procedure Cooperation with other academic and research institutions Synergic and multidisciplinary approach Improved performance Optimal use of regionally available resources

9 Corrugated and flat sheets for housing Fibercement's industry Fibercement roofing products.

10 Vegetable fibers as reinforcement of cement-based materials Inorganic matrix - without reinforcement - reinforced with fibers

11 Vegetable plant fibers and treatments

12 The Curauá Plant (Ananas comosus var. erectifolius) Terrestrial bromeliad small to medium sized Erected leaves, with flat, leathery and stiff faces Purple color with red inflorescences The leaves are 4-5 cm width and ~ 1.5 m in length

13 The Curaua natural occurence Distribution (yellow line) Mostly in the Amazon Region Aspect of curaua plantation

14 CURAUA PROPERTIES & CHARACTERISTICS Cross section of the curauá leaf Fiber bundle from the top of the sheet Fiber bundle below the vascular system 250 μm FB: fiber bundle associated with the vascular system

15 Macro fiber Bundle of unitary cells Fiber bundle composed of unitary cells Sheath fibers associated with the vascular bundle 20 μm 20 μm

16 Transversal and lateral surfaces of the curaua fiber after extraction

17 Fiber characterization

18 Tensile Strenght (MPa) Young's Modulus(GPa) Fiber mechanical proprieties 800 Work results (Curaua *) Curaua * Sisal Jute Piassava Coir 0 Curaua * Sisal Jute Piassava Coir Fibers Fibers

19 Contents (%) CURAUA PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS Fiber Physical and chemical properties Low specific density 1420 ± 47 kg/m³ Lignin Hemicellulose Cellulose Curaua * Curaua Sisal Jute Coir This work results (Curaua *) Fibers

20 Fiber and composite preparation for strain-hardening behavior Cooperative research

21 Fiber preparation - Cleaning in hot water (80 o C/12 h) - Debunding by combing - Thermal treatment (drying at oven at 80 o C) - Cutting mm

22 Cold methane plasma polymerization Vegetable fibres were treated for 4, 10 and 20 min with methane cold plasma in the plasma reactor Sample holder Cathode

23 Interface adhesion Untreated x treated vegetable fibers Treatments cold plasma or silane, e. g. Untreated Treated

24 Silane treatment Vinyltriethoxysilane (VS) 0.5% cement mass

25 Strain Hardening Behavior Ultimate tensile strength = 2.2 ± 0.2 MPa Average tensile strain capacity of 0.8 ± 0.1 % Average compressive strength of 12.3 ± 0.4 MPa

26 Multiple cracking pattern Curaua-ECC Direct tensile loading

27 ADDITIONAL COMMENTS The fiber bundles are composed of structures and arrangements consisting of several fibers different morphologies systemically distributed in the cross section of the curauá leaf; The curauá fiber presented a superior tensile strength and similar Young s modulus in comparison to sisal and jute, natural plant fibers with similar chemical compositions Multiple cracking, strain-hardening cementitious composites discontinuous, natural curauá fibers as reinforcement, step toward versatile natural fiber composites for nonstructural applications

28 Nanofibrillated cellulose as reinforcement of cement Composites

29 - Mechanical nanofibrillation from organosolv pulp Specific surface area

30 Unbleached bamboo organosolv pulp Unbleached nanofibrillated cellulose Grinding

31 Width distribution of the unbleached nanofibrillated cellulose after 5, 10, 15 and 20 cycles

32 Hybrid composite 8% of pulp + 1% of nanofibrillated cellulose Extruded cement-based composites 9% of bamboo organosolv pulp

33 31/10/

34 Stress Tensao (MPa) (MPa) Extruded cement-based composites % of pulp (28 days) 8% of pulp + 1% of NC (28 days) 9% of pulp - aged (200 cycles) 8% of pulp + 1% of NC - aged (200 cycles) Strain Deformaçao (mm/mm) especifica (mm/mm)

35 Cement matrix modification

36 Use of mineral additions from agro-wastes to reduce calcium hydroxide content Pozzolanic reaction S + CH = CSH Amourphous silica (SiO 2 ) from mineral additions Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 from hydration of cement Calcium silicate hydrates = Component with cementitious properties

37 Agro-wastes Mineral additions Sugar cane bagasse Calcination 700 C 1h Sugar cane bagasse ashes (SCBA) Sugar cane leaves Calcination 700 C 1h Sugar cane leaves ashes (SCLA) Bamboo leaves Calcination 600 C 1h Bamboo leaves ashes (BLA)

38 Conductivity (ms/cm) Using ashes as partial substitutes of Ordinary Portland Cement Collaboration with UA COVACHIMM Guadeloupe, FWI 9 Sugar cane bagasse ashes (SCBA) Sugar cane leaves ashes (SCLA) Bamboo leaves ashes (BLA) Commercial amorphous silica (CAS) Time (Hours) Pozzolanic activity : BLA > SCLA > SCBA

39 Mechanical bending test Stress-deflection curves of the composites reinforced with eucalyptus Pulp at 28 days and after 200 cycles of accelerated ageing Magnesium based clinker free fiber cement

40 Dimensional stabilization by curing at modified atmosphere rich in CO 2 a Normal curing b b WA: water absorption BD: bulk density Fast curing 39

41 Additional comments and Future research Brittle concrete can be converted into durable ductile concrete for sustainable infrastructure Experimental data suggest potential for plant fiber to replace synthetic fiber in ductile ECC composites Broader sustainability implications: Curauá as a renewable fiber Absorbs CO 2 while growing Potential enhancement of income for Amazon indigenous people Increase concrete infrastructure durability, reduce repair needs Locks up carbon thus becoming carbon negative system

42 Bamboo treatment and structural use

43 Full culm bamboo treatment for structural use Low cost and low environmental impact treatment solutions: Optimization of well-known preservatives: Optimum concentration for biological degradation, fire and mechanical resistance; The influence of treatment methods Development of new tannin-based preservatives: The combination of Tannin extract with sodium octaborate or copper sulfate; Increase the leachability resistance; Physical and mechanical properties correlation paths to quality control.

44 Engineered Bamboo for Structural Use Development of Sandwich Panels on Engineered Bamboo: Proposals for Medium-Rise Buildings Physical and Mechanical Characterisation; Environmental Impact Analysis. (Sharma et al., 2015) (Guadua Bamboo ) Promote Environmentally Friendly Construction Materials Structural Panel (Becker, 2011) Building

45 Multilayer Particleboard Textile reinforced board

46 Particleboard Naturals fibers Bio-resins Particulate Multilayer Processing Monolayer Fibers reinforcement Fabrics reinforcement Particle boards Performance Physical, chemical, mechanical and microstructural Initial age Durability Sample in real and small scale Accelerated aging Natural aging

47 The use of Latex in non-conventional particleboard Binder Coating Sugarcane Waste Particleboard

48 Latex binder test Illustrative images of micrographs of the panels: a) surface and b) fracture. Initial characterization test Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) Mechanical resistance to bending three points MOR (MPa) LOP (MPa) MOE (MPa) SpEnergy (kj/m 2 )

49 Thickness Swelling (%) Water Absorption (%) Latex Coating 20 Thickeness Swelling Water Absorption Control Latex 0

50 Sugarcane bagasse particleboard with textile reinforcement for use in packaging food transportation

51 Agriculture is the basis of Brazilian economy. Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane worldwide. Particleboard of sugarcane bagasse is good alternative to food packaging. Pallets for cargo transportation. Wood is a commonly used material for food transport packaging. Transport containers require high strength.

52 Textile reinforcement for particleboard: jute and fiber glass Increase of 13% for one layer of jute textile and 23% for two layers Increase of 16% for one layer of fiber glass textile and 36% for two layers

53 MECHANICAL STRENGTH

54 Animal welfare and constructed environment

55 Ashes from wastes generated from confined animal production: Swine deep bedding as mineral addition Intensive swine production Minimization of environmental pollution Saturation of the soil Rice rusk Swine deep bedding ash Temperature 600 o C Burning time 240 min Heating rate 10 o C/min Natural cooling ~8 h

56 Floor panel with heating system (a) Floor panel Electric resistance (b) Pig s house Analysis of piglets behavior

57 H (kj/kg dry air) Enthalpy Behavior Swine deep bedding ashes External Period (hours)

58 Homogeneous sugarcane bagasse particleboards and castor oil polyurethane resin Density g/cm³ Wooden structure reforestation, with 3 plates of particleboards

59 Structural assessment of modular panel SOFT BODY IMPACT TEST

60 DYNAMIC TEST - Numerical Modeling horizontal displacement in mm 59

61 Application in cattle handling facilities Without modular panel With modular panel 60

62 Final remarks Non-conventional materials from local resources can be appropriately engineered to solve housing and infrastructure needs. Multilayer and textile reinforced particleboard based on agriculture waste can play an important role on cladding, ceiling, packaging and many other potential applications. There is an urgent need of worldwide collaboration to make this happen in sustainable way.

63 Acknowledgements FAPESP PITE Project, PD Grant CNPq PDJ Program Research Assistants at USP

64 IIBCC Nov 2016 Fuzhou China

65 BioSMat Research Nucleus Thank you!!

66 Thank you for your attention