IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION

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1 Bio-Building Materials based on Agro-Industrial Wastes Population Growth vs. CO 2 Mohammed Sonebi Queen s University Belfast, School of Natural and Built Environment, Belfast, UK m.sonebi@qub.ac.uk Impact of the building industry on the climate change Buildings What actually IS sustainability? Environment/green building? Recycling? Energy savings? Using renewable resources? Nano-house green building Recycling aggregates Recycling glasses Recycling agro-wastes BUILDINGS 40% EU s Energy consumption 36% EU's total CO 2 emissions IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION BUILDING MATERIALS ON CO 2 GROWTH 1 Ton Cement = 1 Ton CO 2 (5% to 8 % of global CO 2 ) 1 Ton Steel = 1.8 Ton CO 2 1 Ton Glass = 1.2 Ton CO 2 1- MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT CONSTRUCTIVE SOLUTIONS 2- MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BUILDING MATERIALS 1 m 2 of constructed building = 1 Ton of emitted CO 2 1

2 RESULTS AFTER 10 YEARS 2% OF THE MARKET & +5/6 % OF EXPANSION/YEAR REPARTITION BY INSULATION TYPE What is the ideal sustainable houses when we will be 10 billions? 13.6 % Rock wool 39.2 % Polystyrene 2.1 % PU/PUR/PIR 37.7 % Glass wool 0.1% Other insulation material 7.3 % Natural insulation material 1No need of energy for the building sector 2Use of neutral building materials 3Use of building materials able to be recycled 4Building materials, design and architecture concepts have to insure the comfort adapted to the climate (North, Tropical, Mediterranean,...) 5Health and air quality represent key points SAND AND GRAVEL Conventional concrete CEMENT WATER Earth, a universal material Building material used for centuries City of Shibam, Yemen (XVI th century) Chequered earth construction, France (19th century) 1/3 of the population living in earth shelters Important French historic heritage CONCRETE 2500 kg.m MPa 2 W.m -1.K -1 Earth concrete kg.m MPa W.m -1.K -1 Eco-friendly construction Materials with low environment impact Comfort (thermal) Indoor quality air Bio-concrete = lightweight concrete From vegetal plant : Bio-based materials the most used for thermal and hydrometric properties Hemp shiv = aggregates : obtained from the mechanical processing of the plant stem Hemp concrete = water + binder + aggregates Applications : Bio-based building materials Agro-waste materials Roof, floor, walls, coating, precast Low specific weight Renewable resources Little energy demand for its production Allows carbon dioxide encapsulation Good thermal and acoustic properties Natural fibers Heterogenous characteristics High moisture absorption 2

3 VEGETAL AS AGGREGATE : SUNFLOWER Hemp product SUNFLOWER SUNFLOWER STEM GRINDED SUNFLOWER STEM Epidermis (a) (b) Xylem (woody part) SHIV (c) (d) POROUS MICROSTRUCTURE 2 FACES AGGREGATE Inside Epidermis FIBERS Figure Erreur! Il n'y a pas de texte répondant à ce style dans ce document.-1 : La microstructure de la tige du chanvre. (a) (b) Observation sur la coupe transversale. (c) (d) Observation sur la coupe longitudinale 1 2 LIGNOCELLULO SIC PLANT HEMP STEM 15 Hemp production in Europe Hemp shiv The shiv microstructure is very porous and composed primarily of cellulose The shiv is able to absorb a large amount of water in a few minutes The shiv has two interesting characteristics for use in concrete : a low density : ρ = 100 kg/m 3 a low thermal conductivity : λ = W/mK France is the leading producer of hemp in Europe Several opportunities Rape straw CONTEXT Bio-based materials from plants - renewable, - extracted from biomass, - thermal and acoustic characteristic Main available agricultural by-products which may be used for building insulation (EU) Hemp shiv Sunflower bark Sunflower pith Flax shiv Rape straw 3

4 Water Absorption (%) 14/09/2017 A waste from sugarcane process Highly available Other agro-materials Sugarcane Bagasse - Brazil 90 Mt/y, Brazil Rich in cellulosic fibers Wide range of physical and mechanical properties It is possible to produce particleboards with bagasse. (Holmer, 2015) Particleboard with coir fiber and sugar cane bagasse Particleboards can be basically manufactured with any type of lignocellulosic material [Rowell, 2000] Several experiences using Brazilian agro-industrial waste: Coconut; Husk fiber; Sugarcane bagasse; Peanut hulls [Fiorelli et al., 2014] (Holmer, 2015) Bio-based building materials Environmental benefits Renewable raw materials Carbon neutral Bio-based building materials made with agro-wastes Energy consumptions Specific hygro-thermal behaviour Indoor air quality Durability Properties Low mechanical performances Alternative binder compatible with bio-aggregates Treatment of bio-aggregates Water absorption of particles y = ln(x) y = ln(x) HEMP SHIVES 200 Hemp 150 Hemp Linseed Oil Log(time) (Mins) (Sheridan, Sonebi, et al.2017) 4

5 Compressive Strength (MPa) Amortissemen t 14/09/2017 Compressive Strength at 28 d Properties Vicat Hydrated Lime Untreated Untreated MK Linseed Oil Linseed Oil MK (Sheridan, Sonebi, et al. 2017) Improving mechanicals performances of hemp concrete Binders : effects on mechanical strength and thermal conductivity Matrix modification with additions Aggregates treatments to improve binder/aggregates interface High capacity of water absorption = reduction of mechanical performances Curing condition Enzymatic attack on the vegetal have a good effect on the resistance Hygro-Thermal behavior of porous material 48 46,4 Thermal conductivity test 43 Etat sec (HR=0%) Condensation capillaire (93%<HR<100%) A dsorption hygroscopique (0%<HR<93%) Saturation (HR=100%) Température ( C) 38 35, ,1 28 4h 45 min de temps de déphasage 23 22/7/10 12:28 23/7/10 12:28 24/7/10 12:28 25/7/10 12:28 26/7/10 12:28 27/7/10 12:28 28/7/10 12:28 22/7/ /7/2010 Heure - Date T ext ( C) "cour" T int ( C) "Séjour" Internal and External T in the summer Vaporisation in the summer Endothermic exchange The wall is colder Condensation in the winter Exothermic exchange The wall is warmer These materials are phase-change materials (PCM) which make it able to : 1. improve summer and winter comfort 2. stabilize the indoor temperature between day and night 3. Prevent the phenomena of condensation and dampness on the walls Properties (Sentenac, Sonebi, Amzaine, 2017) THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY RECOMMENDATION OF RILEM TC 236-BBM: CHARACTERISATION TESTING OF HEMP SHIV TO DETERMINE THE INITIAL WATER CONTENT, WATER ABSORPTION, DRY DENSITY, PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. S. Amziane, F. Collet, M. Lawrence, C. Magniont, V. Picandet, M. Sonebi (Page, Sonebi, Amziane, 2016) Open access 5

6 Publications Amziane, S., Sonebi, M., Overview on Biobased Building Material made with plant Aggregate, RILEM Technical Letters, Vol. 1, 2016, pp Open access from RILEM Tech. letters Bio-Building Materials based on Agro-Industrial Wastes Thank you 6